Hermann Oberth
Hermann Oberth | |
---|---|
Born | Hermann Julius Oberth 25 June 1894 |
Died | 28 December 1989 | (aged 95)
Nationality | German |
Citizenship | Hungarian, Romanian,[3] German[4] |
Alma mater | University of Cluj |
Awards | Prix REP-Hirsch, 1929; Wilhelm Exner Medal 1969[1] |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Astronautics and physics |
Doctoral advisor | Augustin Maior |
Notable students | Wernher von Braun[2] |
Signature | |
Hermann Julius Oberth (German: [ˈhɛrman ˈjuːli̯ʊs ˈoːbɛrt]; 25 June 1894 – 28 December 1989) was an Austro-Hungarian-born German physicist and rocket pioneer of Transylvanian Saxon descent.[3] He is considered one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics, along with Robert Esnault-Pelterie, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert H. Goddard and Herman Potočnik (also known under the pseudonym Hermann Noordung).[5][6] Oberth supported Nazi Germany's war effort and received the War Merit Cross (1st Class) in 1943.[7]
Early life
Oberth was born into a Transylvanian Saxon family in Nagyszeben (Hermannstadt), Kingdom of Hungary (today Sibiu in Romania);[8] and besides his native German, he was fluent in Hungarian and Romanian as well. At the age of 11, Oberth's interest in rocketry was sparked by the novels of Jules Verne, especially From the Earth to the Moon and Around the Moon. He was fond of reading them over and over until they were engraved in his memory.[9] As a result, Oberth constructed his first model rocket as a school student at the age of 14. In his youthful experiments, he arrived independently at the concept of the multistage rocket. During this time, however, he lacked the resources to put his ideas into practice.
In 1912, Oberth began studying medicine in
On 6 July 1918, Oberth married Mathilde Hummel, with whom he had four children. Among Oberth's children, one lost his life as a soldier during World War II. His daughter, Ilse (born 1924), died on August 28, 1944, in an accidental explosion at the Redl-Zipf V-2 rocket engine test facility and liquid oxygen plant where she worked as a rocket technician.
In 1919, Oberth once again moved to Germany, this time to study physics, initially in Munich and later at the University of Göttingen. In 1922, Oberth's proposed doctoral dissertation on rocket science was rejected as "utopian". However, professor Augustin Maior of the University of Cluj in Romania offered Oberth the opportunity to defend his original dissertation there in order to receive a doctorate.[12] He did so successfully on 23 May 1923.[10] He next had his 92-page work published privately in June 1923 as the somewhat controversial book, Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen[13] (The Rocket into Planetary Space).[14] By 1929, Oberth had expanded this work to a 429-page book titled Wege zur Raumschiffahrt (Ways to Spaceflight).[15] Oberth commented later that he made the deliberate choice not to write another doctoral dissertation. He wrote, "I refrained from writing another one, thinking to myself: Never mind, I will prove that I am able to become a greater scientist than some of you, even without the title of Doctor."[16] Oberth criticized the German system of education, saying "Our educational system is like an automobile which has strong rear lights, brightly illuminating the past. But looking forward, things are barely discernible."[16]
Oberth became in 1927 a member of the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR) – the "Spaceflight Society" – an amateur rocketry group that had taken great inspiration from his book, and Oberth acted as something of a mentor to the enthusiasts who joined the Society, which included persons such as Wernher von Braun, Rolf Engel, Rudolf Nebel or Paul Ehmayr. Oberth lacked the opportunities to work or to teach at the college or university level, as did many well-educated experts in the physical sciences and engineering in the time period of the 1920s through the 1930s – with the situation becoming much worse during the worldwide Great Depression that started in 1929. Therefore, from 1924 through 1938, Oberth supported himself and his family by teaching physics and mathematics at the Stephan Ludwig Roth High School in Mediaș, Romania.[10]
Rocketry and spaceflight
During portions of 1928 and 1929, Oberth served as a scientific advisor in Berlin for the film "Frau im Mond" ("The Woman in the Moon"). This pioneering film was directed and produced by the renowned filmmaker
On June 5, 1929, Oberth won the inaugural Prix REP-Hirsch (REP-Hirsch Award) from the French Astronomical Society. This honor recognized his significant contributions to the field of astronautics and interplanetary travel, specifically highlighted in his book Wege zur Raumschiffahrt[15] ("Ways to Spaceflight"). The book, an expanded version of Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen ("The Rocket to Interplanetary Space"), secured his position as a prominent figure in the field.[17] The volume is dedicated to Fritz Lang and Thea von Harbou.[15]
Oberth's student Max Valier joined forces with Fritz von Opel to create the world's first large-scale experimental rocket program Opel-RAK, leading to speed records for ground and rail vehicles and the world's first rocket plane. Opel RAK.1, a purpose-built design by Julius Hatry,[18] was demonstrated to the public and world media on September 30, 1929, piloted by von Opel. Valier's and von Opel's demonstrations had a strong and long-lasting impact on later spaceflight pioneers, in particular on another of Oberth's students, Wernher von Braun.
