Hilda of Whitby
Hilda of Whitby | |
---|---|
Virgin | |
Born | c. 614 Kingdom of Deira |
Died | 17 November 680 Whitby Abbey |
Venerated in | Catholic Church Anglican Communion Eastern Orthodox Church |
Canonized | Pre-Congregation |
Feast | Varies 17 November 18 November 19 November In the Anglican Use of Rome, her feast is on 23 June. |
Attributes | Crozier of an abbess, model of Whitby Abbey |
Hilda of Whitby (or Hild of Whitby) (c. 614 – 680) was a saint of the early Church in Britain. She was the founder and first abbess of the monastery at Whitby which was chosen as the venue for the Synod of Whitby in 664. An important figure in the Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England, she was abbess in several convents and recognised for the wisdom that drew kings to her for advice.
The source of information about Hilda is the Ecclesiastical History of the English People by Bede in 731, who was born approximately eight years before her death. He documented much of the Christian conversion of the English.
Early life
According to Bede, Hilda was born in 614 into the
In 625, the widowed Edwin married the Christian princess Æthelburh of Kent, daughter of King Æthelberht of Kent and the Merovingian princess Bertha of Kent. As part of the marriage contract, Aethelburh was allowed to continue her Roman Christian worship and was accompanied to Northumbria with her chaplain, Paulinus of York, a Roman monk sent to England in 601 to assist Augustine of Canterbury. Augustine's mission in England was based in Kent, and is referred to as the Gregorian mission after the pope who sent him.[2] As queen, Æthelburh continued to practise her Christianity and no doubt influenced her husband's thinking as her mother Bertha had influenced her father.
In 627, King Edwin was baptised on Easter Day, 12 April, along with his entire court, which included the 13-year-old Hilda,[2] in a small wooden church hastily constructed for the occasion near the site of the present York Minster.
In 633, Northumbria was overrun by the neighbouring pagan King of Mercia, at which time King Edwin fell in battle. Paulinus accompanied Hilda and Queen Æthelburh and her companions to the Queen's home in Kent. Queen Æthelburh founded a convent at Lyminge and it is assumed that Hilda remained with the Queen-Abbess.[3]
Hilda's elder sister, Hereswith, married Ethelric, brother of King Anna of East Anglia, who with all of his daughters became renowned for their Christian virtues. Later, Hereswith became a nun at Chelles Abbey in Gaul (modern France). Bede resumes Hilda's story at a point when she was about to join her widowed sister at Chelles Abbey. At the age of 33, Hilda decided instead to answer the call of Bishop Aidan of Lindisfarne and returned to Northumbria to live as a nun.[4]
Abbess
Hilda's original convent is not known except that it was on the north bank of the River Wear. Here, with a few companions, she learned the traditions of Celtic monasticism, which Bishop Aidan brought from Iona. After a year Aidan appointed Hilda as the second abbess of Hartlepool Abbey.[5] No trace remains of this abbey, but its monastic cemetery has been found near the present St Hilda's Church, Hartlepool.
In 657 Hilda became the founding abbess of Whitby Abbey, then known as Streoneshalh; she remained there until her death.[6] Archaeological evidence shows that her monastery was in the Celtic style, with its members living in small houses, each for two or three people. The tradition in double monasteries, such as Hartlepool and Whitby, was that men and women lived separately but worshipped together in church. The exact location and size of the church associated with this monastery is unknown.
Bede states that the original ideals of monasticism were maintained strictly in Hilda's abbey. All property and goods were held in common; Christian virtues were exercised, especially
and do good works.Five men from this monastery later became bishops.[5] Two, John of Beverley, Bishop of Hexham and Wilfrid, Bishop of York, were canonized for their service to the Christian church at a critical period in its fight against paganism.
