Hermitage Museum
Established | 1764 |
---|---|
Location | 34 Palace Embankment, Dvortsovy Municipal Okrug, Central District, Saint Petersburg, Russia |
Collection size | 3 million[1] |
Visitors | 2,812,913 visitors (2022)[2] |
Director | Mikhail Piotrovsky |
Public transit access | Admiralteyskaya station |
Website | hermitagemuseum |
The State Hermitage Museum (Russian: Государственный Эрмитаж,
Its collections, of which only a small part is on permanent display, comprise over three million items (the
Of the six buildings in the main museum complex, five—namely the Winter Palace, Small Hermitage, Old Hermitage, New Hermitage, and Hermitage Theatre—are all open to the public. The entrance ticket for foreign tourists costs more than the fee paid by citizens of Russia and Belarus. However, entrance is free of charge the third Thursday of every month for all visitors, and free daily for students and children. The museum is closed on Mondays. The entrance for individual visitors is located in the Winter Palace, accessible from the Courtyard.
Etymology
A hermitage is the dwelling of a hermit or recluse. The word derives from Old French hermit, ermit "hermit, recluse", from Late Latin eremita, from Greek eremites, that means "people who live alone", which is in turn derived from ἐρημός (erēmos), "desert".
Buildings
Originally, the only building housing the collection was the "Small Hermitage". Today, the Hermitage Museum encompasses many buildings on the Palace Embankment and its neighbourhoods. Apart from the Small Hermitage, the museum now also includes the "Old Hermitage" (also called "Large Hermitage"), the "New Hermitage", the "
Collections
The Western European Art collection includes European paintings, sculpture, and applied art from the 13th to the 20th centuries.
Egyptian antiquities
Since 1940, the Egyptian collection, dating back to 1852 and including the former Castiglione Collection, has occupied a large hall on the ground floor in the eastern part of the Winter Palace.
Classical antiquities
The collection of classical antiquities occupies most of the ground floor of the Old and New Hermitage buildings. The interiors of the ground floor were designed by German architect
The Room of the Great Vase in the western wing features the 2.57 m (8.4 ft) high Kolyvan Vase, weighing 19 t (42,000 lb), made of
The collection of classical antiquities features Greek artifacts from the third millennium – fifth century BC,
Prehistoric art
On the ground floor in the western wing of the Winter Palace the collections of
Jewelry and decorative art
Four small rooms on the ground floor, enclosed in the middle of the New Hermitage between the room displaying Classical Antiquities, comprise the first treasure gallery, featuring western jewellery from the 4th millennium BC to the early 20th century AD. The second treasure gallery, located on the ground floor in the southwest corner of the Winter Palace, features jewellery from the
Pavilion Hall, designed by Andrei Stackenschneider in 1858, occupies the first floor of the Northern Pavilion in the Small Hermitage. It features the 18th-century golden Peacock Clock by James Cox and a collection of mosaics. Two galleries spanning the west side of the Small Hermitage from the Northern to Southern Pavilion house an exhibition of Western European decorative and applied art from the 12th to 15th century and the fine art of the Low Countries from the 15th and 16th centuries.
Italian Renaissance
The rooms on the first floor of the Old Hermitage were designed by Andrei Stakenschneider in revival styles in between 1851 and 1860, although the design survives only in some of them. They feature works of Italian Renaissance artists, including Giorgione, Titian, Veronese, as well as Benois Madonna and Madonna Litta attributed to Leonardo da Vinci or his school.
The Italian Renaissance galleries continues in the eastern wing of the New Hermitage with paintings, sculpture,
Italian and Spanish fine art
The first floor of New Hermitage contains three large interior spaces in the center of the museum complex with red walls and lit from above by skylights. These are adorned with 19th-century Russian lapidary works and feature Italian and Spanish canvases of the 16th–18th centuries, including Veronese, Giambattista Pittoni, Tintoretto, Velázquez and Murillo.
Knights' Hall
The Knights' Hall, a large room in the eastern part of the New Hermitage originally designed in the Greek revival style for the display of coins, now hosts a collection of Western European arms and armour from the 15th–17th centuries, part of the Hermitage Arsenal collection.
The Gallery of the History of Ancient Painting adjoins the Knights' Hall and also flanks the skylight rooms. It was designed by
Dutch Golden Age and Flemish Baroque
The rooms and galleries along the southern facade and in the western wing of the New Hermitage are now entirely devoted to Dutch Golden Age and Flemish Baroque painting of the 17th century, including the large collections of Van Dyck, Rubens and Rembrandt.
