Heteropteryx

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Heteropteryx
Female of Heteropteryx dilatata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Phasmatodea
Family: Heteropterygidae
Subfamily: Heteropteryginae
Tribe: Heteropterygini
Genus: Heteropteryx
Gray, G.R., 1835
Species:
H. dilatata
Binomial name
Heteropteryx dilatata
(Parkinson 1798)
Synonyms
  • Phasma (Eurycantha) graciosa
    Westwood
    , 1848
  • Heteropteryx castelnaudi Westwood, 1874
  • Heteropteryx hopei Westwood, 1874
  • Heteropteryx rollandi Lucas, 1882
  • Leocrates Stål, 1875
Yellow female of Heteropteryx dilatata
Threatening male of Heteropteryx dilatata

Heteropteryx is a

nocturnal
.

Description

The females are much larger and wider than the males, reaching 14 centimetres (5.5 in) to 17 centimetres (6.7 in) in length

epiproct.[6]

The much smaller males are slender and only about 9 centimetres (3.5 in) to 13 centimetres (5.1 in) long. They have spines all over their body and legs like the females, and are usually a mottled brown colour. The hind wings cover the entire abdomen. The narrow, but only slightly shorter forewings are designed as tegmina to and have a light front edge, which gives the animals with closed wings the typical lateral stripes over the

mesonotum and half of the abdomen. The fully developed hind wings are reddish and marked with a brown net pattern.[6]

Distribution area and lifestyle

Heteropteryx dilatata comes from the Malay Archipelago. There it was found on the Malay Peninsula, in Thailand, Singapore, as well as on Sumatra and in Sarawak on Borneo. It is unclear whether the animals documented on Madagascar are naturally occurring there population.[7]

Both sexes are capable of

femura, which creates an effective defense through its spines, in particular those on the tibiae.[6][8][9]

Reproduction

Gynandromorph

Haaniella saussurei

Haaniella spp.

Haaniella erringtoniae

Heteropteryx sp. 'Khao Lak'

Heteropteryx dilatata
= Heteropteryx dilatata 'Kuala Boh'

Haaniella spp.

Position of the Heteropteryx representatives within the previously genetic analysis investigated Heteropteryginae species according to Sarah Bank et al. (2021)[10]
Left adult Heteropteryx dilatata female from Kuala Boh, right female L5 nymph of the undescribed species with black coxes from Khao Lak

It is a common misconception that Heteropteryx dilatata holds the record for the largest egg laid by an insect, with the eggs sometimes described as being 1.3 centimetres (0.51 in) in length.

Gynander
also occasionally occur in Heteropteryx dilatata. These are often designed as half-sided hermaphrodites.

Taxonomy

Heteropteryx dilatata is the only described representative of the genus Heteropteryx established by George Robert Gray in 1835 and was described in 1798 by John Parkinson as Phasma dilatatum. The holotype is a female deposited in the collection of the Macleay Museum of the University of Sydney. All other species described in the genus Heteropteryx, like Heteropteryx dehaanii, Heteropteryx echinata, Heteropteryx erringtoniae, Heteropteryx grayii, Heteropteryx muelleri, Heteropteryx rosenbergii and Heteropteryx scabra are assigned to Haaniella, or have turned out to be synonyms of Heteropteryx dilatata like Heteropteryx castelnaudi, Heteropteryx hopei and Heteropteryx rollandi. The generic name Leocrates introduced by Carl Stål in 1875 for Leocrates graciosa and used for Leocrates glaber and Leocrates mecheli by Josef Redtenbacher 1906[14] is synonymous with Heteropteryx. The two species described by Redtenbacher have been valid species of the genus Haaniella again since 2016.[7][15]

In their investigations based on

Phang Nga Province, more precisely from the Khao Lak–Lam Ru National Park.[10]

Terraristic

The species was founded in 1974 by C.C. Chua from the

coxae, has been lost. The fact that this corresponds to the one used by Bank et al. the undescribed species identified in 2021 is considered likely, as the two sites are only about one hundred kilometers apart and the specimens examined by molecular genetics also have black coxes.[10][16][17]

The size of the

ivy. Temperatures between 20 °C (68 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F) and high humidity are required for keeping them. The latter is achieved by spraying the forage plants with water. In order to enable the females to lay their eggs, the ground should be covered several centimeters thick with substrate. Alternatively, an egg-laying vessel with substrate can be offered. Heteropteryx dilatata can live up to two years of age in captivity.[18]

Gallery

  • Adult male
    Adult male
  • Portrait of a male
    Portrait of a male
  • Adult female
    Adult female
  • Female from ventral
    Female from ventral
  • Adult pair; the smaller male on top of the female
    Adult pair; the smaller male on top of the female
  • Eggs
    Eggs
  • Two male nymphs (L3)
    Two male nymphs (L3)

References

  1. ^ Parkinson, J. (1798) Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 4(1): 190.
  2. ^ Gray, G.R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae 13, 32.
  3. ISBN 9781402753404
    . Retrieved 2015-08-27.
  4. ^ Records at Phasmatodea.com website by Hennemann, F. H., Conle, O. V., Kneubühler, B. und Valero, P.
  5. ISBN 978-3-937285-84-9
  6. ^
    ISBN 3-933646-89-8
  7. ^ a b Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W. Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0. (retrieved 15 March 2021)
  8. ^ Zompro, O. (2000) Gespenstheuschrecken der Familie Heteropterygidae im Terrarium. Reptilia - Terraristik Fachmagazin (Nr. 24, August/September 2000) Natur und Tier - Münster
  9. ^ "SpeciesFile 28/09/2009 - Phasmid Study Group". phasmid-study-group.org.
  10. ^ a b c Bank, S.; Buckley, T. R.; Büscher, T. H.; Bresseel, J.; Constant, J.; de Haan, M.; Dittmar, D.; Dräger, H.; Kahar, R. S.; Kang, A.; Kneubühler, B.; Langton-Myers, S. & Bradler, S. (2021) Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground-dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae), Systematic Entomology, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12472
  11. ISBN 9781904994879
  12. ISBN 3-8001-7239-9
  13. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1991.tb03460.x
    .
  14. ^ Redtenbacher, J. (1906) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1. Phasmidae Areolatae. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 36–57 & 162–172
  15. ISSN 1175-5326
  16. ^ Phasmid Study Group Culture List
  17. ^ Heteropteryx stocks at Phasmatodea.com website by Frank H. Hennemann, Oskar V. Conle, Bruno Kneubühler and Pablo Valero
  18. ^ "Jungle Nymph - Heteropteryx dilatata | Keeping Insects". keepinginsects.com. 6 March 2011. Retrieved 2015-08-27.

External links

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