Manbij
Manbij
مَنْبِج مەنبج | |
---|---|
City | |
Manbij | |
Control | Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria |
Elevation | 460 m (1,510 ft) |
Population (2004)[1] | |
• Total | 99,497 |
Manbij (
On the course of the
Etymology
Coins struck at the city before
As the center of the worship of the
Cult of Atargatis
This worship of
The temple contained a holy chamber into which only priests were allowed to enter. A great bronze altar stood in front, set about with statues, and in the forecourt lived numerous sacred animals and birds (but not swine) used for sacrifice.[12]
Some three hundred priests served the shrine and there were numerous minor ministrants. The lake was the centre of sacred festivities and it was customary for votaries to swim out and decorate an altar standing in the middle of the water.
History
Antiquity
The
In the third century, the city was the capital of
Middle Ages
The
The
Modern era
Manbij's ruins are extensive but mostly belong to the later period of its history.
Travellers in the 19th century had recorded some of its ancient remains, but now almost all of them, including Atargatis' temple, its
The
Syrian Civil War
Before and in the early years of the
During the civil war, on 20 July 2012, Manbij fell to local rebel forces who thereafter administered the city. In December, there was an election to appoint a local council.
By 15 August, thousands of previously displaced citizens of Manbij were reported returning.[42] On 19 August 2016, the Manbij Military Council issued a written statement announcing it had taken over the security of Manbij city center and villages from the SDF, of which it is a component.[43]
Today Manbij is self-administered by the Manbij City Council, co-chaired by Sheikh Farouk al-Mashi and Salih Haji Mohammed,
Until October 2019, when US and other Western forces withdrew from northern Syria, Manbij was also a hub for Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve training of new SDF recruits in the fight against ISIL and other Islamist militias in Syria.[52] On 26 February, the United States announced its support for the security of the Manbij Military Council. The United States also reportedly sent special forces and several military convoys to Manbij after the announcement.[53]
On 12 March 2017, the Legislative Assembly of Manbij approved the elected co-presidents who then took office. During the meeting the departments of the committee members, co-presidents and committees were determined after speeches and evaluations. 13 committees were determined.[54] The 13 new committees include 71 Arabs, 43 Kurds, 10 Turkmen, 8 Circassians, an Armenian and a Chechen.[55]
On 1 November 2018,
On 28 December 2018 the
On 15 January 2019,
During the
Ecclesiastical history
Hierapolis in Syria is the nominal see of three Catholic successor titular sees:
- the Latin Catholic Metropolitan titular archbishopric of Hierapolis of the Romans
- the Melkite Catholic Titular Archbishopric of Hierapolis of the Melkites
- the Syrian Titular Bishopric of Hierapolis of the Syrians
Geography
Climate
Manbij has a
Climate data for Manbij | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.9 (46.2) |
10.5 (50.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
28.3 (82.9) |
34.3 (93.7) |
37.7 (99.9) |
38.1 (100.6) |
33.2 (91.8) |
26.3 (79.3) |
15.3 (59.5) |
9.1 (48.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.2 (29.8) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
4.3 (39.7) |
7.2 (45.0) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.1 (59.2) |
19.9 (67.8) |
20.9 (69.6) |
16.3 (61.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
6.4 (43.5) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 69 (2.7) |
54 (2.1) |
38 (1.5) |
28 (1.1) |
8 (0.3) |
3 (0.1) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
3 (0.1) |
25 (1.0) |
36 (1.4) |
58 (2.3) |
322 (12.6) |
Average rainy days | 10 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 46 |
Average snowy days | 2.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
71 | 63 | 56 | 52 | 38 | 36 | 31 | 31 | 39 | 43 | 51 | 70 | 48 |
Source: Weather Online, Weather Base, BBC Weather and My Weather 2, retrieved 10 November 2012 |
Transportation
Manbij is served by two major roads, Route M4 and Route 216.
There is no airport near Manbij, the nearest is in Aleppo.
Notable person
Notes
- ^ a b General Census of Population and Housing 2004 Archived 2012-07-29 at archive.today. Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Aleppo Governorate.(in Arabic)
- ^ "من يسبق في السيطرة على مدينة منبج الاستراتيجية؟". DW (in Arabic). Retrieved 21 December 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Hemo: Minbic ji bo Amerîka û Tirkiyê giring e". Rûdaw (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ^ "جیهانمۆسكۆ: سوپای سوریا بە تەواوەتی مەنبج كۆنتڕۆڵ دەكات" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ^ Koparan, Ömer. "Münbiç'te terör örgütü YPG/PKK'ya isteklerini kabul ettiren halk, eylemlerini durdurdu". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ^ "In the small city of Manbij in Syria, we could see US and Turkish troops shooting at each other if tensions continue". The Independent. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
- ^ Arpacık, Cihat. "Menbiç krizi Türkmen aileleri böldü". Independent. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ^ a b Khaddour, Kheder; Mazur, Kevin (Winter 2013). "The Struggle for Syria's Regions". Middle East Research and Information Project. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ISBN 9781134159086.
- ISBN 9789047425847.
- ^ Pliny, Nat. Hist., Book V, §81.
- ^ a b c d e f public domain: Wilson, Charles William; Hogarth, David George (1911). "Hierapolis". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 451–452. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ISBN 978-9-004-12170-6.
- ISBN 9781134159086.
- ISBN 9780674778863.
- ISBN 9789042908598.
- ISBN 9780901405586.