Shortly after the Opel RAK team's successful liquid-fuel rocket launches of April 10 and 12, 1929 by Friedrich Wilhelm Sander at Opel Rennbahn in Rüsselsheim, Oberth conducted in the autumn of 1929 a static firing of his first liquid-fueled rocket motor, which he named the Kegeldüse. The engine was built by Klaus Riedel in a workshop space provided by the Reich Institution of Chemical Technology, and although it lacked a cooling system, it did run briefly.[19] He was helped in this experiment by an 18-year-old student Wernher von Braun, who would later become a giant in both German and American rocket engineering from the 1940s onward, culminating with the gigantic Saturn V rockets that made it possible for man to land on the Moon in 1969 and in several following years. Indeed, Von Braun said of him:
Hermann Oberth was the first who, when thinking about the possibility of spaceships, grabbed a
slide-rule and presented mathematically analyzed concepts and designs ... I, myself, owe to him not only the guiding-star of my life, but also my first contact with the theoretical and practical aspects of rocketry and space travel. A place of honor should be reserved in the history of science and technology for his ground-breaking contributions in the field of astronautics.[2]
Basic research and technical drafts
The rocket in spaceflight
In 1923, Oberth's book The Rocket to the Planetary Spaces was published.[13] This publication is generally regarded as a kind of initial spark for rocket and space travel enthusiasm in Germany. Many later rocket engineers were inspired by his precise and comprehensive theoretical considerations and his bold conclusions.[20] The work sparked heated debates, known at the time as the Battle of the Many Formulas. The second edition appeared in 1925, and it was also sold out after a short time.[21] In his book, Oberth puts forward the following theses:
- Premise 1: With the current level of science and technology, the construction of machines that can fly higher than the Earth's atmosphere is likely.
- Premise 2: With further refinement, these machines can reach such speeds that they do not have to fall back to the Earth's surface and are even able to leave the Earth's sphere of attraction.
- Premise 3: Such machines can be built in such a way that people (probably without health problems) can ride up with them.
- Premise 4: Under certain economic conditions, the construction of such machines can be worthwhile. Such conditions can occur in a few decades.
With the launch of
Space Mirror
In 1923, Oberth initially outlined the concept of his space mirrors in his book Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (The Rocket to Interplanetary Space). These mirrors, with diameters ranging from 100 to 300 km, were envisioned to be composed of a grid network consisting of individually adjustable facets.
Oberth's concept of space mirrors in orbit around the Earth serves the purpose of focusing sunlight on specific regions of the planet's surface or redirecting it into space. This approach differs from creating shaded areas at the Lagrange point between the Earth and the Sun, as it does not involve diminishing solar radiation across the entire exposed surface. According to Oberth, these colossal orbital mirrors possess the potential to illuminate individual cities, safeguard against natural disasters, manipulate weather patterns and climate, and even create additional living space for billions of people. He places significant emphasis on their capacity to influence the trajectories of barometric high and low-pressure areas. However, it is important to acknowledge that the implementation of such climate engineering interventions, including space mirrors, requires further extensive research before their practical applicability can be fully realized.
Further publications followed in which he took into account the technical progress achieved up to that point: Ways to Spaceflight (1929), Menschen im Weltraum. Neue Projekte für Raketen-und Raumfahrt (People in Space. New Projects for Rocket and Space, 1957), and Der Weltraumspiegel (The Space Mirror, 1978).
To optimize costs, Oberth's concept proposes the utilization of lunar minerals for producing components on the Moon. The Moon's lower gravitational pull necessitates less energy for launching these components into lunar orbit. Additionally, the Earth's atmosphere is spared the burden of numerous rocket launches. The envisioned process involves launching the components from the lunar surface into lunar orbit using an electromagnetic lunar slingshot, subsequently "stacking" them at a 60° libration point. These components could then be transported into orbit via electric spaceships, designed by Oberth with minimal recoil. Once in orbit, the components would be assembled into mirrors with diameters ranging from 100 to 300 km. Oberth's estimate in 1978 suggested that the realization of this concept could occur between 2018 and 2038.