German, Swiss, British and French fine art
The first floor rooms on the southern facade of the Winter Palace are occupied by the collections of German fine art of the 16th century and French fine art of the 15th–18th centuries, including paintings by
Russian art
The richly decorated interiors of the first floor of the Winter Palace on its eastern, northern and western sides are part of the Russian culture collection and host the exhibitions of Russian art from the 11th-19th centuries.
French Neoclassical, Impressionist, and post-Impressionist art
French
Modern, German Romantic and other 19th–20th century art
History
Origins: Catherine's collection
In 1764, Catherine commissioned Yury Felten to build an extension on the east of the Winter Palace which he completed in 1766. Later it became the Southern Pavilion of the Small Hermitage. From 1767 to 1769, French architect Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe built the Northern Pavilion on the Neva embankment. Between 1767 and 1775, the extensions were connected by galleries, where Catherine put her collections.[14] The entire neoclassical building is now known as the Small Hermitage. During the time of Catherine, the Hermitage was not a public museum and few people were allowed to view its holdings. Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe also rebuilt rooms in the second story of the south-east corner block that was originally built for Elizabeth and later occupied by Peter III. The largest room in this particular apartment was the Audience Chamber (also called the Throne Hall) which consisted of 227 square meters.[13]
The Hermitage buildings served as a home and workplace for nearly a thousand people, including the Imperial family. In addition to this, they also served as an extravagant showplace for all kinds of Russian relics and displays of wealth prior to the art collections. Many events were held in these buildings including masquerades for the nobility, grand receptions and ceremonies for state and government officials. The "Hermitage complex" was a creation of Catherine's that allowed all kinds of festivities to take place in the palace, the theatre and even the museum of the Hermitage. This helped solidify the Hermitage as not only a dwelling place for the Imperial family, but also as an important symbol and memorial to the imperial Russian state. Today, the palace and the museum are one and the same. In Catherine's day, the Winter Palace served as a central part of what was called the Palace Square. The Palace Square served as St. Petersburg's nerve center by linking it to all the city's most important buildings. The presence of the Palace Square was extremely significant to the urban development of St. Petersburg, and while it became less of a nerve center later into the 20th century, its symbolic value was still very much preserved.[15]
Catherine acquired the best collections offered for sale by the heirs of prominent collectors. In 1769, she purchased Brühl's collection, consisting of over 600 paintings and a vast number of prints and drawings, in Saxony. Three years later, she bought Crozat's collection of paintings in France with the assistance of Denis Diderot. Next, in 1779, she acquired the collection of 198 paintings that once belonged to Robert Walpole in London followed by a collection of 119 paintings in Paris from Count Baudouin in 1781. Catherine's favorite items to collect were believed to be engraved gems and cameos. At the inaugural exhibit of the Hermitage, opened by Charles, Prince of Wales in November 2000, there was an entire gallery devoted to representing and displaying Catherine's favorite items. In this gallery her cameos are displayed along with cabinet made by David Roentgen, which holds her engraved gems. As the symbol of Minerva was frequently used and favored by Catherine to represent her patronage of the arts, a cameo of Catherine as Minerva is also displayed here. This particular cameo was created for her by her daughter-in-law, the Grand Duchess Maria Fyodorovna. This is only a small representation of Catherine's vast collection of many antique and contemporary engraved gems and cameos.[16]
The collection soon overgrew the building. In her lifetime, Catherine acquired 4,000 paintings from the old masters, 38,000 books, 10,000 engraved gems, 10,000 drawings, 16,000 coins and medals, and a natural history collection filling two galleries,[17] so in 1771 she commissioned Yury Felten to build another major extension. The neoclassical building was completed in 1787 and has come to be known as the Large Hermitage or Old Hermitage. Catherine also gave the name of the Hermitage to her private theatre, built nearby between 1783 and 1787 by the Italian architect Giacomo Quarenghi.[18] In London in 1787, Catherine acquired the collection of sculpture that belonged to Lyde Browne, mostly Ancient Roman marbles. Catherine used them to adorn the Catherine Palace and park in Tsarskoye Selo, but later they became the core of the Classical Antiquities collection of the Hermitage. From 1787 to 1792, Quarenghi designed and built a wing along the Winter Canal with the Raphael Loggias to replicate the loggia in the Apostolic Palace in Rome designed by Donato Bramante and frescoed by Raphael.[14][19][20]
Catherine's collection of at least 4,000 paintings came to rival the older and more prestigious museums of Western Europe. Catherine took great pride in her collection and actively participated in extensive competitive art gathering and collecting that was prevalent in European royal court culture. Through her art collection she gained European acknowledgment and acceptance and portrayed Russia as an enlightened society. Catherine went on to invest much of her identity in being a patron of the arts. She was particularly fond of the Roman deity Minerva, whose characteristics according to classical tradition are military prowess, wisdom, and patronage of the arts. Using the title Catherine the Minerva, she created new institutions of literature and culture and also participated in many projects of her own, mostly play writing. The representation of Catherine alongside Minerva would come to be a tradition of enlightened patronage in Russia.[21]
Expansion in the 19th century
In 1815, Alexander I of Russia purchased 38 pictures from the heirs of Joséphine de Beauharnais, most of which had been looted by the French in Kassel during the war. The Hermitage collection of Rembrandts was then considered the largest in the world. Also among Alexander's purchases from Josephine's estate were the first four sculptures by the neoclassical Italian sculptor Antonio Canova to enter the Hermitage collection.