Character
Bede describes Hilda as a woman of great energy, who was a skilled administrator and teacher. As a landowner she had many in her employ to care for sheep and cattle, farming, and woodcutting. She gained such a reputation for wisdom that kings and princes sought her advice.[5] However, she also had a concern for ordinary folk such as Cædmon. He was a herder at the monastery, who was inspired in a dream to sing verses in praise of God. Hilda recognized his gift and encouraged him to develop it. Bede writes, "All who knew her called her mother because of her outstanding devotion and grace".[6]
Synod of Whitby
The prestige of Whitby is reflected in the fact that King Oswiu of Northumberland chose Hilda's monastery as the venue for the Synod of Whitby,[2] the first synod of the Church in his kingdom. He invited churchmen from as far away as Wessex to attend the synod. Most of those present, including Hilda, accepted the King's decision to adopt the method of calculating Easter currently used in Rome, establishing Roman practice as the norm in Northumbria. The monks from Lindisfarne, who would not accept this, withdrew to Iona, and later to Ireland.[8]
Illness and death
Hilda suffered from a fever for the last seven years of her life, but she continued to work until her death on 17 November 680 AD, at what was then the advanced age of sixty-six. In her last year she set up another monastery, fourteen miles from Whitby, at Hackness. She died after receiving viaticum, and her legend holds that at the moment of her death the bells of the monastery of Hackness tolled. A nun there named Begu claimed to have witnessed Hilda's soul being borne to heaven by angels.[9]
Legends
A local legend says that when sea birds fly over the abbey they dip their wings in honour of Saint Hilda. Another legend tells of a plague of
In fact, the ammonite genus
A carved ammonite stone is set into the wall by the entrance to the former chapel of St Hild's College, Durham, which later became part of the College of St Hild and St Bede. The coat of arms of St. Hilda's College, Oxford, includes a curled snake, and the ammonite is used by the college as a symbol.
Veneration
The veneration of Hilda from an early period is attested by the inclusion of her name in the calendar of Saint Willibrord, written at the beginning of the 8th century. According to one tradition, her relics were translated to Glastonbury by King Edmund; another tradition holds that Saint Edmund brought her relics to Gloucester.[12]
In the
In the
Patronage
Hilda is considered one of the patron saints of learning and culture, including poetry, due to her patronage of Cædmon. Saint Hilda is the patron saint of the National Cathedral School for Girls in Washington, D.C.
In addition, St Hilda's College, Oxford, established in 1893 for female students, remained with that status for more than 100 years, before turning co-educational when it was deemed that the percentage of women studying at Oxford had risen to near 50 per cent. The symbol of the college is the ammonite of St Hilda and during the centenary, 100 silver ammonites were created; now proudly owned by alumnae of the college in honour of St. Hilda's achievements - and those of the first 100 years of female students at the college.[14]
Iconography
St Hilda is generally depicted with a pastoral staff and carrying an abbey church. Often, there are ammonites at her feet.[6]
Legacy
Whitby Abbey
Hilda was succeeded as abbess by
There is said to be the wraith of St Hilda, who appears in the ruins wrapped in a shroud, and the bells of the abbey can be heard ringing under the water, where they sank with the ship taking them to London after the abbey was dismantled.[15]
Churches
Two churches in Whitby (
Other Anglican Churches dedicated to St Hilda in Northern England include St Hilda's Church, South Shields, one in the Cross Green area of Leeds, one in the Prestwich Area of Manchester, one in the Stretford Area of Manchester, and another in Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne. It was opened in September 1882. There is a statue of St Hilda in the nave, depicting her as the Mother of her Abbey at Whitby. She also appears in a stained glass window at the east end of the church. The church still is active and a sung mass is held there every Sunday. Several small streets in the immediate area are named after the church -- St Hilda's Mount, St Hilda's Road, among them.
Religious communities
A community of
A group of
Educational institutions
St Hilda has become the patron of many schools and colleges all over the world. The
St Hilda's Diocesan High School is an
There are two schools situated in Australia in recognition of St. Hilda. They are both 'St. Hilda's Anglican School for Girls' which is an independent, girls' school in
On the upper west side of Manhattan in New York City is St Hilda's and St Hugh's School, an independent Episcopal day school that opened its doors in 1950. The school is coeducational and includes toddlers to grade eight.
St Hilda is honoured in Singapore in the St. Hilda's primary and secondary schools.
During the
There are two St Hilda's CofE Primary Schools in Manchester - one in Prestwich, one in Firswood.
St Hilda's School, Ootacamund, southern India was established by Church of England sisters in 1895.
