Hill

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The archaeological[clarification needed] hill of Aliawa in Erbil

A hill is a

summit, and is usually applied to peaks which are above elevation compared to the relative landmass, though not as prominent as mountains
.

Terminology

Chocolate Hills of the Philippines
Hills in Tuscany, Italy

The distinction between a hill and a mountain is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is universally considered to be not as tall, or as steep as a mountain.

Geographers historically regarded mountains as hills greater than 1,000 feet (304.8 meters) above

topographical prominence requirement, typically 100 feet (30.5 m) or 500 feet (152.4 m).[4] In practice, mountains in Scotland are frequently referred to as "hills" no matter what their height, as reflected in names such as the Cuillin Hills and the Torridon Hills
. In Wales, the distinction is more a term of land use and appearance and has nothing to do with height.

Rolling Hills Paranal[8]

For a while, the US defined a mountain as being 1,000 feet (304.8 m) or more tall. Any similar landform lower than this height was considered a hill. The United States Geological Survey, however, has concluded that these terms do not in fact have technical definitions in the US[9]

The

relative height of up to 200 m (660 ft).[10]

A hillock is a small hill. Other words include knoll and (in Scotland, Northern Ireland and northern England) its variant, knowe.[11] Artificial hills may be referred to by a variety of technical names, including mound and tumulus.

Judean Desert

Hills may form through

faulting, erosion of larger landforms such as mountains and movement and deposition of sediment by glaciers (notably moraines and drumlins or by erosion exposing solid rock which then weathers down into a hill). The rounded peaks of hills results from the diffusive movement of soil and regolith covering the hill, a process known as downhill creep
.

Various names may be used to describe types of hills, based on appearance and method of formation. Many such names originated in one geographical region to describe a type of hill formation particular to that region, though the names are often adopted by geologists and used in a wider geographical context. These include:

Historical significance

Clouds over hills in Steptoe, Washington
Hill in Mysore

Many settlements were originally built on hills, either to avoid floods (particularly if they were near a large body of water), for defense (since they offer a good view of the surrounding land and require would-be attackers to fight uphill), or to avoid densely forested areas. For example, Ancient Rome was built on seven hills, helping to protect it from invaders.

Some settlements, particularly in the Middle East, are located on artificial hills consisting of debris (particularly mudbricks) that has accumulated over many generations. Such a location is known as a "tell".[12]

In Northern Europe, many ancient monuments are sited in heaps.[clarification needed] Some of these are defensive structures (such as the hillforts of the Iron Age), but others appear to have hardly any significance. In Britain, many churches at the tops of hills are thought to have been built on the sites of earlier pagan holy places. The Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. has followed this tradition and was built on the highest hill in that city.[citation needed]

Some cities' hills are culturally significant in their foundation, defense, and history. In addition to Rome, hills have played a prominent role in the history of San Francisco, with its hills being central to the city's fog and civil engineering projects today famous as tourist attractions such as the cable cars and Lombard Street.[13]

Military significance

British soldiers advancing uphill in the Battle of Bunker Hill

Hills provide important advantages to an army that controls their heights, giving them an elevated view and firing position and forcing an opposing army to charge uphill to attack a

fort
or other position. They may also conceal forces behind them, allowing a force to lie in wait on the crest of a hill, using that crest for cover, and firing on unsuspecting attackers as they broach the hilltop. As a result, conventional military strategies often demand possession of high ground.

Because of their strategic and tactical values, hills have been the site of many notable battles, such as the

American War of Independence; and Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill in the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the American Civil War. The Battle of San Juan Hill in the 1898 Spanish–American War won the Americans control of Santiago de Cuba
but only after suffering from heavy casualties inflicted by a much smaller force entrenched on the hill top.

Battles for the possession of high ground have often resulted in heavy casualties to both sides, such as the 1969 Battle of Hamburger Hill during the Vietnam War, the Battle of Stalingrad and Battle of Peleliu during World War II, and the 1969 Kargil War between India and Pakistan.

The Great Wall of China is an enduring example of hilltop fortification. It was built on hilltops to help defend against invaders from the north, such as Mongols.

Sports and games

Hillwalkers on Beinn Dearg, Scotland
An example of a golf course in England that has hills

Wainwrights (England). Specific activities such as "peak bagging
" (or "Munro bagging") involve climbing hills on these lists with the aim of eventually climbing every hill on the list.

Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake is an annual event in the West Country of England which involves rolling a wheel of cheese down a hill. Contestants stand at the top and chase the wheel of cheese to the bottom. The winner, the one who catches the cheese, gets to keep the wheel of cheese as a prize.[citation needed]

Cross country running courses may include hills which can add diversity and challenge to those courses.[14]

Notable artificial hills


Gallery

See also

  • Abyssal hill – Small hill that rises from the floor of an abyssal plain
  • Breast-shaped hill – Hill shaped like a human breast
  • Colluvium – Loose, unconsolidated sediments deposited at the base of a hillslope
  • Crag and tail – Geographic feature created by glaciation
  • Dune – Hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes or the flow of water
  • Hill Country
     – Region of Texas
  • Hillock – Small hill
  • Hill station – Town located at a higher elevation than the nearby plain or valley
  • "
    Jack and Jill
     – English nursery rhyme"
  • Kame – Mound formed on a retreating glacier and deposited on land
  • King of the Hill
     – Children's game
  • Mesa – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides
  • Monolith – Stone block made of one single piece; object made of one single rock piece
  • Moor – Type of habitat
  • Motte
     – Medieval fortification
  • Mound – Artificial heaped pile of earth, gravel, sand, rocks, or debris
  • Tell – Ancient settlement mound
  • Witch of Agnesi – Cubic plane curve

References

  1. .
  2. ^ Nuttall, John & Anne (2008). The Mountains of England & Wales - Volume 2: England (3rd ed.). Milnthorpe, Cumbria: Cicerone. .
  3. ^ "Survey turns hill into a mountain". BBC News. 18 September 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  4. ^ a b "A Mountain is a Mountain - isn't it?". www.go4awalk.com. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  5. ^ mountain at dictionary.reference.com. Accessed on 3 February 2013.
  6. ^ Wilson, Peter (2001). "Listing the Irish hills and mountains" in Irish Geography, Vol 34(1), University of Ulster, Coleraine, p. 89.
  7. ^ What is a "Mountain"? Mynydd Graig Goch and all that… Archived 30 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine at Metric Views. Accessed on 3 February 2013.
  8. ^ "Rolling Hills". www.eso.org. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  9. ^ "What is the Difference Between a Mountain and a Hill?". www.wisegeek.com. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  10. ^ Hill at the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
  11. ^ Knowe, Random House Dictionary at dictionary.com
  12. ^ Wilkinson, T.J. Archaeological landscapes of the near east. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 2003, 226.
  13. ^ Copperman, Amy (19 January 2023). "Answers to the most popular questions about San Francisco's hills". SFGATE. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  14. ^ Lancaster, Audrey (2011). "Enhanced Cross Country Running Course Design: A Study of Historic and Recent Courses, Other Landscape-Based Sports, Athlete Psychology, and Course Elements". DigitialCommons. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  15. ^ Helsingin karttapalvelu (in Finnish)
  16. ^ "Blackstrap Provincial Park". Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  17. ^ "The Very Large Telescope". Telescopes and Instruments. ESO. Retrieved 10 August 2011.

External links

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