Highland County, Virginia
Highland County | |
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UTC−4 (EDT) | |
Congressional district | 6th |
Website | www |
Highland County is a
History
Settlement of this portion of the
Even after Virginia and the other 12 colonies won their independence from
Highland County was formed in 1847 from Bath County and Pendleton County after a bill was passed by the Virginia General Assembly on March 19 of that year.[4] The desire for the new county's formation arose due to multiple reasons, including the distances from the areas in present-day Highland to the county seats of Bath and Pendleton and the advantageous position of the new turnpike.[5] Highland was named for its lofty elevation.[6]
Control of the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike became crucial during the
In the 20th century, the Turnpike was re-designated as U.S. Route 250. In the 21st century, it remains Highland County's major east–west roadway, and crossing into West Virginia, becomes a National Scenic Byway.[3]
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Highland County has a total area of 415.9 square miles (1,077.2 km2), of which 415.2 square miles (1,075.4 km2) is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2) (0.2%) is water.[7]
The county's western border is naturally defined and lies along the Eastern Continental Divide in the Allegheny Mountains. Likewise, the eastern border lies along the ridge line of Shenandoah Mountain. The northern and southern boundaries of the county are defined more artificially, cutting across numerous mountain ridges and valleys.[8][9][10] The county is bordered to the west by Pocahontas County in the state of West Virginia, to the north by Pendleton County, West Virginia, to the east by Augusta County, Virginia, and to the south by Bath County, Virginia.[10][11] The county is 153 miles (246 km) northwest of Richmond, Virginia.[11]
The average elevation of Highland County is 2,832 feet (863 m), which is the 16th highest average elevation among counties in the Eastern United States.[12] The highest elevation in the county is 4,545 feet (1,385 m) in the Allegheny Mountains and the lowest elevation is 1,625 feet (495 m) near the Cowpasture River southwest of Patna.[10][13] The western regions of the county are generally higher in elevation than are the eastern and especially southeastern regions.[14] As the county lies within the Ridge-and-Valley province of the Appalachian Mountains, it features numerous valleys and mountain ridges that are generally oriented in a "northeast to southwest" direction.[13] The valleys are from west to east the Alleghany Valley, the Bluegrass Valley, the Monterey Valley, the Bullpasture Valley, and the Cowpasture Valley.[9][15] The majority of the county and all the southern portions of the county form part of the James River watershed, while northern sections drain into the Potomac River. West of Monterey, the divide is roughly centered along the path of U.S. Route 250; however, in eastern Highland County, the James watershed extends further northward.[13][16]
The westernmost valley, the Alleghany Valley, is narrow and situated between
Adjacent counties
- Augusta County (southeast)
- Bath County (south)
- Pendleton County, West Virginia (north)
- Pocahontas County, West Virginia (west)
Protected areas
Highland County contains parts of the
All of Highland County is located within the United States National Radio Quiet Zone, a 13,000-square-mile (34,000 km2) area of limited radio activity. The area is intended to minimize interference at the Green Bank Telescope operated by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank, West Virginia and the Sugar Grove Station in Sugar Grove, West Virginia.[22]
Climate and weather
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Highland County is in the
Since 1955, Highland County has experienced twenty instances of severe hail, which is defined by the National Weather Service as hailstones having a diameter of at least 1 inch (2.5 cm). If the old definition of at least 3⁄4 inch (1.9 cm) diameter hailstones is considered, the county has experienced twenty-two instances of severe hail during the same period.[35]
Highland County has significant wind resources, attaining an average annual wind power class of 5 in some regions.[13][36] Class 5 wind power is considered excellent for generating electricity via wind power, with average annual wind speeds between 16.8 and 17.9 miles per hour (27.0 and 28.8 km/h).[37] Between 1955 and 2012, there have been twenty-one instances of damaging wind in the county on record with the National Weather Service. Of the nine instances which have estimated wind speeds, the average maximum gust speed was 52.8 miles per hour (85.0 km/h).[38]
Economy
In October 2013, Highland County's labor force was composed of 1,142 people and had an