Oberth emphasized that these mirrors could potentially serve as weapons. Given this aspect, coupled with the complexity of the project, the realization of these mirrors would only be feasible as a peace initiative undertaken by humanity.[13][15]: pp. 87–88 [23][24][25]
In 2023, the space mirror devised by Oberth is categorized within the field of Climate Engineering, specifically under Solar Radiation Management (SRM) as a subset of Space-Mirrors. The associated risks of these deliberate interventions in weather and climate are also examined and deliberated upon within this classification.
The Moon Car
Hermann Oberth published his concept of a moving and jumping lunar vehicle for future, extensive lunar exploration in 1953.[26][27] In his considerations, he assumed that large distances should be covered quickly and that extensive fissures/ravines or impassable terrain that block the way should be overcome so that large detours can be avoided. The vehicle, which would weigh about 10000 kg on Earth and only 1654 kg on the Moon due to the weak gravitational pull, would be built on Earth, transported to the Moon and dropped on the lunar surface. The tower-like structure has only one leg and it stands on a tracked chassis with a footprint of 2.5 m x 2.5 m. A motor with 51.5 kW of power is sufficient to drive at a speed of up to 150 km/h, depending on the terrain. The required energy in the form of electrical current is supplied by the solar power plant above the crew cabin and the gyroscope. The leg is a gas-tight cylinder in which the 4.5 m long "jumping leg" can move up and down like a piston in a shock absorber and can be extended and retracted for jumping. The powerful gyroscope above the crew cabin keeps the vehicle vertical and ensures that the vehicle can never tilt more than 45 degrees. The jumps could be up to 125 m high and several 100 m wide. Jumping would occur if the vehicle had to overcome an impassable area or fissures/ravines, or if it had to get from a higher location (e.g. a mountain terrace) to a lower location or vice versa.[28] Oberth writes: "I wanted to present my readers not just with a rough sketch of the lunar car, but with drawings and descriptions based on precise calculations and designs. So I racked my brains over hundreds of details, calculated, compared, constructed, rejected and re-planned until the design was such that I could present it with a clear conscience. Now I can say: I am sure that my moon car can be built." Feasibility studies or development work on Oberth's lunar vehicle have not begun until 2023 because there are no concrete plans for lunar exploration in which such a large vehicle could be used.
Ion propulsion for interplanetary spaceflight
The principle of ion propulsion was first presented in 1929 by the space pioneer Hermann Oberth in his work Ways to Spaceflight,[15] which is referred to as the "Bible of Space Technology",[21]: 117 in which he describes for the first time the physics, the function, the construction and the use for the interplanetary flight of an ion engine on pages 386 to 399. Oberth also presented at the 12th Rocket and Space Conference of the Deutsche Raketen-Gesellschaft (DRG) (German Rocket Society) in September 1963 in Hamburg, FRG a new idea for the electric spaceship.[29] Quote: "My proposal concerns an electric spaceship that does not emit ions and electrons, but rather nebula droplets that are 1,000 to 100,000 times larger in size depending on the project and to form an ion or electron as a condensation nucleus."
Tasks in World War II
From 1923 to 1938 Oberth worked with short breaks in 1929 and 1930 as a high school teacher for physics and mathematics in his home country
Post-war period
Oberth was not involved in the American "
During the 1950s and 1960s, Oberth offered his opinions regarding
Later life
Oberth retired in 1962 at the age of 68. From 1965 to 1967 he was a member of the
The 1973 oil crisis inspired Oberth to look into alternative energy sources, including a plan for a wind power station that could utilize the jet stream. However, his primary interest during his retirement years was to turn to more abstract philosophical questions. Most notable among his several books from this period is Primer For Those Who Would Govern.
Oberth returned to the United States to view the launch of STS-61-A, the Space Shuttle Challenger launched 30 October 1985.