Between 1840 and 1843, Vasily Stasov redesigned the interiors of the Southern Pavilion of the Small Hermitage. In 1838, Nicholas I commissioned the neoclassical German architect Leo von Klenze to design a building for the public museum. Space for the museum was made next to the Small Hermitage by the demolition of the Shepelev Palace and royal stables. The construction was overseen by the Russian architects Vasily Stasov and Nikolai Yefimov from 1842 to 1851 and incorporated Quarenghi's wing with the Raphael Loggias.
The New Hermitage was opened to the public on 5 February 1852.
In 1861, the Hermitage purchased from the
After the October Revolution
Immediately after the Revolution of 1917, the Imperial Hermitage and the Winter Palace, the former Imperial residence, were proclaimed state museums and eventually merged.
The range of the Hermitage's exhibits was further expanded when private art collections from several
In 1922, a collection of 19th-century European paintings was transferred to the Hermitage from the Academy of Arts. In turn, in 1927 about 500 important paintings were transferred to the Central Museum of old Western art in Moscow at the insistence of the Soviet authorities.
In 1928, the Soviet government ordered the Hermitage to compile a list of valuable works of art for export. From 1930 to 1934, over two thousand works of art from the Hermitage collection were clandestinely sold at auctions abroad or directly to foreign officials and businesspeople. The sold items included
With the
In 1948, 316 works of
On 15 June 1985, a man later judged insane attacked Rembrandt's painting
The Hermitage since 1991
In 1991, it became known that some paintings looted by the
In 1993, the Russian government gave the eastern wing of the nearby General Staff Building across the Palace Square to the Hermitage and the new exhibition rooms in 1999. Since 2003, the Great Courtyard of the Winter Palace has been open to the public.
In 2003, the Hermitage loaned 142 pieces to the University of Michigan Museum of Art for an exhibition titled The Romanovs Collect: European Art from the Hermitage.[28]
In December 2004, the museum discovered another looted work of art: Venus Disarming Mars by
The museum announced in July 2006 that 221 minor items, including jewelry, Orthodox icons, silverware and richly enameled objects, had been stolen. The value of the stolen items was estimated to be approximately $543,000. By the end of 2006 several of the stolen items had been recovered.[30]
In March 2020, Apple released a continuous 5 hour and 19 minute one shot film recorded entirely on an iPhone 11 Pro detailing many rooms of the museum which highlighted not only the artwork, but also the architecture, and live movement pieces interspersed throughout.[31]
Dependencies
In recent years, the Hermitage launched several dependencies abroad and domestically.
Hermitage-Kazan Exhibition Center
The Hermitage dependency in Kazan (Tatarstan, Russia), opened in 2005. It was created with support from President of the Republic of Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiev and is a subdivision of the Kazan Kremlin State Historical and Architectural Museum-Park. The museum is situated in the Kazan Kremlin in an edifice previously occupied by the Junker School built in the beginning of the 19th century.[32]
Ermitage Italia, Ferrara
Following the prior experiences in London, Las Vegas, Amsterdam and Kazan, the Hermitage foundation decided to create a further branch in Italy with the launch of a national bid. Several northern Italian cities expressed interest such as Verona, Mantua, Ferrara and Turin. In 2007, the honor was awarded to the city of Ferrara which proposed its Castle Estense as the base. Since then, the new institution called Ermitage Italia started a research and scientific collaboration with the Hermitage foundation.[33]
Hermitage-Vyborg Center
Hermitage-Vyborg Center was opened in June 2010 in Vyborg, Leningrad Oblast.
