Hethum I
Hethum I Հեթում Ա | |
---|---|
House of Lampron | |
Father | Constantine of Baberon |
Mother | Princess Alix Pahlavouni of Lampron |
Hethum I
Family
Hethum's father Constantine had been regent for the young Isabella, Queen of Armenia.[3] Isabella originally married Philip (1222–1225), son of Bohemond IV of Antioch.[3] However, Constantine had Philip disposed of, and instead forced Isabella to marry his own son, Hethum, on June 14, 1226, to make Isabella and Hethum co-rulers.[3] The couple had six children:
- Leo II (died 1289)
- Thoros (died at the Battle of Mari in 1266 fighting the Mamluks) - Thoros had one child: Melkum.
- Sibylla (died 1290), who married Bohemond VI of Antioch[4]
- Euphemie (died 1309), who married to Julian Grenier, Lord of Sidon[4]
- Rita of Armenia, married Constantine of Servantikar[4]
- Maria, who married Guy of Ibelin,[4] son of Baldwin of Ibelin, Seneschal of Cyprus
- Rouben
- Vasak.
Armenian-Mongol relations
Hethum was a major player in the political struggles and shifting alliances around the Crusader states, as the Armenians had ties with all sides. They were primarily aligned with the Europeans, but during Hethum's reign, the rapidly expanding Mongol Empire became a concern. When the Mongol commander Baiju attacked the Sultanate of Rum, the Seljuq sultan Kaykhusraw II called on Hethum to come to his aid. Faced with internal disagreements about the war and likely sensing that the Mongols were the greater threat, Hethum delayed and Kaykhusraw's army left without the Armenians.[6] After the Mongols inflicted a crushing defeat on the Seljuqs at Kösedağ and approached the borders of Cappadocia and Cilicia, King Hethum made a strategic decision to submit to Mongol suzerainty.[7][8][9][10] He sent his brother Sempad to the Mongol court in Karakorum. There, Sempad met Great Khan Güyük, and made a formal agreement in 1247 in which Cilician Armenia would be considered a vassal state of the Mongol Empire.
In 1245, Cilicia was attacked by the Sultanate of Rum, prompted by Hethum's decision to hand over Sultan Kaykhusraw's wife and daughter (who had found refuge at his court after Kösedağ) to Baiju.
In 1254, Hethum himself traveled through Central Asia to
On his way back from Karakorum, Hethum passed through Samarkand and northern Persia, also visiting the Mongol leader Baiju, where he was present in his camp to witness Baiju's victory in Asia Minor against the Seljuq Turks.[13]
Hethum strongly encouraged other Frankish rulers to follow his example and submit to Mongol suzerainty, but the only one who did so was Hethum's son-in-law,
Despite the Mongols' territorial gains, in September 1260, the Egyptian
Retirement
During the last years of Hethum's reign, largely as a result of Hethum's active support of the Mongols,[20] the kingdom came under increasing attack by the Mamluks under Baybars, who invaded in 1266. The heavily outnumbered Armenians were unable to hold off the Mamluks at the Disaster of Mari, during which one of Hethum's sons, Thoros, was killed and another son, Leo, was captured and imprisoned. Following this defeat, the cities of Adana, Tarsus, and Ayas were assaulted and the capital of Sis was sacked and burnt. Thousands of Armenians were massacred and 40,000 taken captive.[21] Hethum was able to ransom his son by conceding territory to the Egyptians. In May 1268, the allied Principality of Antioch was overrun by the Egyptians who, under Baybars, captured it and massacred its inhabitants and destroyed all its churches.
Hethum abdicated in 1270 in favor of his son Leo, and lived out the rest of his life in a monastery, as a monk.
Notes
- ^ Also spelled Hethoum, Hetoum, Het'um, or Hayton.
- ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3.
- ^ a b c Stopka 2016, p. 151.
- ^ a b c d e f Der Nersessian 1969, p. 652.
