Hickory

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Hickory (disambiguation).
"Carya" redirects here. For the archaic nut-tree goddess, see
Carya (Arcadia)
.

Hickory
Temporal range: 85.8–0 
Ma
 Late Cretaceous - present [1]
Hickory at Morton Arboretum
Accession 29-U-10
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Juglandaceae
Subfamily: Juglandoideae
Tribe: Juglandeae
Subtribe: Caryinae
Genus: Carya
Nutt.
Type species
Carya tomentosa
(Poir.) Nutt.[2]

Hickory is a common name for

Indochina, and India (Assam), as many as twelve are native to the United States, four are found in Mexico, and two to four are native to Canada.[4][5]
A number of hickory species are used for their edible nuts, lumber or other wood and woodcraft products .

Hickories are

valved husk, which splits open at maturity. The nut shell is thick and bony in most species, and thin in a few, notably the pecan (C. illinoinensis); it is divided into two halves, which split apart when the seed germinates
.

Etymology

The name "hickory" derives from a

Ancient Greek: κάρυον, káryon, meaning "nut
".

Species and classification

The genus Carya (not to be confused with

Annamocarya
.

Asian hickories

Carya sect. Sinocarya

Roasted Carya cathayensis (Chinese hickory)

North American hickories

Carya sect. Carya – typical hickories

Nuts of Carya texana (black hickory)
  • Carya floridana Sarg. – scrub hickory
  • Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet – pignut hickory, pignut, sweet pignut, coast pignut hickory, smoothbark hickory, swamp hickory, broom hickory
  • Carya laciniosa (Mill.) K.Koch – shellbark hickory, shagbark hickory, bigleaf shagbark hickory, kingnut, big shellbark, bottom shellbark, thick shellbark, western shellbark
  • Carya myristiciformis (F.Michx.) Nutt. – nutmeg hickory, swamp hickory, bitter water hickory
  • Carya ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg. – red hickory, spicebark hickory, sweet pignut hickory (treated as a synonym of C. glabra by Flora N. Amer.)
  • Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch – shagbark hickory
    • C. o. var. ovata – northern shagbark hickory
    • C. o. var. australis – southern shagbark hickory, Carolina hickory (syn. C. carolinae-septentrionalis)
  • Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn. – sand hickory
  • Carya texana Buckley – black hickory
  • Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. – mockernut hickory (syn. C. alba)
  • Kittitas County
    , Washington

Carya sect. Apocarya – pecans

Foliage of Carya cordiformis (bitternut hickory)

Ecology

Hickory is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species. These include:

The hickory leaf stem gall phylloxera (Phylloxera caryaecaulis) also uses the hickory tree as a food source. Phylloxeridae are related to aphids and have a similarly complex life cycle. Eggs hatch in early spring and the galls quickly form around the developing insects. Phylloxera galls may damage weakened or stressed hickories, but are generally harmless. Deformed leaves and twigs can rain down from the tree in the spring as squirrels break off infected tissue and eat the galls, possibly for the protein content or because the galls are fleshy and tasty to the squirrels. The pecan gall curculio (Conotrachelus elegans) is a true weevil species also found feeding on galls of the hickory leaf stem gall phylloxera.

The

banded hickory borer
(Knulliana cincta) is also found on hickories.

Evolutionary history

The oldest fossils attributed to Carya are Cretaceous pollen grains from Mexico and New Mexico. Fossil and molecular data suggest the genus Carya may have diversified during the Miocene.[9] Modern Carya first appear in Oligocene strata 34 million years ago. Recent discoveries of Carya fruit fossils further support the hypothesis that the genus has long been a member of Eastern North American landscapes, however its range has contracted and Carya is no longer extant west of the Rocky Mountains.[10][11]

Fossils of early

Pleistocene Ice Age beginning 2 million years ago obliterated it from Europe.[12] In Anatolia, the genus appears to have disappeared only in the early Holocene, probably related to human disturbance.[13] The distribution of Carya in North America also contracted and it completely disappeared from the continent west of the Rocky Mountains. Since fossil records show North America as having the largest number of Juglandaceae species, it is likely that the genus originated there and later spread to Europe and Asia.[citation needed
]