The largest employment sector in the county in 2012 was government, accounting for 34.1% of jobs. Among government jobs, local government jobs represented the majority, with 25.7% of jobs in all sectors. The finance and insurance sector accounted for 9.6% of all jobs, and health care and social assistance accounted for 8.2%. Construction held 7.2% of jobs, followed by retail trade with 6.8%. The remainder of jobs were distributed among various other sectors.[42] The largest employers were Allen Lowry Logging and Highland County Public Schools.[46]
Highland County is located in the
Transportation
Highways
Highland County does not possess within its borders any section of the
U.S. Route 250
U.S. 250 enters Highland County from the west on the Virginia-West Virginia border from Pocahontas County, West Virginia at an elevation of approximately 4,280 feet (1,300 m). The road traverses 32.45 miles (52.22 km) within the county.[52] Upon entering the county, U.S. 250 descends into the Back Creek valley, whereafter it crosses the long ridge of Lantz mountain. The route then reaches the village of Hightown where it intersects Virginia State Route 640.[10][53] Hightown marks the division between the watersheds of the James and Potomac Rivers, for the headwaters of the Jackson River, a tributary of the James, and the South Branch Potomac River are located near the village.[54] After leaving Hightown, U.S. 250 ascends Monterey Mountain before descending to the county's seat of Monterey. In Monterey, U.S. 250, the county's major east–west route, intersects the county's major north–south route, U.S. 220. Continuing eastward, U.S. 250 follows the flow of Crab Run through mountainous terrain towards McDowell. Here, the route crosses the Bullpasture River and winds its way towards the Cowpasture River, after which it enters the village of Head Waters. From Head Waters, U.S. 250 ascends in elevation on a winding and mountainous path to enter Augusta County, Virginia over Shenandoah Mountain.[10][53] Continuing on U.S. 250 east provides access to Interstate 64 and Interstate 81 near Staunton.[50]
U.S. Route 220
U.S. 220 is Highland County's major north–south route, entering Highland County from the north from Pendleton County, West Virginia. The road traverses 23.59 miles (37.96 km) within the county.[52] Approximately 3⁄4 mile (1.2 km) after entering the county, U.S. 220 crosses the South Branch Potomac River at Forks of Waters. Leaving Forks of Waters, U.S. 220 continues in a southwesterly direction on a roughly straight and level route passing the village of Possum Trot to the town of Monterey. Here, the route intersects U.S. Route 250.[10][55] South of Monterey, U.S. 220 passes by Trimble Knob, a conical shaped hill that was an active volcano or diatreme 35 million years ago.[56] Continuing south, U.S. 220 follows creek and river valleys in between mountain ridges and passes through the villages of Vanderpool and Mustoe. Approximately 15 miles (24 km) south of Monterey, U.S. 220 enters Bath County, Virginia near the village of Bolar.[10][55] Following U.S. 220 south through Bath County into Alleghany County, Virginia leads to a connection with Interstate 64 near Covington, Virginia.[50]
Virginia State Route 84
State Route 84 enters Highland County from Pocahontas County, West Virginia in the southwestern part of Highland. The route travels 14.94 miles (24.04 km) in Highland through the villages of Mill Gap and Meadowdale before reaching U.S. 220 at Vanderpool.[10][52][57]
Other transportation
Highland County has no public airfields; however, there is a private airfield located within the county south of Monterey.
Community services
Education
Currently,
The first record of educational services in the area of Highland County is from 1755 with the arrival of a teacher by the name of William Steuart. It was not until 1820 that education became publicly supported, having been left to private hands previously. Though the system established in 1820 was of a rudimentary quality, books sufficient for teaching the three Rs were provided by public funds. Additional subjects were studied, such as geography and grammar, as resources were available.[70] The first tax levied in support of the public schools was passed in 1847[71] and the county was divided into twelve school districts in 1850.[70] Numerous small schools were distributed throughout the county, and by 1893, there was a total of 47 schools.[72] By the early 1900s, the county was divided into three school districts: Blue Grass, Monterey, and Stonewall. In 1922, the county's school districts were consolidated into one district and there were "52 one- and two-room grammar schools" and "three accredited four-year high schools". By 1929, the total number of schools decreased to 32 as the school district became more consolidated. In 1957, all high schools in the county were consolidated and all high school students were located at the Monterey High School. High school students were again transferred in 1963 to the current high school building, and by 1985, all elementary students were transferred to Monterey Elementary School, housed in the building previously used as the Monterey High School. In 1997, the elementary school was transferred to the complex of the high school, forming the present day status of the school district.[73]
There are no colleges or universities located in Highland County. There are several colleges and universities, however, within the neighboring counties and surrounding area. These include Blue Ridge Community College, James Madison University, Washington and Lee University, and the University of Virginia, among others. These institutions are generally within a two-hour drive from Highland County.[66]
Healthcare
Highland County does not have a hospital, the closest being in neighboring Augusta and Bath Counties, such as Augusta Health.[74] The Highland Medical Center, Inc. is located in Monterey and is the only general patient care medical facility in Highland County. The center opened in 1996 and became a Federally Qualified Health Center in 2003.[74][75] Highland County is one of four counties in Virginia and one of only 50 counties in states east of the Mississippi River (excluding Minnesota) that is designated as a frontier county.[76] This designation is applied because of Highland's remote characteristics with a low population density and limited access to healthcare and other services.[75][77]
Emergency services
There are three volunteer fire departments servicing Highland County. The southern portions of the county are serviced by the Bolar Volunteer Fire Department headquartered in the village of Bolar in neighboring Bath County, Virginia. The McDowell Volunteer Fire Department, organized in 1978, serves the areas of McDowell, Doe Hill, and Head Waters.[74][78][79] The areas of Monterey and Blue Grass are served by the Highland County Volunteer Fire Department. Rescue squad services for the county are provided by the Highland County Volunteer Rescue Squad which has locations in Monterey and McDowell.[74][78]
The Highland County Sheriff's Office provides law enforcement services to the entire county and is located in Monterey.[74] In 2012, the department had 7 sworn deputies and employed 5 civilians.[80]
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1850 | 4,227 | — | |
1860 | 4,319 | 2.2% | |
1870 | 4,151 | −3.9% | |
1880 | 5,164 | 24.4% | |
1890 | 5,352 | 3.6% | |
1900 | 5,647 | 5.5% | |
1910 | 5,317 | −5.8% | |
1920 | 4,931 | −7.3% | |
1930 | 4,525 | −8.2% | |
1940 | 4,875 | 7.7% | |
1950 | 4,069 | −16.5% | |
1960 | 3,221 | −20.8% | |
1970 | 2,529 | −21.5% | |
1980 | 2,937 | 16.1% | |
1990 | 2,635 | −10.3% | |
2000 | 2,536 | −3.8% | |
2010 | 2,321 | −8.5% | |
2020 | 2,232 | −3.8% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[81] 1790-1960[82] 1900-1990[83] 1990-2000[84] 2010[85] 2020[86] |
2020 census
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2010[85] | Pop 2020[86] | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH)
|
2,284 | 2,132 | 98.41% | 95.52% |
Black or African American alone (NH)
|
6 | 2 | 0.26% | 0.09% |
Alaska Native alone (NH)
|
4 | 1 | 0.17% | 0.04% |
Asian alone (NH) | 4 | 6 | 0.17% | 0.27% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 1 | 0.00% | 0.04% |
Some Other Race alone (NH) | 0 | 8 | 0.00% | 0.36% |
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 5 | 47 | 0.22% | 2.11% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 18 | 35 | 0.78% | 1.57% |
Total | 2,321 | 2,232 | 100.00% | 100.00% |
2010 Census
As of the
There were 1,081 households, out of which 17.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.4% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 29.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.60.[87]
In the county, the population was spread out, with 14.9% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 16.6% from 25 to 44, 38.2% from 45 to 64, and 24.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.5 males.[87]
The median income for a household in the county was $63,636, and the median income for a family was $76,566. Males had a median income of $53,704 versus $41,720 for females. The
The religious makeup of Highland County is composed mainly of
Government and politics
The local government of Highland County consists of a three-member Board of Supervisors who are elected at-large to serve four-year terms.[29] Three magisterial districts divide the county, which are, from west to east, Blue Grass, Monterey, and Stonewall.[92][93] The Board of Supervisors oversees all "legislative and administrative affairs of the county." A chief administrative officer of the county is selected from the three members of the Board. The Board of Supervisors also appoints a county administrator who handles the implementation of county policies and ordinances. In addition to the Board of Supervisors, other elected members of the county government include the "County Treasurer, the Commissioner of Revenue, the Clerk of the Circuit Court, the Commonwealth Attorney, and the County Sheriff." Monterey, the county seat, is an incorporated town and thus has its own government officials consisting of a town council and a mayor.[92]