Oberth died in Nuremberg, West Germany, on 28 December 1989, just shortly after the fall of the Iron Curtain.[11][37]
According to an obituary by Stille Hilfe, Oberth was "a loyal supporter and donor" of the Stille Hilfe Nazi support organization.[38]
Awards and honors
- Member of the Coetus Chlamydatorum Schaessburgiensis (Assembly of the Schaeßburg Gymnasium)[39]
List from the Oberth biography by Hans Barth[21]
- 1927: Honorary member of the German Verein für Raumschiffahrt (Space Flight Association), Berlin
- 1929: International Award for Astronautics (Robert Esnault-Pelterie-Hirsch-Award) of the Société astronomique de France, Paris
- 1946: Honorary Member of the Astronautical Section of the French Academy of Sciences, Paris
- 1948: Honorary President of the Gesellschaft für Weltraumforschung (Society for Space Research), Stuttgart, Germany
- 1949: Honorary memberships of the British Interplanetary Society, London / Dansk Selskab for Rumfartsforskening, Copenhagen / Pacific Rocket Society / Detroit Rocket Society and of Northwest German Society for Space Flight
- 1950: The Gesellschaft für Weltraumforschung (Society for Space Research) donates the Hermann Oberth Medal
- 1951: Honorary President of the Detroit Rocket Society
- 1952: Honorary President of the Deutsche Raketen-Gesellschaft (German Rocket Society), Bremen, Germany
- 1952: Honorary President of the Vereinigte Astronautische Vereinigung (United Astronautical Association), Leipzig
- 1953: Honorary member of the Schweizerischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Raumfahrt (Swiss Association for Astronautics), Lucerne
- 1954: Diesel Medal in gold from the Deutschen Erfinderverbandes (German Inventors' Association), Nuremberg
- 1954: Honorary memberships of the Austrian Society for Space Research, Vienna and of the German Association of Inventors
- 1955: Plaque of Honor of the American Astronautical Society
- 1956: Edward Pendray Award from the American Rocket Society, New York
- 1958: The American Astronautical Society donates the Hermann Oberth Award
- 1959: The American Rocket Society donates the Hermann Oberth Award
- 1960: Honorary Member of the Hellenic Astronautical Society, Athens, Greece
- 1961: Honorary Doctorate from Wesley College in Mount Pleasant (Iowa, USA)
- 1961: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Great Cross of Merit, Order of Merit of the FRG
- 1961: Awarded the Yuri Gagarin Medal
- 1961: Honorary memberships of the Association Internazionale "Uomini nello Sazio", Rome and of Centro Italiano Ricerche Elettroniche Nuclear, Rome
- 1961: Hat of Honor and Golden Key of the City of El Paso, USA
- 1962: Prix Galabert, Paris
- 1962: Odre du Merite pour la Recherche et l'Invention of the Société d'Encouragement pour la he et l'Invention, Paris
- 1963: Honorary Member of the Spanish Astronautical Association
- 1963: Honorary doctorate Dr.-Ing. eh of the Technical University of Berlin
- 1963: The Deutsche Raketen-Gesellschaft (German Rocket Society) is renamed to Hermann-Oberth-Gesellschaft, today Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Lilienthal - Oberth
- 1963: Joseph-Ritter-von-Prechtl-Medal of the University of Vienna
- 1963: Honorary memberships of the Portuguese Astronautical Association and of Society for Interplanetary Science, Vienna
- 1965: Pioneer necklace of the compass rose with brilliant from the International Committee of Aerospace Activities
- 1968: Honorary member of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin (German Society for Aerospace Medicine)
- 1969: Honorary doctorate from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya[40]
- 1969: Medal of the International Academy for Astronautics (IAA)
- 1969: The Hermann Oberth Society donates the Hermann Oberth Ring of Honor and a Hermann Oberth Award
- 1969: Honorary Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and AIAA Medal of Honor
- 1969: Honorary member of the Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Weltraumforschung und Flugkörpertechnik (Austrian Society for Space Research and Missile Technology), Vienna
- 1969: Honorary Member of the Centro de Estudios Interplanetaios, Madrid
- 1969: Golden Key of the City of Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- 1969: Badge of honor from the Ostdeutschen Kulturrats. Stiftung für kulturelle Zusammenarbeit (East German Cultural Council. Foundation for Cultural Cooperation), Bonn
- 1969: Founding of the Internationaler Förderkreis für Raumfahrt Hermann Oberth - Wernher von Braun (International Promotional Group for Astronautics, Hermann Oberth - Wernher von Braun), Nuremberg, Germany
- 1970: The Hermann Oberth-Geselllschaft donates the Hermann Oberth Medal in Gold
- 1970: Wilhelm Exner Medal in gold from the Österreichischen Gewerbeverband (Austrian Trade Association), Vienna