Fruit

Hickory nuts (Carya spp.), dried
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy2,749 kJ (657 kcal)
18.25 g
Dietary fiber6.4 g
64.37 g
Saturated7.038 g
Monounsaturated32.611 g
Polyunsaturated21.886 g
12.72 g
Tryptophan0.139 g
Threonine0.422 g
Isoleucine0.576 g
Leucine1.027 g
Lysine0.497 g
Methionine0.300 g
Cystine0.271 g
Phenylalanine0.713 g
Tyrosine0.454 g
Valine0.730 g
Arginine2.086 g
Histidine0.389 g
Alanine0.662 g
Aspartic acid1.368 g
Glutamic acid2.885 g
Glycine0.708 g
Proline0.571 g
Serine0.806 g
Niacin (B3)
6%
0.907 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
35%
1.746 mg
Vitamin B6
11%
0.192 mg
Folate (B9)
10%
40 μg
Vitamin C
2%
2.0 mg
Copper
82%
0.738 mg
Iron
12%
2.12 mg
Magnesium
41%
173 mg
Manganese
200%
4.610 mg
Phosphorus
27%
336 mg
Potassium
15%
436 mg
Selenium
15%
8.1 μg
Sodium
0%
1 mg
Zinc
39%
4.31 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water2.65 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[14] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[15]

Some fruits are borderline and difficult to categorize. Hickory nuts (Carya) and walnuts (Juglans) in the Juglandaceae family grow within an outer husk; these fruits are sometimes considered to be drupes or drupaceous nuts, rather than true botanical nuts. "Tryma" is a specialized term for such nut-like drupes.[16][17]

Nutrition

Dried hickory nuts are 3% water, 18%

dietary minerals, especially manganese
at 220% DV (table).

Uses

Finished hickory in a cabinet

Hickory

switch (like hazel), and especially as a cane-like hickory stick in schools and use by parents. Paddles are often made from hickory. This property of hickory wood has left a trace in some Native American languages: in Ojibwe, hickory is called mitigwaabaak, a compound of mitigwaab "bow" and the final -aakw "hardwood tree".[19] Due to its grain structure, hickory is more susceptible to moisture absorption than other species of wood, and is therefore more prone to shrinkage, warping or swelling with changes in humidity.[20]

ash. Hickory is replacing ash as the wood of choice for Scottish shinty
sticks (also known as camans). Hickory was extensively used for the construction of early aircraft.

Hickory is also highly prized for

chimineas, as its density and high energy content make it an efficient fuel.[21] Hickory wood is also a preferred type for smoking cured meats. In the Southern United States, hickory is popular for cooking barbecue
, as hickory grows abundantly in the region and adds flavor to the meat.

Hickory is sometimes used for wood flooring due to its durability and character.

An extract from shagbark hickory

soapmaking.[24]

The nuts of some species are palatable and were used by Cherokee Indians in making Kanuchi soup, while others are bitter and only suitable for animal feed. Shagbark and shellbark hickory, along with pecan, are regarded by some as the finest nut trees. Pecans are the most important nut tree native to North America.[4]

When cultivated for their nuts, clonal (grafted) trees of the same cultivar cannot pollinate each other because of their self-incompatibility. Two or more cultivars must be planted together for successful pollination. Seedlings (grown from hickory nuts) will usually have sufficient genetic variation.

Gallery

  • Comparison of North American Carya nuts
    Comparison of North American Carya nuts
  • Ripe hickory nuts ready to fall
    Ripe hickory nuts ready to fall
  • Autumn foliage
    Autumn foliage

See also

References

  1. ^ ""Carya"". Fossilworks.
  2. ^ "Carya Nutt". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  3. ^ a b "Carya Nutt". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  4. ^ a b Flora of North America: Carya
  5. ^ Flora of China: Carya
  6. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, entry "hickory".
  7. ^ USDA Plants Database Profile for Carya (hickory)
  8. ^ "Subordinate Taxa of Carya Nutt". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  9. PMID 23875028
    .
  10. S2CID 83492234
    .
  11. doi:10.26879/906
    .
  12. ISSN 0031-0182
    .
  13. ISSN 0034-6667
    .
  14. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  15. PMID 30844154.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  16. ^ Armstrong, W.P. "Identification of Major Fruit Types". www2.palomar.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  17. ^ Armstrong, W.P. (15 March 2009). "Nut Photos". www2.palomar.edu. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  18. ^ Important Trees of Eastern Forests, USDA, 1974
  19. ^ Valentine, Rudolph 2001. Nishnaabemwin Grammar, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p.485).
  20. ^ "Shrinking, Warping and Perfect Boards". LignomatUSA. Lignomat. May 2013.
  21. ^ Grauke, L. J. "Hickories- Economic Botany". aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  22. OCLC 647927893
  23. ISBN 978-0-8061-0923-7
    .
  24. JSTOR 104578
    .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carya.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Hickory".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hickory&oldid=1219024222"