- ^ "Hethoum I receiving the homage of the Tatars: during his voyage to Mongolia in 1254, Hethoum I was received with honours by the Mongol Khan who 'ordered several of his noble subjects to honour and attend him'" in Claude Mutafian, Le Royaume Armenien de Cilicie, p.58, quoting Hayton of Corycus.
- ISBN 978-90-04-18635-4.
- ^ Grousset, Empire, p. 263, "Hethum I (1226-69) was clever enough to place himself voluntarily under Mongol suzerainty in 1244."
- ^ Claude Mutafian in Le Royaume Arménien de Cilicie describes "the Mongol alliance" entered into by the king of Armenia and the Franks of Antioch ("the King of Armenia decided to engage into the Mongol alliance, an intelligence that the Latin barons lacked, except for Antioch"), and "the Franco-Mongol collaboration" (Mutafian, p.55).
- ^ Claude Lebedel in Les Croisades describes the alliance of the Franks of Antioch and Tripoli with the Mongols: (in 1260) "the Frank barons refused an alliance with the Mongols, except for the Armenians and the Prince of Antioch and Tripoli".
- ^ Amin Maalouf in The Crusades through Arab eyes is extensive and specific on the alliance (page numbers refer to the French edition): "The Armenians, in the person of their king Hetoum, sided with the Mongols, as well as Prince Bohemond, his son-in-law. The Franks of Acre however adopted a position of neutrality favourable to the muslims" (p.261), "Bohemond of Antioch and Hethoum of Armenia, principal allies of the Mongols" (p.265), "Hulagu (…) still had enough strength to prevent the punishment of his allies [Bohemond and Hethoum]" (p.267).
- ^ Bournotian, p. 101
- ISBN 1-4021-9303-3
- ^ Claude Cahen, Pre-Ottoman Turkey, pp. 275–276
- ^ Grousset, p. 581
- ^ a b "On 1 March Kitbuqa entered Damascus at the head of a Mongol army. With him were the King of Armenia and the Prince of Antioch. The citizens of the ancient capital of the Caliphate saw for the first time for six centuries three Christian potentates ride in triumph through their streets", Runciman, p.307
- ^ Grousset, p.588
- ^ David Morgan, The Mongols (2nd ed.)
- ^ Peter Jackson, "Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260", English Historical Review 376 (1980) 486
- ^ "While this report cannot be taken literally, it may contain a grain of truth. Armenian troops were part of Ketbuqa's force, while some time during the Mongol occupation Bohemond visited Baalbek and even intended to ask Hulegu for possession of the town. (...) If this prince reached as far as Baalbek, it is most probable that he also passed through Damascus." De Reuven Amitai-Preiss, Mongols and Mamluks, p.31
- ^ Amitai-Preiss refers to the Armenians as "active allies of the Mongols" and speaks of "the subsequent retribution that Baybars exacted from them" (p. 106).
- ^ Mack Chahin, The Kingdom of Armenia: A History, p. 253
References
- ISBN 978-0-521-46226-6.
- Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 114–115. .
- ISBN 0-299-04844-6.
- Edwards, Robert W. (1987). The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, D.C. ISBN 0-88402-163-7.
- Boase, T. S. R. (1978). The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press. ISBN 0-7073-0145-9.
- Bournoutian, George A. (2002). A Concise History of the Armenian People: From Ancient Times to the Present. Mazda Publishers. ISBN 1-56859-141-1.
- Chahin, Mack (2001). The Kingdom of Armenia: A History. Richmond: Curzon. ISBN 0700714529.
- ISBN 2-262-02569-X.
- Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Translated by Walford, Naomi. New Brunswick: OCLC 90972.
- Dobraczinski, Jan (1979). Klíč moudrosti. Praha: Nakladatelství Vyšehrad. OCLC 37577195.
- Stopka, Krzysztof (2016). Armenia Christiana: Armenian Religious Identity and the Churches of Constantinople and Rome (4th-15th century). Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press. ISBN 9788323395553.
- Toumanoff, C. (1966). "Armenia and Georgia". Cambridge Medieval History, vol. IV.
External links
- Hethum Bio Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine