Hill station
A hill station is a town located at a higher elevation than the nearby plain or valley. The English term was originally used mostly in colonial Asia, but also in Africa (albeit rarely), for towns founded by European colonialists as refuges from the summer heat and, as Dale Kennedy observes about the Indian context, "the hill station (...) was seen as an exclusive British preserve: here it was possible to render the Indian into an outsider".[1][2] The term is still used in present day, particularly in India, which has the largest number of hill stations, most are situated at an altitude of approximately 1,000 to 2,500 metres (3,300 to 8,200 ft).
History
In South Asia
Some view
Hill stations in
As noted by Indian historian Vinay Lal, hill stations in India also served "as spaces for the colonial structuring of a segregational and ontological divide between Indians and Europeans, and as institutional sites of imperial power."[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]
Kennedy, following Monika Bührlein, identifies three stages in the evolution of hill stations in India: high refuge, high refuge to hill station, and hill station to town. The first settlements started in the 1820s, primarily as sanitoria. In the 1840s and 1850s, there was a wave of new hill stations, with the main impetus being "places to rest and recuperate from the arduous life on the plains". In the second half of the 19th century, there was a period of consolidation with few new hill stations. In the final phase, "hill stations reached their zenith in the late nineteenth century. The political importance of the official stations was underscored by the inauguration of large and costly public-building projects."[8]: 14
The concept of Hill Station has been used loosely in India (and more broadly
List of hill stations
Most hill stations, listed by region:
Africa
Madagascar
Morocco
Nigeria
Uganda
Americas]
Brazil
- Petropolis
- Campos do Jordão
Costa Rica
United States
- Beech Mountain
- Sky Valley, Georgia
- Big Bear Lake, California
- Cloudcroft, New Mexico
- Summerhaven, Arizona
Asia
Bangladesh
- Chittagong
- Sajek Valley
- Bandarban,Chittagong
- Jaflong
- Khagrachari,Chittagong
- Moulvibazar
- Rangamati,Chittagong
- Sreemangal
Cambodia
China
- Kuling (Guling) in Jiangxi Province
- Mount Mogan
- Mount Jigong
- Guling, Fujian Province
- Beidaihe
Cyprus
Hong Kong
India
Hundreds of hill stations are located in India. The most popular hill stations in India include:
- Achabal, Jammu and Kashmir
- Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh
- Ambanad Hills, Kerala
- Amboli, Maharashtra
- Almora, Uttarakhand
- Araku Valley, Andhra Pradesh
- Aritar, Sikkim
- Aru, Jammu and Kashmir
- Askot, Uttarakhand
- Auli, Uttarakhand
- Baba Budan giri, Karnataka
- Badrinath, Uttarakhand
- Baltal, Jammu and Kashmir
- Barog, Himachal Pradesh
- Berinag, Uttarakhand
- Bhaderwah, Jammu and Kashmir
- Bhowali, Uttarakhand
- Chail, Himachal Pradesh
- Chakrata, Uttarakhand
- Chamba, Himachal Pradesh
- Champhai, Mizoram
- Chaukori, Uttarakhand
- Cherrapunjee, Meghalaya
- Chikhaldara, Maharashtra
- Chitkul, Himachal Pradesh
- Coonoor, Tamil Nadu
- Daksum, Jammu and Kashmir
- Dalhousie, Himachal Pradesh
- Daringbadi, Odisha
- Darjeeling, West Bengal
- Dawki, Meghalaya
- Diskit, Ladakh
- Doodhpathri, Jammu and Kashmir
- Dhanaulti, Uttarakhand
- Dharamkot, Himachal Pradesh
- Dharchula, Uttarakhand
- Dras, Ladakh
- Dzuluk, Sikkim
- Dzüko Valley, Nagaland and Manipur
- Gairsain, Uttarakhand
- Gangtok, Sikkim
- Ghum, West Bengal
- Gulmarg, Jammu and Kashmir
- Geyzing, Sikkim
- Haflong, Assam
- Hemkund Sahib, Uttarakhand
- Hmuifang, Mizoram
- Kalpa, Himachal Pradesh
- Jogindernagar, Himachal Pradesh
- Jogimatti, Karnataka
- Joshimath, Uttarakhand
- Kalimpong, West Bengal
- Katra, Jammu and Kashmir
- Kangra, Himachal Pradesh
- Kargil, Ladakh
- Karzok, Ladakh
- Kedarnath, Uttarakhand
- Keylong, Himachal Pradesh
- Khajjiar, Himachal Pradesh
- Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu
- Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu
- Kotagiri, Tamil Nadu
- Kohima, Nagaland
- Kokernag, Jammu and Kashmir
- Khandala, Maharashtra
- Kufri, Himachal Pradesh
- Kullu, Himachal Pradesh
- Kurseong, West Bengal
- Lachen, Sikkim
- Lachung, Sikkim
- Lansdowne, Uttarakhand
- Lava, West Bengal
- Leh, Ladakh
- Lonavala, Maharashtra
- Lolegaon, West Bengal
- Lunglei, Mizoram
- Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra
- Mainpat, Chhattisgarh
- Matheran, Maharashtra
- Manali, Himachal Pradesh
- Mawsynram, Meghalaya
- McLeod Ganj, Himachal Pradesh
- Meghamalai, Tamil Nadu
- Mirik, West Bengal
- Mount Abu, Rajasthan
- Murgo, Ladakh
- Munnar, Kerala
- Munsiyari, Uttarakhand
- Mussoorie, Uttarakhand
- Nainital, Uttarakhand
- Narkanda, Himachal Pradesh
- New Tehri, Uttarakhand
- Ooty (Udhagamandalam), Tamil Nadu
- Pachmarhi, Madhya Pradesh
- Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
- Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir
- Patnitop, Jammu and Kashmir
- Pauri, Uttarakhand
- Pelling, Sikkim
- Pfütsero, Nagaland
- Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand
- Ramgarh, Uttarakhand
- Ranikhet, Uttarakhand
- Reckong Peo, Himachal Pradesh
- Reiek, Mizoram
- Rishyap, West Bengal
- Samsing, West Bengal
- Saputara, Gujarat
- Shillong, Meghalaya
- Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
- Sonamarg, Jammu and Kashmir
- Soordelu Hill Station, Kerala
- Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh
- Thekkady, Kerala
- Triund, Himachal Pradesh
- Tosa Maidan, Jammu and Kashmir
- Topslip, Tamil Nadu
- Turtuk, Ladakh
- Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand
- Valparai, Tamil Nadu
- Vagamon, Kerala
- Verinag, Jammu and Kashmir
- Wilson Hills, Gujarat
- Yercaud Tamil Nadu
- Yelagiri Tamil Nadu
- Yusmarg, Jammu and Kashmir
- Yuksom, Sikkim
- Yumthang, Sikkim
Indonesia
- Garut in, West Java
- Sukabumi in West Java
- Puncak in West Java
- Batu in East Java
- Tretes in East Java
- Kaliurang in Central Java
- Munduk in Bali
- Bedugul in Bali
- Berastagi in North Sumatra
- Lembang in West Java
- Baturaden in Central Java
- Wonosobo in Central Java
- Tawangmangu in Central Java
- Bandungan, Semarang in Central Java
- Bukittinggi in West Sumatra
- Padang Panjang in West Sumatra
- Sawahlunto in West Sumatra
- Solok in West Sumatra
- Payakumbuh in West Sumatra
- Takengon in Aceh
- Tomohon in North Sulawesi
- Tana Toraja in South Sulawesi
- Malino in South Sulawesi
- Salatiga in Central Java
Iraq
- Shaqlawa
- Amedi
- Rawanduz
- Sulaymaniyah
- Batifa
Israel
Japan
Jordan
- A few suburbs in Amman:
- Al-Ashrafiya
- Jabal Amman
Malaysia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Punjab
Sindh
Balochistan
Gilgit Baltistan
Philippines
- Baguio
- Salvador Benedicto
- Mambukal
- Tagaytay
- Sagada
- Malaybalay
Sri Lanka
Syria
Vietnam
Oceania
Australia
Victoria
South Australia
Queensland
Western Australia
- Lesmurdie
- Kalamunda
- Jarrahdale
- Bedfordale
New South Wales
- Blue Mountains
- Mount Pleasant
- Woonoona
- Kariong
- Stanwell Tops)
- Prospect Hill (Pemulwuy)
- Terrey Hills
- Berowra Heights
See also
References
- ^ a b Kennedy, Dane. The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1996 1996. | http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft396nb1sf/
- ^ "Hill Stations: Pinnacles of the Raj". southasia.ucla.edu.
- ^ "Plans include beautification of the entire hill station to attract tourists". Outlook India. 26 February 2021.
- ^ Muni Nagraj. Āgama Aura Tripiṭaka, Eka Anuśilana: Language and Literature. p. 500.
- ISBN 978-0-945921-42-4.
- ISBN 978-0-520-20188-0.
- ISBN 978-0-521-63974-3.
- ^ a b Kennedy, Dane (1996). The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj. Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved 19 Aug 2014.
- ISBN 978-81-7387-046-0. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ^ "'But what about the railways ...?' The myth of Britain's gifts to India". the Guardian. March 8, 2017.
- ^ "Racism and stereotypes in colonial India's 'Instagram'". BBC News. 30 September 2018.
- ^ "Segregation and the Social Relations of Place, Bombay, 1890–1910". Archived from the original on 2021-12-31.
- ^ "Login".
- ^ Das, Shinjini. "India's initial coronavirus response carried echoes of the colonial era". The Conversation.
- PMID 20759409– via www.bmj.com.
- ^ "Hill Stations: Pinnacles of the Raj".
- ISBN 978-0-19-564657-3.
- ^ "Login".
- ^ Dalrymple, William (1999-09-26). "India's Green and Pleasant Land". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
- ^ Climate, Race, and Imperial Authority: The Symbolic Landscape of the British Hill Station in India | Judith T. Kenny | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01821.x
- ^ "How not to develop a hill station".
- ^ Contagion and Enclaves: Tropical Medicine in Colonial India | Nandini Bhattacharya | https://liverpool.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5949/UPO9781846317835/upso-9781846318290-chapter-2
- ^ Bhattacharya N. (2013). Leisure, economy and colonial urbanism: Darjeeling, 1835-1930. Urban history, 40(3), 442–461. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963926813000394
- ^ ISBN 9781317400264.
Bibliography
External videos | |
---|---|
Booknotes interview with Barbara Crossette on The Great Hill Stations of Asia, August 23, 1998, C-SPAN |
- Crossette, Barbara. The Great Hill Stations of Asia. ISBN 0-465-01488-7.
- Kennedy, Dane. The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj (Full text, searchable). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0520201880.
External links
- Media related to Hill stations at Wikimedia Commons
- The dictionary definition of hill station at Wiktionary
- Hill Stations in Nepal