- ISBN 9781317800996.
- ISBN 9780791448809.
- ^ Zakkar, Suhayl (1971). The Emirate of Aleppo: 1004–1094. Aleppo: Dar al-Amanah. p. 53.
- ^ ISBN 9781136953934.
- ^ ISBN 9781317832553.
- ^ Purton 2009, p. 184.
- ^ Richards 2010, p. 619.
- ^ ISBN 9789042917354.
- ISBN 9780415929141.
- ISBN 9780521317399.
- ISBN 9780521522908.
- ^ "Hierapolis", in - The new Encyclopædia Britannica: Volume 5, 2002, page 913
- ^ ISBN 9789004334601.
- ISBN 9780857714893.
- ^ Ross Burns. "Aleppo: A History", p. 36
- ^ A. Asa Eger. "The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier: Interaction and Exchange Among Muslim and Christian Communities", p. 36
- Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge, By Nile and Tigris: A Narrative of Journeys in Egypt and Mesopotamia on Behalf of the British Museum Between the Years 1886-1913, Volume 1, p. 390, [1]
- ^ a b Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Kevorkian, Raymond. "Le réseaux des camps de concentration. Axes de déportation et camps de concentration de Syrie et de Mésopotamie". www.imprescriptible.fr. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
- ^ "المجالس المحلية .. خطوة نحو الأمام". SyriaTomorrow. 9 December 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-05-23. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ^ "Al Qaeda chief Zawahri tells Islamists in Syria to unite - audio". Reuters. 2015-01-23. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ^ "SDF closes in on ISIL supply route in Syria's Manbij". Al Jazeera. 3 June 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
- ^ "U.S.-backed forces cut off all routes into IS-held Manbij: Syrian Observatory". Reuters. 8 June 2016.
- ^ Charkatli, Izat (2016-08-12). "SDF captures ISIS's largest stronghold in Aleppo". Retrieved 2016-08-13.
- ^ "Thousands Return To Manbij After Islamic State Militants Flee City". News Deeply. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
- ^ "Manbij Military Council takes over the security of Manbij". ANF. 19 August 2016.
- ^ "On the Front Line in the Bloody Fight to Take Manbij From ISIS". The Daily Beast. 5 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
- ^ "Syrian kids relish return to school in ex-IS bastion". ReliefWeb (AFP). 28 September 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
- ^ "Manbij: students back to school after ISIS explosives dismantled". ARA News. 10 October 2016. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
- ^ "Reconciliation committee formed of Manbij tribal notables and intellectuals". Hawar News Agency. 9 October 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
- ^ "US-led coalition delivering aid to civilians in post-ISIS Manbij". ARA News. 25 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
- ^ "Syrian women liberated from Isis are joining the police to protect their city". The Independent. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
- ^ "Liberated from ISIS suppression, women of Manbij join security forces (includes Video)". ARA News. 13 October 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
- ^ "(Video) Manbij after liberation". YouTube. 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
- ^ "U.S. military aid is fueling big ambitions for Syria's leftist Kurdish militia". The Washington Post. 7 January 2017.
- ^ Antonopoulos, Paul (26 February 2017). "US confirms support for Manbij Military Council despite Turkish threats".
- ^ "Manbij Democratic Civilian Administration Council takes office". ANF News.
- ^ "Manbij declares new administration in much-contested city". Kom News. 12 March 2017. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
- ^ "US, Turkey begin joint patrols around northern Syrian town of Manbij". 1 November 2018.
- ^ "Nordsyrien: Assad-Truppen schon in Manbidsch? | tagesschau.de". 2019-03-05. Archived from the original on 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
- ^ "Syrian army says it has entered key city". cnn.com. CNN. 29 December 2018.
- ^ Syria army enters Kurdish-held Manbij: state media: Reported troop entry into Manbij comes after Kurdish YPG asked for government help in preventing a 'Turkish invasion'. Aljazeera, 28 December 2018.
- ^ Syria war: Government forces 'enter Manbij' amid Turkey threats. BBC, 28 December 2018.
- ^ "Americans slain in Syria attack: A Green Beret, a former SEAL and two language specialists". The Washington Post. January 18, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
- ^ Fahim, Kareem (October 15, 2019). "Russia patrolling between Turkish and Syrian forces after U.S. troops withdraw". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
- ^ Or. Christ. II 925-8
- ^ Échos d'Orient 14:145
- ^ Revue de l'orient chrétien VI:200
- ^ Lequien, III, 1193
- ISBN 9781441120403.
References
- The Syrian Goddess (1913) at sacred-texts.com
- F. R. Chesney, Euphrates Expedition (1850)
- W. F. Ainsworth, Personal Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition (1888)
- E. Sachau, Reise in Syrien, &c. (1883)
- D. G. Hogarthin Journal of Hellenic Studies (1909)
- Henry Maundrell (1836). A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem, at Easter, A.D. 1697: To which is Added an Account of the Author's Journey to the Banks of the Euphrates at Beer, and to the Country of Mesopotamia. Boston: S. G. Simpkins. 271 pages
- le Strange, Guy (1890), Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500, Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund p. 36, 39, 42, 500
- Purton, Peter Fraser (2009). A History of the Early Medieval Siege, C. 450-1220. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 9781843834489.
- Richards, D. S. (2010). The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'L-Ta'Rikh.: The Years 491-541/1097-1146 the Coming of the Franks and the Muslim Response. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9780754669500.