- 1970: Culture Award of the Transylvanian Saxons Landsmannschaft in Germany and Austria
- 1971: Opening of the Hermann Oberth Raumfahrt-Museum (Hermann Oberth Space Flight Museum) in Feucht/Nuremberg, Germany
- 1972: Honorary doctorate from the Babeș Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca (Klausenburg), Romania
- 1974: Scientific Order of Merit 1st Class of the Socialist Republic of Romania
- 1974: Dozens of 80th birthday medals and honors
- 1976: Hermann Oberth monument in the city park of Feucht/Nuremberg, Germany
- 1976: Oberth department in the Technical Museum, Bucharest, Romania
- 1979: Jubilee Congress in Salzburg on the occasion of the 85th birthday
- 1981: Relief portrait in the main hall of Berlin-Tegel Airport[41]
- 1982: Tsiolkovsky Medal from the USSR Academy of Sciences
- 1984: Honorary doctorate from the Technical University Graz, Austria
- 1984: Cross of Merit of the Bavarian Order of Merit, Munich, Germany
- 1984: Golden Ring of Honor of the Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany
- 1984: Leibnitz plaque of honor from the Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR (Academy of Sciences, GDR)
- 1985: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Grand Cross of Merit with star, Order of Merit of FRG
- 1997: A moon crater is named after Hermann Oberth.[42]
- 1999: An asteroid is named after Hermann Oberth: (9253) Oberth
- Hermann Oberth School in Mediaș, Romania
- Hermann Oberth kindergarten and high school in Bucharest, Romania
- Hermann Oberth Faculty of Engineering in Hermannstadt at the Lucian Blaga University, Romania
- Hermann-Oberth-Place in Schaeßburg, Romania
- Oberth effect - the effect for fuel-saving maneuvers in interplanetary space travel is named after him. He was the first to describe it.
Legacy
Hermann Oberth is memorialized by the
In 1980, Oberth was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[43]
The Danish Astronautical Society has named Hermann Oberth an honorary member.[44]
In Romania, the Faculty of Engineering of Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu is named after him.[45] In 1994, a memorial house was established in Mediaș on the 100th anniversary of his birth. It exhibits various items related to rocket technology and space travel, and also has an audio-video room for documentary films.[46]
He discovered the
In Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, the USS Grissom was classified as an Oberth-class starship. Several other Oberth-class starships also appeared in subsequent Star Trek films and television series.
Books
- Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (1923) (The Rocket into Planetary Space) (in German) OCLC 6026491
- The Rocket into Planetary Space (2014) (English translation of Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen) de Gruyter
- Wege zur Raumschiffahrt (1929)
- Ways to Spaceflight (1972) (English translation of Wege zur Raumschiffahrt) OCLC 255256956
- Ways to Spaceflight (1972) (English translation of Wege zur Raumschiffahrt)
- The Moon Car (1959) OCLC 574140
- The Electric Spaceship (1960) OCLC 20586236
- Primer for Those Who Would Govern (1987) ISBN 0-914301-06-3
- Georgiy Stepanovich Vetrov, S. P. Korolyov and space. First steps. — 1994 M. ISBN 5-02-000214-3.
- S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity" – edited by C. A. Lopota, RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev, 2014 ISBN 978-5-906674-04-3
See also
- Robert H. Goddard
- Conrad Haas
- High altitude wind power
- Outer space
- Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
- Gernot M. R. Winkler
- List of German inventors and discoverers
- List of Romanian inventors and discoverers
References
- ^ Editor, ÖGV. (2015). Wilhelm Exner Medal. Austrian Trade Association. ÖGV. Austria.
- ^ a b Hermann Oberth Raumfahrt Museum. Oberth-museum.org (1989-12-28). Retrieved on 2015-06-27.
- ^ .
- ^ Taylor Tillman, Nola (5 March 2013). "Hermann Oberth: German Father of Rocketry". Space.com. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
Oberth became a German citizen in 1940.
- ^ "Robert Esnault-Pelterie". New Mexico Museum of Space History. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
- ^ "Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky". Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
- ^ a b Ordway, Frederick I. III. The Rocket Team. Apogee Books Space Series 36. p. 36.
- ISBN 1-57356-335-8.
- ISBN 0-674-77660-7.
- ^ a b c Ianzer, Jürgen Heinz. "Hermann Oberth, părintele zborului cosmic" [Hermann Oberth, Father of the Cosmic Flight] (PDF) (in Romanian). pp. 3, 11, 13, 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ a b Mort de Hermann Oberth, pionnier de la conquête spatiale ("The Death of Hermann Oberth, Space Conquest Pioneer"), in Le Monde, 1 January 1990, pp. 3, 16, accessed on 7 October 2006.
