Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen, BWV 248 III

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Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen
Part III of
BWV 214
  • BWV 213
    • OccasionThird day of Christmas
    Bible textLuke 2:15-20
    Chorale
    Performed27 December 1734 (1734-12-27): Leipzig
    Movements13
    Vocal
    • SATB choir and soloists
    • soprano, tenor, alto and bass soloists
    Instrumental
    • 3 trumpets
    • timpani
    • 2 traversos
    • 2 oboes
    • 2 oboes d'amore
    • 2 violins
    • viola
    • cello
    • violone
    • continuo

    Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen (Ruler of heaven, hear our babble),[1] BWV 248III (also written as BWV 248 III), is a 1734 church cantata for the third day of Christmas (27 December) which Johann Sebastian Bach composed as the third part of his Christmas Oratorio.[2] The Christmas cantata was first performed in 1734, in Leipzig.[2] Bach was then Thomaskantor, responsible for music at four churches in Leipzig, a position he had assumed in 1723.

    The cantata follows the

    adoration of the shepherds. An unknown librettist added text for reflecting recitatives and arias and included stanzas from Lutheran hymns. Bach structured the cantata in 13 movements and scored it for four vocal parts and a Baroque orchestra with trumpets and timpani, flutes, oboes, and strings. Part III of the oratorio begins with a festive chorus, which is, in contrast to the other parts, repeated after the closing choral, as a conclusion of the three days of Christmas. A tenor soloist narrates the Biblical story in recitatives as the Evangelist
    . An alto aria is perhaps the only newly composed aria in the entire oratorio, while music for other movements is based on two cantatas that Bach had composed for the court at Dresden.

    Bach led the first performances at the Nikolaikirche, the main churches of Leipzig, on 27 December 1734, during a morning service.

    Background

    See also: List of church cantatas by liturgical occasion § Third Day of Christmas (27 December: Christmas 3)

    In 18th-century

    Nikolaikirche, the director musices (Thomaskantor)[3] determined which music was to be performed during the services on Sundays and feast days.[4][5][6]

    The prescribed readings for the third day of Christmas were from the

    Christmas season in the Thomaskirche and Nikolaikirche since his appointment as director musices in Leipzig in 1723, including cantatas for the third day of Christmas:[5][8]

    In 1733,

    Missa in B minor, BWV 232 I, to him.[12] Several of Bach's secular cantatas celebrating the Saxonian prince-electoral family were performed in Leipzig, including two cantatas first performed in 1733:[13][14]

    Bach drew on these two cantatas for choral movements, arias and duets of the oratorio's parts I to IV.[18][19] The Bach scholar Christoph Wolff noted that Bach reused music with similar affect, "rescuing it for more durable purpose".[20] Bach composed for part III the recitatives of the Evangelist, the chorus of the shepherds, the reflecting bass recitative, the chorales, and the alto aria "Schließe, mein Herze", as the only aria in the oratorio.[18]

    Christmas season 1734–35

    See also: Christmas Oratorio § History
    First two pages of the libretto of Bach's Christmas Oratorio, as printed in 1734[21]

    Bach composed

    birth of Jesus. The second cantata, Part II of the oratorio, Und es waren Hirten in derselben Gegend, was performed the following day, focused on the annunciation to the shepherds.[22]

    Text

    Departing from the usual readings for 27 December, the text of Part III deals with the

    adoration of the shepherds, from their itinerary to Bethlehem to their adoration in the stable, taken from the prescribed readings for the Second Day of Christmas.[18] The story is told following the Gospel of Luke, interspersed with reflecting recitatives, arias and chorales.[23]

    The identity of the librettist of the Christmas Oratorio cantatas is unknown,[22] with Picander, who had collaborated with Bach earlier, a likely candidate.[24] The oratorio's libretto was published in 1734.[21] The quotations from the Bible are rendered in Martin Luther's translation. The librettist included three stanzas from Lutheran hymns: "Dies hat er alles uns getan" from Luther's "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ",[25] "Ich will dich mit Fleiß bewahren" from Paul Gerhardt's "Fröhlich soll mein Herze springen",[26] and for the conclusion "Seid froh, dieweil" from Christoph Runge's "Laßt Furcht und Pein".[27][28] The Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann noted that the traditional melodies of the chorales, which are still in use, connect the music to the present time.[18]

    Bach led the first performance at the Nikolaikirche during the morning service.[18]

    Music and content

    The work is structured in 13 movements. Unlike the other cantatas in the Christmas Oratorio, the opening chorus of the cantata is repeated as the closing movement. The alto aria is perhaps the only newly composed aria in the entire oratorio.

    violins (Vl), viola (Va) and basso continuo.[2] The scoring is equal to Part I of the oratorio.[30]

    The scoring in the following table follows the

    Neue Bach-Ausgabe (New Bach Edition). The keys and time signatures are from Alfred Dürr, and use the symbol for common time.[23] No key is shown for the recitatives, because they modulate
    .