Highland County levies a 1% sales tax, a 1.5% personal property tax, a 1% machinery and tools tax, and a .37% real estate tax.[64][94] 46% of the county's total revenue in 2010 was derived from local taxes, of which 76% was accounted for in property tax levies. The remaining 54% of the county's revenue was from state and federal sources.[92]
Highland County has historically been one of the most consistently reliable strongholds for the
The county is a dry county, meaning the "on-premises sale of liquor by the drink" is prohibited. Highland is the northernmost of ten dry counties in Virginia.[103]
Board of Supervisors | County Administrator | County Treasurer | Commissioner of Revenue | Clerk of the Circuit Court | Commonwealth Attorney | Sheriff |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
David Blanchard, Harry Sponaugle, John Moyers | Roberta Lambert | Lois White | Yvonne Wimer | Judy Hupman | Melissa Dowd | Ronald Wimer |
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 1,092 | 71.23% | 417 | 27.20% | 24 | 1.57% |
2016 | 958 | 68.87% | 371 | 26.67% | 62 | 4.46% |
2012 | 924 | 65.39% | 459 | 32.48% | 30 | 2.12% |
2008 | 930 | 59.85% | 590 | 37.97% | 34 | 2.19% |
2004 | 982 | 64.61% | 522 | 34.34% | 16 | 1.05% |
2000 | 942 | 65.55% | 453 | 31.52% | 42 | 2.92% |
1996 | 631 | 51.68% | 446 | 36.53% | 144 | 11.79% |
1992 | 686 | 49.00% | 494 | 35.29% | 220 | 15.71% |
1988 | 807 | 62.75% | 456 | 35.46% | 23 | 1.79% |
1984 | 997 | 70.91% | 398 | 28.31% | 11 | 0.78% |
1980 | 751 | 58.76% | 487 | 38.11% | 40 | 3.13% |
1976 | 629 | 55.57% | 493 | 43.55% | 10 | 0.88% |
1972 | 774 | 77.63% | 206 | 20.66% | 17 | 1.71% |
1968 | 619 | 57.90% | 284 | 26.57% | 166 | 15.53% |
1964 | 511 | 51.67% | 476 | 48.13% | 2 | 0.20% |
1960 | 527 | 56.55% | 401 | 43.03% | 4 | 0.43% |
1956 | 633 | 58.02% | 432 | 39.60% | 26 | 2.38% |
1952 | 696 | 62.25% | 419 | 37.48% | 3 | 0.27% |
1948 | 579 | 53.12% | 423 | 38.81% | 88 | 8.07% |
1944 | 641 | 54.51% | 535 | 45.49% | 0 | 0.00% |
1940 | 628 | 53.13% | 549 | 46.45% | 5 | 0.42% |
1936 | 522 | 50.19% | 515 | 49.52% | 3 | 0.29% |
1932 | 355 | 42.36% | 464 | 55.37% | 19 | 2.27% |
1928 | 623 | 62.68% | 371 | 37.32% | 0 | 0.00% |
1924 | 454 | 46.71% | 508 | 52.26% | 10 | 1.03% |
1920 | 474 | 55.31% | 379 | 44.22% | 4 | 0.47% |
1916 | 310 | 45.39% | 370 | 54.17% | 3 | 0.44% |
1912 | 221 | 34.97% | 313 | 49.53% | 98 | 15.51% |
Attractions
Highland County is known by the nickname "Virginia's Switzerland" or "Virginia's Little Switzerland",
The Highland County Museum and Heritage Center is located at McDowell and is operated by the Highland Historic Society.[112] Exhibits feature the history of Highland County and the history of the Battle of McDowell during the American Civil War.[113] According to the National Park Service, the battlefield is the best preserved battlefield of all Shenandoah Valley battlefields.[114]
The Highland County Maple Festival has been held annually in March since 1959 to promote the county's maple syrup industry.[115] The festival attracts over 60,000 people annually to the county during the event and has been designated a Local Legacy by the Library of Congress.[115][116] Highland also hosts a seasonal farmers' market,[117] and the Allegheny Mountain School, an organization to help secure community food systems.[118]
Additionally, other outdoor sports such as fishing, hiking, hunting, caving, and cycling are enjoyed in the county.[13][19][119] Every August the Mountain Mama Road Bike Challenge brings cyclists from all over the country to challenge themselves on the steep roads of Highland County.[120] The Highland County fair is the longest continuously running fair in Virginia.[121]
Communities
Town
Unincorporated communities
See also
References
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ William T. Frazier (August 2001). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Monterey High School" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources. pp. 5–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
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Bibliography
- "Community Profile: Highland County" (PDF). Virginia Economic Development Partnership. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
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- Morton, Oren Frederic (1922). A Handbook of Highland County: And a Supplement to Pendleton and Highland History. Highland Recorder.
- Morton, Oren Frederic (1911). A History of Highland County, Virginia. Published by the author.
- Scott, Chris (2008). Highland County. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738553313.