Hermitage Exhibition Center, Vladivostok
A Hermitage branch is due to open in Vladivostok by 2016, and the regional government has allocated more than Rb17.7 million ($558,000) for preliminary reconstruction work on a mansion in Vladivostok's historic downtown district to house the satellite.[34]
Hermitage-Siberia, Omsk
The Hermitage-Siberia is due to open in Omsk in 2016.[34]
Guggenheim Hermitage Museum, Vilnius
In recent years, there have been proposals to open a Vilnius Guggenheim Hermitage Museum in the capital city of Lithuania. Like the former Las Vegas dependency, the museum is to combine artworks from the Saint Petersburg Hermitage with works from the New York Guggenheim Museum.[35]
Former dependencies
The Guggenheim Hermitage Museum in Las Vegas opened on 7 October 2001 and closed on 11 May 2008.[36] The Hermitage Rooms in London's Somerset House opened on 25 November 2000.[37] The exhibition was closed permanently in November 2007 due to poor visitor numbers.[38]
The dependency of the Hermitage Museum in Amsterdam was known as the Hermitage Amsterdam, and was located in the former Amstelhof building. It opened on 24 February 2004 in a small building on the Nieuwe Herengracht in Amsterdam, awaiting the closing of the retirement home which still occupied the Amstelhof building until 2007. Between 2007 and 2009, the Amstelhof was renovated and made suitable for the housing of the Amsterdam Hermitage. The Amsterdam Hermitage was opened on 19 June 2009 by President Dmitry Medvedev and Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.[39] Following Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, the Amsterdam Hermitage severed ties with St. Petersburg,[40] being renamed to H'ART Museum the following year.[41][42]
Management
Hermitage directors
- Florian Gilles
- Stepan Gedeonov (1863–78)
- Alexander Vasilchikov (1879–88)
- Sergei Nikitich Trubetskoi (1888–99)
- Ivan Vsevolozhsky (1899–1909)
- Dmitry Tolstoi (1909–1918)
- Boris Legran (1931–1934)
- Iosif Orbeli(1934–1951)
- Mikhail Artamonov(1951–1964)
- Boris Piotrovsky (1964–1990)
- Mikhail Piotrovsky (1992–present)
Volunteer service
The Hermitage Volunteer Service offers all those interested a unique opportunity to involve themselves in running this world-renowned museum. The program not only aids the Hermitage with its external and internal activities but also serves as an informal link between the museum staff and the public, bringing the specific knowledge of the museum's experts to the community. Volunteers may also develop projects reflecting their own personal goals and interests: communicate a feeling of responsibility to the youth so as to help them understand the value of tradition and the necessity of its preservation.
Cats
A population of cats lives on the museum grounds and serves as an attraction.[43]
In popular culture
Films
- Russian Ark (2002), the Russian film by Alexander Sokurov, was filmed entirely in the Hermitage Museum, showing the Winter Palace at various stages of its history.
- Oscar-winning Soviet adaptation of the 1869 novel by Leo Tolstoy, was partially filmed in the Winter Palace.
Television
Russia-K, a Russian national television channel, has been presenting the various art collections of the Hermitage to the general public for years. There are a series of programs that have aired entitled My Hermitage that have been particularly successful. All of these programs are organized by the Director of the Hermitage, Professor Mikhail Piotrovsky, and are quite similar to the broadcasts created by Academician Boris Piotrovsky, who is Mikhail's father. These programs were first broadcast through the Soviet Union's 'First' channel, airing at the height of the museum's boom. During this time, this channel recorded more than three million visitors every year, mostly from the Soviet Union. Another program created by the Hermitage was called The Treasures of St. Petersburg, and was broadcast on the St. Petersburg regional television. This program gave insight into what exhibitions were being displayed at the Hermitage.[44]
Treasures of St Petersburg & The Hermitage, (2003) a three-part documentary series for Channel 5 in the UK, directed by Graham Addicott and produced by Pille Runk.
