Himachal Pradesh

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Coordinates: 31°6′12″N 77°10′20″E / 31.10333°N 77.17222°E / 31.10333; 77.17222
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Himachal Pradesh
State
HPCA Stadium
Kinnaur Kailash
Parvati Valley near Tosh
Baijnath Temple
Key Monastery at Spiti
Bhimakali Temple in Sarahan
Kalpa
Shimla at Night
Official emblem of Himachal Pradesh
Emblem of Himachal Pradesh
Etymology: "Land of the snow-clad mountains"
Nickname: 
"Mountain State"
Motto(s): 
Satyameva Jayate
(Truth alone triumphs)
Formation
1 November 1956
State Legislature
Unicameral
 • AssemblyHimachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly[2] (68 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha3 seats
 • Lok Sabha4 seats
High CourtHimachal Pradesh High Court
Area
Devanagari script
GDP
 • Total (2024–2025)Increase₹2.27 lakh crore (US$28 billion)
 • Rank22nd
 • Per capitaIncrease₹286,401 (US$3,600) (14th)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-HP
Vehicle registrationHP
HDI (2021)Increase 0.703 High [6] (7th)
Literacy (2011)Neutral increase 86.06%[7] (10th)
Sex ratio (2011)972♀/1000 ♂ (32nd)
Websitehimachal.nic.in
Symbols of Himachal Pradesh
Emblem of Himachal Pradesh
BirdWestern tragopan
FishGolden Mahseer[8]
FlowerPink rhododendron
MammalSnow leopard
TreeDeodar cedar
State highway mark
State highway of Himachal Pradesh
HP SH1 - HP SH43
List of Indian state symbols

Himachal Pradesh (

Punjab to the west, Haryana to the southwest, Uttarakhand to the southeast and a very narrow border with Uttar Pradesh to the south. The state also shares an international border to the east with the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. Himachal Pradesh is also known as Dev Bhoomi or Dev Bhumi, meaning 'Land of Gods'[10] and Veer Bhoomi which means 'Land of the Brave'.[11]

The predominantly mountainous region comprising the present-day Himachal Pradesh has been inhabited since pre-historic times, having witnessed multiple waves of human migrations from other areas.

British India. After independence, many of the hilly territories were organised as the Chief Commissioner's province of Himachal Pradesh, which later became a Union Territory. In 1966, hilly areas of the neighbouring Punjab
state were merged into Himachal and it was ultimately granted full statehood in 1971.

Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys with many perennial rivers flowing through them.

open-defecation-free state in 2016.[13] According to a survey of CMS-India Corruption Study in 2017, Himachal Pradesh is India's least corrupt state.[14][15]

Himachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts.

Etymology

The name of the state is a reference to its setting: Himachal means "snowy slopes" (Sanskrit: hima, meaning "snow"; acala/achala meaning "slopes", or "land", or "abode"). Himachal Pradesh (ɦɪˈmaːtʃəl pɾəˈdeːʃ; literally "snow-laden province"). Himachal refers to being in the "aanchal" of the Himalayas hence, sheltered by the Himalayas or by the snow. It means "the land in the lap of snowy Himalayas". Pradesh means "state". Himachal was named by Diwakar Datt Sharma, a Sanskrit scholar.[16][17]

History

Early history

Main article: History of Himachal Pradesh
8th-century CE rock-cut temples at Masroor

Tribes such as the

Indus valley civilisation, which flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE.[19] The Kols and Mundas are believed to be the original inhabitants to the hills of present-day Himachal Pradesh, followed by the Bhotas and Kiratis.[19]

During the

Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state, captured several forts, and fought many battles.[19] Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals.[20]

A map of the major Rajput kingdoms in Himachal Pradesh

The

First Anglo-Sikh War
.

They came into direct conflict with the British along the

Satluj.[19] The British gradually emerged as the paramount power in the region.[19] In the revolt of 1857, or first Indian war of independence, arising from several grievances against the British,[19] the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other parts of the country.[19] They and their rulers, except Bushahr, remained more or less inactive.[19] Some, including the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur
, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt.