Fiction
Hilda appears as a main character in the 1994 novel Absolution by Murder, the first book in
Hilda appears as a main character in Melvyn Bragg's 1996 novel, Credo.[21]
The 2013 novel Hild and 2023 sequel Menewood by Nicola Griffith is based on the life of Hilda.[22]
Jill Dalladay's 2015 novel The Abbess of Whitby combines historical record and fiction to imagine Hilda's life before she became a nun.[23]
Maureen Duffy's play The Choice premiered at the Jermyn Street Theatre in 2018. This monologue sees Hilda recount two episodes of her life that are recorded by Bede: the 'miracle' of the poet-cowherd Caedmon, and the role Hilda played in the transition from Irish to Roman Catholicism in the English church.[24]
Vibeke Vasbo's Danish novel Hildas sang (Gyldendal, 1991) was translated into English by Gaye Kynoch and published in 2018 as The Song of Hild by Sacristy Press.[25]
References
Citations
- ^ Kiefer 1999.
- ^ a b c "St. Hilda". Parish Church of St. Wilfrid, Bognor. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
- ^ "St Hilda - Abbess of Whitby (c. 614 -680)". St. Hilda's Anglican Church, Katoomba. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.
- ^ Lindemann 2014.
- ^ a b c Thurston 1910.
- ^ a b c "St. Hilda of Whitby". The Order of the Holy Paraclete. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ "Northern Saints", 'This is Durham', Durham County Council
- ^ Colgrave, Earliest Life of Gregory the Great, p. 9.
- ^ "St. Hilda of Whitby". St. Hilda of Whitby Anglican Catholic Church, Atlanta, Georgia.
- ^ Lovett 1905, pp. 333–334.
- ^ "University Calendar: Arms and mottos". University of Durham.
- ^ "The Venerable Hilda, Abbess of Whitby", Orthodox Outlet for Dogmatic Enquiries
- ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ "College History". St Hilda’s College, Oxford. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
- ^ a b "About St. Hilda's College". University of Melbourne.
- ^ "St. Hilda's RC Parish, Whitby". Archived from the original on 1 August 2011.
- ^ "Sneaton Castle". Archived from the original on 29 July 2005.
- ^ Saint Hilda's House, New Haven, Connecticut
- ^ St Hilda's, Southport
- ^ St Hilda's, Mosman Park
- ^ Bragg 1996.
- ^ Bond 2013.
- ^ "Review: The Abbess of Whitby".
- ^ Williams, Holly. "Review: Hilda and Virginia".
- ^ Vasbo, Vibeke. The Song of Hild. Sacristy Press. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
Sources
- Bond, Gwenda (10 November 2013). "Nicola Griffith discusses 'Hild,' the girl who would be saint". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-340-66705-7.
- Kiefer, James E. (1999). "Hilda of Whitby, Abbess and Peacemaker". Biographical sketches of memorable Christians of the past. The Society of Archbishop Justus.
- Lindemann, Kate (12 December 2014). "Hilda of Whitby / Hild of Streonshalh 614-680 Educator of Women". Society for the Study of Women Philosophers, Inc. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
- doi:10.1080/0015587X.1905.9719966 – via Wikisource.
- Thurston, Herbert (1910). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- Sister Hilary OHP; (2003). St. Hilda of Whitby, Order of the Holy Paraclete, St. Hilda's Priory, Sneaton Castle, Whitby YO21 3QN.
Further reading
- Bede (1996) The Ecclesiastical History of the English Church and People, Oxford University Press, World classics series.
- Bradley, Ian (1999) Celtic Christianity, Edinburgh University Press.
- Cavill, Paul (1999) Anglo-Saxon Christianity: exploring the earliest roots of Christian spirituality in England, London: Collins, Fount paperback.
- Hume, Basil (1996) Footprints of the Northern Saints, London: Darton, Longman & Todd.
- Simpson, Ray (2014) Hilda of Whitby: A spirituality for now, BRF
- Warin, Anne (1989) Hilda, Lamp Press.
- Watling, Barbara (2005). "St Hilda of Hartlepool and Whitby". Catholic Life Magazine. Archived from the original (Article) on 17 July 2011.
External links
- Hild 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
- St. Hilda on In Our Time, 5 April 2007 (BBC Radio 4)