- ^ Augustin Maior. 19 October 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Oberth, Hermann (1923). Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen. Oldenburg, Munich, Germany.
- ISBN 978-3-486-75463-6.
- ^ a b c d e f g Oberth, Hermann (1970) [1929]. Ways to Spaceflight. NASA. Retrieved 21 December 2017 – via archive.org.
- ^ a b "Hermann Oberth, Father of Space Travel", at. Kiosek.com (29 December 1989). Retrieved on 2015-06-27.
- ^ L'Aerophile, 1–15 June 1929, p.176; L. Blosset, Smithsonian Annals of Flight, No. 10, p. 11
- ^ "Opel Video Portal". opel-tv-footage.com. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ISBN 0-674-77650-X.
- ^ a b c d e Brandau, Daniel (2019). Raketenträume, Raumfahrt- und Technikenthusiasmus in Deutschland 1923-1963 (Rocket dreams, space and technology enthusiasm in Germany 1923-1963). Schöning & Bill, Paderborn, FRG.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Barth, Hans (1985). Hermann Oberth, Leben-Werk-Wirkung. Uni-Verlag, Feucht/FRG.
- ^ a b c Freeman, Marsha (1993). How we got to the Moon, the Story of the German Space Pioneers. 21st Century Associates, Washington, D.C.
- ^ Oberth, Hermann (1957). Menschen im Weltraum (in German). Econ Duesseldorf Germany. pp. 177–506.
- ^ Oberth, Hermann (1957). Man into Space. Harper&Brothers. pp. 125–182.
- ^ Oberth, Hermann (1978). Der Weltraumspiegel (in German). Kriterion Bucharest.
- ^ Oberth, Hermann (1953). "Vom Ruhm allein kann man nicht leben" [You can't live on fame alone]. Revue (in German). No. 32. Hamburg: Bauer.
- ^ Büdeler, Werner (1954). "Das Mond-Auto kann springen" [The moon car can jump]. Weltbild (in German). No. 1. Th. Martens.
- ^ Oberth, Hermann (1959). The Moon Car. Harper & Brothers, New York.
- ^ Oberth, Hermann (1963). The electric spaceship. EBÖ-Druck und Verlag der DRG, Hannover, FRG, Bölkow-Library.
- ^ a b c Rauschenbach, Boris (1995). Über die Erde hinaus, eine Biographie, Hermann Oberth (Beyond the Earth, a Biography, Hermann Oberth). Böttinger, Wiesbaden, FRG.
- ^ a b Bode, Volkhard (1995). Raketenspuren, Waffenschmiede und Militärstandort Peenemünde (Rocket tracks, weaponsmiths and military base in Peenemünde). Links, Berlin, FRG.
- ^ a b Barber, Murray (2020). Die V2, Entwicklung-Technik-Einsatz (V2 - The A4 Rocket. From Peenemünde to Redstone). Motorbuch, Stuttgart, FRG.
- ^ a b c Fritz, Alfred (1969). Der Weltraumprofessor Hermann Oberth (The space professor Hermann Oberth). Ensslin & Laibling, Reutlingen, FRG.
- The Washington Post and Times-Herald, pg. AW4, and Milwaukee Sentinel
- ^ Hermann Oberth, "They Come From Outer Space", Flying Saucer Review, Volume 1 Number 2, May–June 1955, pp. 12–14.
- ^ "Hermann Oberth" Archived 7 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, at the U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
- ^ "Hermann Oberth, 95, German Rocket Expert". The New York Times. 31 December 1989. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
- ISBN 3-596-16048-0, p. 442 referring to the Rundbrief of Stille Hilfe 1/1990.
- ^ Wolfgang Bahr: Namhafte Männer siebenbürgischer Pennalien. In: Junges Leben. 2/2012, p. 13f.
- ^ "Acte d'investidura dels professors August Friedrich Staats i Hermann Julius Oberth com a doctors honoris causa per la UPB". upcommons.upc.edu. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ tegel/ Kunst auf dem Tegel Airport at frankkoebsch.wordpress.com, accessed on October 11, 2014.
- ^ Oberth In: USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature.
- ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.
- ^ Official Website of the Danish Astronautical Society Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Rumfart.dk. Retrieved on 27 June 2015.
- ^ "Acasă – Facultatea de Inginerie". Inginerie.ulbsibiu.ro. Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
- ^ "Casa memorială "Hermann Oberth"". sibiu-turism.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 6 September 2023.
External links