    Movements of Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen
    No. Title Text Type Vocal Brass Winds Strings Key Time
    24 Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen anon. Chorus SATB 3Tr 2Tra 2Ob 2Vl Va D major 3/8
    25 Und da die Engel von ihnen gen Himmel fuhren Luke 2:15 Recitative T common time
    26 Lasset uns nun gehen gen Bethlehem Luke 2:15 Chorus SATB 2Tra 2Oa 2Vl Va A major 3/4
    27 Er hat sein Volk getröst' anon. Recitative B 2Tra common time
    28 Dies hat er alles uns getan Luther Chorale SATB 2Tra 2Ob 2Vl Va A major common time
    29 Herr, dein Mitleid, dein Erbarmen anon. Duet S B 2Oa A major 3/8
    30 Und sie kamen eilend Luke 2:16-19 Recitative T common time
    31 Schließe, mein Herze, dies selige Wunder anon. Aria A Vl (solo) B minor 2/4
    32 Ja, ja, mein Herz soll es bewahren anon. Recitative A 2Tra common time
    33 Ich will dich mit Fleiß bewahren Gerhardt Chorale SATB 2Tra 2Ob 2Vl Va G major common time
    34 Und die Hirten kehrten wieder um Luke 2:20 Recitative T common time
    35 Seid froh dieweil Luke 2:20 Chorale SATB 2Tra 2Ob 2Vl Va F# minor common time
    24 Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen (da capo) anon. Chorus SATB 3Tr 2Tra 2Ob 2Vl Va D major 3/8

    Movements

    24

    24 Herrscher des Himmels
    Recordings from a 2012 performance by St Matthew's Concert Choir and Orchestra, directed by Phiroz Dalal.
    Problems playing this file? See media help.

    The cantata begins with a chorus, Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen (Ruler of Heaven, hear the murmur),[28] in D major and a triple meter like the opening of the first cantata of the oratorio. It is based on the closing chorus of BWV 214, Blühet, ihr Linden in Sachsen, wie Zedern[18] (Bloom, you Saxon lindens, like cedars!).[31] In the original, three solo voices enter one after the other, tenor, soprano, alto, which is copied in the oratorio for the choral parts.[30]

    This chorus is repeated at the end of the cantata, for a conclusion of the three days of Christmas.[32]

    25

    The Evangelist tells that, after the angels left, Und da die Engel von ihnen gen Himmel fuhren (And when the angels went away from them towards heaven),[31] the shepherds spoke to each other.[32]

    26

    26 Lasset uns nun gehen

    The following Biblical sentence is set as a turba chorus, Lasset uns nun gehen gen Bethlehem (Let us go now towards Bethlehem),[28] in complex polyphony. The hurried walk of the shepherds is depicted in a walking bass, and an almost continuous fast movement in flute and first violin.[30]

    27

    A bass recitative, Er hat sein Volk getröst't (He has comforted His people)[28] reflects that shepherds played a role in many stories between God and his people.[30]

    28

    28 Dies hat er alles

    The scene is closed by a chorale stanza, Dies hat er alles uns getan (All this He has done for us),[28] the seventh stanza from Luther's "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ", published in Wittenberg in 1524.[25]

    29

    29 Herr, dein Mitleid

    A

    duet of soprano and bass, beginning "Herr, dein Mitleid, dein Erbarmen tröstet uns und macht uns frei" (Lord, your compassion, your mercy comforts us and makes us free)[28] expands the aspect of God's mercy. It is based on the duet "Ich bin deine" / "Du bist meine"[18] (I am yours / You are mine),[33] a duet of Hercules and Virtue from BWV 213. The voices are accompanied by two obbligato oboes d'amore, while the original music featured two violins. The wind instruments are more suitable to represent the shepherds.[30]

    30

    The Evangelist continues the narration with the shepherds finding the baby, "Und sie kamen eilend und funden beide, Mariam und Joseph, dazu das Kind in der Krippe liegen" (And they came hastily and found both Mary and Joseph, along with the child lying in the manger).[28] The Gospel of Luke points at Mary's reaction to what the shepherds said: "Maria aber behielt alle diese Worte und bewegte sie in ihrem Herzen" (Mary however kept all these words and pondered them in her heart).[28]