Hermitage Revealed (2014) is a BBC documentary from Margy Kinmonth. The film tells the story of its journey from imperial palace to state museum, investigating remarkable tales of dedication, devotion, ownership and ultimate sacrifice, showing how the collection came about, how it survived tumultuous revolutionary times and what makes the Hermitage unique today.[45]
Literature
- To the Hermitage, a 2000 novel by Diderot's journey to Russia to meet Catherine the Greatin her Hermitage.
- Andrey Bely, features the Winter Canalnear the palace as one of its central locations, but never names the Winter Palace directly.
- Ghostwritten, by David Mitchell, features as one of its protagonists a woman who works for an art counterfeiting ring whilst masquerading as a docent in a gallery room on the upper floor of the Large Hermitage.
- The Madonnas of Leningrad, a novel by Debra Dean, features the Hermitage during World War II.
- Sancar Seckiner's 2017 book Thilda's House (Thilda'nın Evi) includes a chapter highlighting the writer's experience at the Hermitage Museum by indicating several masterworks of the 15th–19th centuries. ISBN 978-605-4160-88-4
Games
- The Hermitage appears in the video games wonder of the world.[46]
- The Hermitage appears in the first mission of the Soviet campaign in the video game Command and Conquer: Red Alert 3; it is under attack from forces of the Empire of the Rising Sun.
Gallery
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Ancient Egyptian: Limestone stele of a chief potter (18th century BC)
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Ancient Near East: Urartu deity (7th–5th century BC)
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Red-figure vase(5th century BC)
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AncientSteppes: Pazyryk horseman(3rd century BC)
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Hellenistic: Gonzaga Cameo (3rd century BC)
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Classical Near East: Palmyra Tariff (2nd century CE)
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Ancient Roman: Bust of Lucius Verus (160–170)
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Buddha(2nd–3rd century)
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Gothic: Anjou Legendarium (1330)
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Early Renaissance: Madonna Litta by Leonardo da Vinci(c. 1490)
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Saint Peter and Saint Paul by El Greco(1592)
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Flemish Baroque: Self-Portrait by Anthony van Dyck (1622–1623)
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Danaë by Rembrandt(1636)
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Classicism: Tancred and Herminia by Nicolas Poussin (1649)
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Fath Ali Shah(1813–1814)
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Post-Impressionism: The Overture to Tannhauser: The Artist's Mother and Sister by Paul Cézanne (1868)
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Picasso's Rose Period: Femme au café (Absinthe Drinker) by Pablo Picasso (1901–02)
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Proto-Cubism: Dryad, by Pablo Picasso (1908)
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Maratha India: A Maratha Armor and Helmet
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Abstract: Composition VI by Wassily Kandinsky (1913)
See also
- List of largest art museums
- List of most visited art museums
- List of museums in Saint Petersburg
- Baldin Collection
Notes
References
- ^ "Hermitage in Figures and Facts". Hermitagemuseum.org. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
- Art Newspaperannual survey, March 28, 2023.
- ^ "Page 7" (PDF). Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ "The Art Newspaper", March 2023
- ^ "Page 20" (PDF). Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ "Mikhail Piotrovsky". The State Hermitage Museum. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
- ^ "Государственный Эрмитаж" [The State hermitage Museum] (in Russian). Culture.ru. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
- ^ "Traditional Meeting with Journalists: Farewell to White Nights - 2005". www.hermitagemuseum.org. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012.
- ^ "The Room of French Painting of the Second Half of the 19th Century (Daumier, Manet, Degas)". Hermitage Museum.
- ^ "Claude Monet Room".
- ^ Norman 1997, pp. 28–29
- ^ Frank 2002
- ^ a b "Hermitage History," www.hermitagemuseum.org.[full citation needed]
- ^ a b c Saint Petersburg Encyclopedia - Hermitage Buildings (entry) Archived 24 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Piotrovsky, Mikhail, "The Hermitage in the Context of the City," Museum International 55, no. 1, 79–80.
- ^ Mason, Mary Willan, "The Treasures of Catherine the Great from the State Hermitage Museum St. Petersburg," Antiques & Collecting Magazine 106, no. 3, 62.
- ^ Norman 1997, p. 23
- ^ Norman 1997, pp. 37–38
- ^ "Hermitage History: The Raphael Loggias". www.hermitagemuseum.org. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
- ^ "Hermitage History: Timeline: 1771–1787: Construction of the Great Hermitage". www.hermitagemuseum.org. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
- ^ Dianina, Katia, "Art and Authority: The Hermitage of Catherine the Great," Russian Review 63, no. 4, 634–636.
- ^ Norman 1997, p. 1
- ^ John Russell (4 October 1994). "Hermitage Reveals It Hid Trove of Impressionist Art". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
- ^ Steven Erlanger (30 March 1995). "Restitution Hermitage, in Its Manner, Displays Its Looted Art". The New York Times.
- ^ "Hermitage History: Timeline: 1995: The exhibition Hidden Treasures Revealed". www.hermitagemuseum.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014.
- ^ "Virtual Tour: 70: Room Displaying "Unknown Masterpieces"". www.hermitagemuseum.org. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014.
- ^ "Virtual Tour: 71: Room Displaying "Unknown Masterpieces"". www.hermitagemuseum.org. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.
- ^ "News | Museum of Art (UMMA) | U-M". umma.umich.edu. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ^ John Varoli (20 December 2004). "St Petersburg: Rubens looted from Germany discovered at Hermitage". The Art Newspaper. Codart.nl. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ^ Galina Stolyarova (1 August 2006). "Stolen Russian Museum Items Not Insured". The Washington Post. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "A one-take journey through Russia's iconic Hermitage museum | Shot on iPhone 11 Pro". YouTube.
- ^ "The Hermitage-Kazan Exhibition Center, Tatarstan". www.hermitagemuseum.org. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014.
- ^ "ErmitageItalia Homepage". Ermitageitalia.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
- ^ a b Sophia Kishkovsky (6 November 2013), Launch (museum) satellites, says Putin Archived 7 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Art Newspaper.
- ^ Ben Sisario (12 June 2008). "ARTS, BRIEFLY; Lithuania Approves Guggenheim Project". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ "Guggenheim Hermitage Museum in Las Vegas concludes seven-year residency at the Venetian Hotel-Resort-Casino" (Press release). Guggenheim Foundation. 9 April 2008. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ^ "The Hermitage Rooms in Somerset House, London". www.hermitagemuseum.org. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014.
- The Evening Standard. standard.co.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ^ Reuters.com - Russia's Hermitage museum opens Amsterdam branch
- ^ Solomon, Tessa (4 March 2022). "Amsterdam's Hermitage Museum Outpost Severs Ties with St. Petersburg Flagship Institution". ARTnews. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- ^ "Hermitage to become H'ART Museum". H'ART Museum. 1 September 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- Associated Press News. 26 June 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
- ^ Matveev, Vladimir, "The Hermitage and its Links with Regions of Russia," Museum International 55, no. 1, 68.
- ^ "Hermitage Revealed". IMDb.
- ^ "Civilization Fanatics' Forums - View Single Post - Civ5 Confirmed Features and Versions". Forums.civfanatics.com. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
Sources
External videos | |
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Presentation by Geraldine Norman on The Hermitage: The Biography of a Great Museum, April 2, 1998, C-SPAN |
- Frank, Christoph (2002), "Die Gemäldesammlungen Gotzkowsky, Eimbke und Stein: Zur Berliner Sammlungsgeschichte während des Siebenjährigen Krieges.", in Michael North (ed.), Kunstsammeln und Geschmack im 18. Jahrhundert (in German), Berlin: Berlin Verlag Spitz, pp. 117–194, ISBN 3-8305-0312-1
- The Hermitage Museum (2014), The Hermitage: 250 Masterworks, New York: Skira Rizzoli, ISBN 0-84784-209-6
- Kostenevich, Albert (1995), Hidden Treasures Revealed: Impressionist Masterpieces and Other Important French Paintings Preserved by the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, New York: Harry N. Abrams, ISBN 0-81093-432-9
- Norman, Geraldine (1997), The Hermitage; The Biography of a Great Museum, New York: Fromm International, ISBN 0-88064-190-8
- Renne, Elizaveta (2011), Sixteenth- to Nineteenth-Century British Painting. State Hermitage Museum Catalogue, Yale: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-30017-046-7
Further reading
- Dutch and Flemish paintings from the Hermitage. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1988.
External links
- Media related to Hermitage Museum at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
- Hermitage Museum Unofficial Guide
- Hermitage Amsterdam
- Geographic data related to Hermitage Museum at OpenStreetMap
- Virtual tour of the Hermitage Museum provided by Google Arts & Culture