    31

    31 Schliesse mein Herze

    In an alto aria, Mary seems to tell herself "Schließe, mein Herze, dies selige Wunder fest in deinem Glauben ein!" (Enclose, my heart, these blessed miracles fast within your faith!),[28] which is an invitation to the listener to do the same. The intimate setting, with an obbligato solo violin, is the only aria which Bach newly composed for the oratorio.[29]

    32

    32 Ja, ja, mein Herz

    The alto continues the determination to remember in an accompanied recitative: "Ja, ja! mein Herz soll es bewahren" (Yes, yes, my heart shall cherish this)".[28] Two flutes are the obbligato instruments.

    33

    33 Ich will dich mit

    A chorale supports the intention: "Ich will dich mit Fleiß bewahren" (I will cherish You assiduously).

    Georg Ebeling in 1666 for "Warum sollt ich mich denn grämen" (Zahn 6461).[26]

    34

    The Evangelist reports that the shepherds returned, praising God: "Und die Hirten kehrten wieder um" (And the shepherds went back again).[28]

    35

    35 Seid froh, dieweil

    A chorale concludes the story, requesting to rejoice: "Seid froh, dieweil" (Meanwhile, be happy).

    Wir Christenleut'" (Zahn 2072).[27] The chorale is in F-sharp minor, and unusually also ends in this key, which makes for a better transition to the repetition of the opening chorus in D major.[30]

    See also

    References

    1. ^ Dürr & Jones 2006, p. 131.
    2. ^ a b c Bach Digital 248 III 2021.
    3. ^ Wolff 2000, pp. 237–257.
    4. ^ Dürr & Jones 2006, pp. 23–26.
    5. ^ a b Stauffer 2016, p. 272.
    6. ^ Wolff 2000, pp. 253–254.
    7. ^ Dürr & Jones 2006, pp. 121.
    8. ^ Dürr & Jones 2006, pp. 121–133.
    9. ^ Bach Digital 64 2022.
    10. ^ Bach Digital 133 2022.
    11. ^ Bach Digital 151 2022.
    12. ^ a b Rathey 2016.
    13. ^ Wolff 2000, pp. 361–364, 366.
    14. ^ a b c Wessel 2015, pp. 25–44, 47, 99–100.
    15. ^ Bach Digital 213 2021.
    16. ^ Bach Digital 214 2021.
    17. ^ Dürr & Jones 2006, pp. 102, 820, 827–830.
    18. ^ a b c d e f g h Hofmann 2005, p. V.
    19. ^ Wolff 2000, p. 366.
    20. ^ Wolff 2000, pp. 383–384.
    21. ^ a b Bach Digital Libretto 2022.
    22. ^ a b Bach Digital 248 II 2021.
    23. ^ a b Dürr & Jones 2006, pp. 131–133.
    24. ^ Dürr & Jones 2006, p. 104.
    25. ^ a b Dahn 28 2018.
    26. ^ a b Dahn 33 2018.
    27. ^ a b Dahn 35 2018.
    28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Dellal 2021.
    29. ^ a b Dürr & Jones 2006, p. 133.
    30. ^ a b c d e f Werkeinführung 2021.
    31. ^ a b Dellal 214 2021.
    32. ^ a b Hennerfeind 2021.
    33. ^ Dellal 213 2021.

    Cited sources

    Bach digital

    • "Lasst uns sorgen, lasst uns wachen (Dramma per musica) BWV 213; BC G 18". Bach Digital. 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
    • "Tönet, ihr Pauken! Erschallet, Trompeten! BWV 214: Secular cantata (Birthday)". Bach Digital. 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
    • "Und es waren Hirten in derselben Gegend / (Christmas oratorio, part 2) BWV 248.2 II; BWV 248 II; BC D 7 II". Bach Digital. 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
    • "Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen / (Christmas oratorio, part 3) BWV 248.2 III; BWV 248 III; BC D 7 III". Bach Digital. 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
    • "Sehet, welch eine Liebe hat uns der Vater erzeiget BWV 64; BC A 15". Bach Digital. 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
    • "Ich freue mich in dir BWV 133; BC A 16". Bach Digital. 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
    • "Süßer Trost, mein Jesus kömmt BWV 151; BC A 17". Bach Digital. 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
    • "Leipzig, Bach-Archiv Leipzig / D-LEb Rara I, 7a [Textdruck]". Bach Digital. 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.

    Books

    Online source

    External links

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