The British territories came under the British Crown after

Nurpur, Chamba, Suket, Mandi, and Bilaspur.[19]

Partition and post-independence

After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh was organised on 15 April 1948 as a result of the integration of 30 petty princely states (including feudal princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western Himalayas. These were known as the Simla Hills States and four Punjab southern hill states under the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged into Himachal Pradesh on 1 July 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954.[21]

Himachal became a Part 'C' state on 26 January 1950 when the

Hoshiarpur District, as well as Kandaghat and Nalagarh Tehsils of erstwhile PEPSU State, besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot District—were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on the enactment by Parliament of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966.[21] On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament, and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Himachal became the 18th state of the Indian Union with Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar as its first chief minister.[19]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Himachal Pradesh

Himachal is in the western

Shiwalik range, form southern and western Himachal Pradesh. At 6,816 m, Reo Purgyil is the highest mountain peak in the state of Himachal Pradesh.[22]

The

Pabbar
and Giri rivers in the southeast are part of the Yamuna basin.

Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh. The climate varies from hot and humid subtropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges.

chulhas.[25]

  • Topographic map of Himachal Pradesh. Most of the state is mountainous.
    Topographic map of Himachal Pradesh. Most of the state is mountainous.
  • View of the Shivalik Hills and the Middle Himalayas in Himachal Pradesh
    View of the
    Middle Himalayas
    in Himachal Pradesh

Flora and fauna

Main article:
Protected areas of Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is one of the states that lies in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), one of the richest reservoirs of biological diversity in the world. As of 2002, the IHR is undergoing large scale irrational extraction of wild, medicinal herbs, thus endangering many of its high-value gene stock. To address this, a workshop on 'Endangered Medicinal Plant Species in Himachal Pradesh' was held in 2002 and the conference was attended by forty experts from diverse disciplines.[26]

According to 2003

precipitation. The state is endowed with a high diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants.[28] Lahaul-Spiti region of the state, being a cold desert, supports unique plants of medicinal value including Ferula jaeschkeana, Hyoscyamus niger, Lancea tibetica, and Saussurea bracteata.[29][30]

Himachal is also said to be the fruit bowl of the country,

lilies are carefully cultivated. Himachal Pradesh Horticultural Produce Marketing and Processing Corporation Ltd. (HPMC) is a state body that markets fresh and processed fruits.[33]

Himachal Pradesh has around 463 bird, and Tragopan melanocephalus is the state bird of Himanchal Pradesh

wildlife sanctuaries and 3 conservation reserves.[38] The state bird of Himachal Pradesh is the Western tragopan, locally known as the jujurana.[39] It is one of the rarest living pheasants in the world. The state animal is the snow leopard, which is even rarer to find than the jujurana.[40]

Government

Main articles:
Assembly election results of Himachal Pradesh, and Politics of Himachal Pradesh
High Court of Himachal Pradesh
Shimla's Town Hall, which houses the Shimla Municipal Corporation

The

Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh has no pre-constitution history. The State itself is a post-independence creation. It came into being as a centrally administered territory on 15 April 1948 from the integration of thirty erstwhile princely states.[41]

Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts.

unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).[42] Terms of office run for five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats
, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.

In the assembly elections held in November 2022, the Indian National Congress secured an absolute majority, winning 40 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 25 of the 68 seats. Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu was sworn in as Himachal Pradesh's 15th Chief Minister in Shimla on 11 December 2022. Mukesh Agnihotri was sworn in as his deputy the same day.

Administrative divisions

Map showing the subdivisions of Himachal Pradesh
Map showing the subdivisions of Himachal Pradesh
Subdivisions of Himachal Pradesh
Main article: List of districts of Himachal Pradesh

The state of Himachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts[43] which are grouped into three divisions, Shimla, Kangra and Mandi.[44] The districts are further divided into 73 subdivisions, 78 blocks and 172 Tehsils.[43]

Divisions Districts[45]
Kangra Chamba, Kangra, Una
Mandi Bilaspur, Hamirpur, Kullu, Lahaul and Spiti, Mandi
Shimla Kinnaur, Shimla, Sirmaur, Solan
Administrative Structure[46]
Divisions 3
Districts 12
Tehsils/ Sub-Tehsils 172
Developmental Blocks 78
Urban Local Bodies 54[47]
Towns 59
Gram Panchayats 3615
Villages 20690
Police Stations 130[48]
Lok Sabha seats 4[49]
Rajya Sabha seats 3
Assembly Constituencies 68[49]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Himachal Pradesh
Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices
Year Gross State Domestic Product
1980 794
1985 1,372
1990 2,815
1995 6,698
2000 13,590
2005 23,024
2006 25,435
2010 57,452
2013 82,585
2014 92,589
2015 101,108
2016 110,511[50]
2017 124,570[51]
2018 135,914[52]
2021 172,174

Planning in Himachal Pradesh started in 1951 along with the rest of India with the implementation of the first

five-year plan. The First Plan allocated ₹52.7 million to Himachal Pradesh.[53] More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on transport and communication; while the power sector got a share of just 4.6%, though it had steadily increased to 7% by the Third Plan.[54] Expenditure on agriculture and allied activities increased from 14.4% in the First Plan to 32% in the Third Plan, showing a progressive decline afterwards from 24% in the Fourth Plan to less than 10% in the Tenth Plan.[54] Expenditure on energy sector was 24.2% of the total in the Tenth Plan.[54]

The Mall Road is the central business district of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh's capital city.

The total GDP for 2005–06 was estimated at ₹254 billion as against ₹230 billion in the year 2004–05, showing an increase of 10.5%.[55] The GDP for fiscal 2015–16 was estimated at ₹1.110 trillion,[50] which increased to ₹1.247 trillion in 2016–17, recording growth of 6.8%.[51] The per capita income increased from ₹130,067 in 2015–16 to ₹147,277 in 2016–17.[50][51] The state government's advance estimates for fiscal 2017–18 stated the total GDP and per capita income as ₹1.359 trillion and ₹158,462, respectively.[52] As of 2018, Himachal is the 22nd-largest state economy in India with ₹1.52 lakh crore (US$19 billion) in gross domestic product and has the 13th-highest per capita income (₹160,000 (US$2,000)) among the states and union territories of India.[56]

Himachal Pradesh also ranks as the second-best performing state in the country on human development indicators after Kerala.[57] One of the Indian government's key initiatives to tackle unemployment is the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). The participation of women in the NREGA has been observed to vary across different regions of the nation. As of the year 2009–2010, Himachal Pradesh joined the category of high female participation, recording a 46% share of NREGS (National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme) workdays for women. This was a drastic increase from the 13% that was recorded in 2006–2007.[58]

Agriculture

Terrace farming is the most common form of agricultural practice in the state.

oilseeds are among the other crops grown in the state.[60] Centuries-old traditional Kuhl irrigation system is prevalent in the Kangra valley,[62] though in recent years these Kuhls have come under threat from hydroprojects on small streams in the valley.[63] Land husbandry initiatives such as the Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development Project, which includes the Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project (HPRP), the world's largest clean development mechanism (CDM) undertaking, have improved agricultural yields and productivity, and raised rural household incomes.[64]

Apples at an orchard in Vashisht; the state is the second-largest producer of apples in India

strawberries
in India.

Tea gardens in Dharamsala

geographical indication
status in 2005.

Industry

Main article: Industry in Himachal Pradesh

Pharma hub

Himachal Pradesh is renowned as Asia's pharmaceutical hub, housing a total of 652 pharmaceutical units. The state hosts a thriving ₹40,000 crore drug manufacturing industry.[71][72]

Energy

See also: Hydroelectric power in Himachal Pradesh

Hydropower is one of the major sources of income generation for the state.[73] The state has an abundance of hydropower resources because of the presence of various perennial rivers. Many high-capacity hydropower plants have been constructed which produce surplus electricity that is sold to other states, such as Delhi, Punjab and West Bengal.[74] The income generated from exporting the electricity to other states is being provided as subsidy to the consumers in the state.[75] The rich hydropower resources of Himachal have resulted in the state becoming almost universally electrified with around 94.8% houses receiving electricity as of 2001, as compared to the national average of 55.9%.[75] Himachal's hydro-electric power production is, however, yet to be fully utilised.[76] The identified hydroelectric potential for the state is 27,436 MW in five river basins[74] while the hydroelectric capacity in 2016 was 10,351 MW.[76]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Himachal Pradesh

Tourism in Himachal Pradesh is a major contributor to the state's economy and growth. The

Jakhoo Temple.[78] Manimahesh Lake situated in the Bharmour region of Chamba district is the venue of an annual Hindu pilgrimage trek held in the month of August which attracts lakhs of devotees.[79] The state is also referred to as "Dev Bhoomi" (literally meaning Abode of Gods) due to its mention as such in ancient Hindu texts and occurrence of a large number of historical temples in the state.[80]

Himachal is also known for its adventure tourism activities like

trekking and horse riding in different parts of the state.[81] Shimla, the state's capital, is home to Asia's only natural ice-skating rink.[82] Spiti Valley in Lahaul and Spiti District situated at an altitude of over 3000 metres with its picturesque landscapes is popular destination for adventure seekers. The region also has some of the oldest Buddhist monasteries in the world.[83]
Himachal hosted the first Paragliding World Cup in India from 24 to 31 October in 2015.[84][85] The venue for the paragliding world cup was Bir Billing, which is 70 km from the tourist town Macleod Ganj, located in the heart of Himachal in Kangra District. Bir Billing is the centre for aero sports in Himachal and considered as best for paragliding.[84] Buddhist monasteries, trekking to tribal villages and mountain biking are other local possibilities.

There are a variety of festivals celebrated by the locals of Himachal Pradesh who worship gods and goddesses. There are over 2000 villages in Himachal Pradesh which celebrate festivals such as

Halda, Phagli, Losar and Mandi Shivratri.[86] There approximately 6000 temples in Himachal Pradesh with a known one being Bijli Mahadev. The temple is seen as a 20-meter structure built in stone which, according to locals, is known to attract lighting. They say that this is a way the Gods show their blessings.[87]

The Great Himalayan National Park is found in the Kullu districts of Himachal Pradesh. It has an area of 620 km2 and ranging from an altitude of 1500 meters to 4500 meters and was created in 1984. There are various forest types found here such as Deodar, Himalayan Fir, Spruce, Oak and Alpine pastures. In the Great Himalayan National Park, there are a variety of animals found such as Snow leopard, Yak, Himalayan black bear, Western tragopan, Monal and Musk deer. This National Park is a trail to many hikers and trekkers too. Moreover, there are sanctuaries which are tourist spots such as Naina Devi and Gobind Sagar Sanctuary in the Una and Bilaspur districts with an area of 220 km2. There are animals such as Indian porcupine and giant flying squirrel found here. The Gobind Sagar Lake has fish species such as Mrigal, Silver carp, Katla, Mahaseer and Rohu are found here. Narkanda located in at an altitude of around 8850 feet is known for its apple orchards. It is located between the river valleys of Giri and Sutlej.[88]

  • Paragliding in Bir
    Paragliding in Bir
  • Solang, a popular ski resort near Manali
    Solang
    , a popular ski resort near Manali
  • Rafting in the Parvati river near Kasol
    Rafting in the Parvati river near Kasol
  • Campsite for trekkers at Triund
    Campsite for trekkers at Triund

Transport

Main article: Transport in Himachal Pradesh

Air

Gaggal Airport

Himachal has three domestic airports in Kangra, Kullu and Shimla districts, respectively.[89] The air routes connect the state with New Delhi and Chandigarh.

Railways

Kalka-Shimla Railway
Kangra Valley Railway

Broad-gauge lines

The only broad-gauge railway line in the whole state connects Amb Andaura–Una Himachal railway station to Nangal Dam in Punjab and runs all the way to Daulatpur, Himachal Pradesh.[90] It is an electrified track since 1999. While a tiny portion of line adjacent to Kandrori(KNDI) station on either side on Pathankot-Jalandhar Section, under Ferozepur Division of Northern Railway also crosses into Himachal Pradesh, before venturing out to Punjab again.

Future constructions:

Narrow-gauge lines

Himachal is known for its

Kalka-Shimla Railway, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and another is the Kangra Valley Railway.[91] The total length of these two tracks is 259 kilometres (161 mi). The Kalka-Shimla Railway passes through many tunnels and bridges, while the Pathankot–Jogindernagar one meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. The total route length of the operational railway network in the state is 296.26 kilometres (184.09 mi).[92][93][94]

Roads

NH 5 in Himachal Pradesh

Roads are the major mode of transport in Himachal Pradesh due to its hilly terrain. The state has road network of 28,208 kilometres (17,528 mi),

State Highways with a total length of 1,625 kilometres (1,010 mi).[95] Hamirpur district has the highest road density in the country.[96] Some roads are closed during winter and monsoon seasons due to snow and landslides. The state-owned Himachal Road Transport Corporation with a fleet of over 3,100,[97] operates bus services connecting important cities and towns with villages within the state and also on various interstate routes. In addition, around 5,000 private buses ply in the state.[98]

Demographics

Population

Population Growth
YearPop.±%
1901 1,920,294—    
1911 1,896,944−1.2%
1921 1,928,206+1.6%
1931 2,029,113+5.2%
1941 2,263,245+11.5%
1951 2,385,981+5.4%
1961 2,812,463+17.9%
1971 3,460,434+23.0%
1981 4,280,818+23.7%
1991 5,170,877+20.8%
2001 6,077,900+17.5%
2011 6,864,602+12.9%
Source:[99]

Himachal Pradesh has a total population of 6,864,602 including 3,481,873 males and 3,382,729 females according to the Census of India 2011. It has only 0.57 per cent of India's total population, recording a growth of 12.81 per cent.[5][100] The child sex ratio increased from 896 in 2001 to 909 in 2011.[101] The total fertility rate (TFR) per woman in 2015 stood at 1.7, one of the lowest in India.[102]

The

Rajputs, Kanets, Kulindas, Girths, Raos, Rathis, Kolis, Hollis, Chamars, Drains, Rehars, Chanals, Lohars, Baris, Julahas, Dhakhis, Turis, Batwals[104]The Koli forms the largest caste-cluster, comprising 30% of the total population of Himachal Pradesh.[105]

A man in Kullu, wearing a traditional Himachali cap.
Literacy rates[7]
Year %
1971 31.96
1981 42.48
1991 63.86
2001 76.48
2011 83.78

In the census, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by

Kinnaur District 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).[107]

The

death rate was 6.9 in 2010.[109] Himachal Pradesh's literacy rate has almost doubled between 1981 and 2011 (see table to right). The state is one of the most literate states of India with a literacy rate of 83.78% as of 2011.[7]
: 114 

Languages

Hindi is the de jure official language of Himachal Pradesh and is spoken by the majority of the population as a lingua franca.[110] Sanskrit is the additional official language of the state.[111] Although mostly encountered in academic and symbolic contexts, the government of Himachal Pradesh is encouraging its wider study and use.[112]

Most of the population, however, speaks natively one or another of the

Shumcho, Spiti Bhoti, Sunam, Tinani, and Tukpa.[113][114]

Languages of Himachal Pradesh (2011)[113]

  
Churahi
(1.10%)
  Others (5.15%)

Religion

Religion in Himachal Pradesh (2011)[115]

  Hinduism (95.17%)
  Islam (2.18%)
  Sikhism (1.16%)
  Buddhism (1.15%)
  Christianity (0.18%)
  Jainism (0.03%)
  Others or not stated (0.13%)

Hinduism is the major religion in Himachal Pradesh. More than 95% of the total population adheres to the Hindu faith and majorly follows Shaivism and Shaktism traditions,[116] the distribution of which is evenly spread throughout the state.[117] Himachal Pradesh has the highest proportion of Hindu population among all the states and union territories in India.[118]

Other religions that form a smaller percentage are Islam, Sikhism and Buddhism. Muslims are mainly concentrated in Sirmaur, Chamba, Una and Solan districts where they form 4.2-5.7% of the population.[117] Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16% of the state population. The Buddhists, who constitute 1.15%, are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form a majority of 62%, and Kinnaur, where they form 21.5%.[117]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With remarkable economic and social advancements, the state has changed rapidly.

Bharmauri and Kinnauri.[120]

Kangra painting depicting a scene from the Ramayana, ca. 1780
Intricate wood carvings of 7-century Lakshana Devi Temple in Bharmour

Himachal is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, Kullu shawls, Kangra paintings, Chamba Rumals, stoles, embroidered grass footwear (Pullan chappal), silver jewellery, metal ware, knitted woolen socks, Pattoo, basketry of cane and bamboo (Wicker and Rattan) and woodwork are among the notable ones.[121][122][123] Of late, the demand for these handicrafts has increased within and outside the country.[122]

Himachali caps of various colour bands are also well-known local art work, and are often treated as a symbol of the Himachali identity.

Chief Minister of the state while the latter is a two-time Chief Minister.[127] Local music and dance also reflect the cultural identity of the state. Through their dance and music, the Himachali people entreat their gods during local festivals and other special occasions.[128]

Gaddi nomads smoking hookah

There are national and regional fairs and festivals, including temple fairs in nearly every region.[128][129] The Kullu Dussehra, Minjar mela and Mahashivratri Mandi festival is nationally known.[130] The day-to-day cuisine of Himachalis is similar to the rest of northern India with Punjabi and Tibetan influences.[131] Lentils (Dāl), rice (chāwal or bhāț), vegetables (sabzī) and chapati (wheat flatbread) form the staple food of the local population.[131] Non-vegetarian food is more widely accepted in Himachal Pradesh than elsewhere in India, partly due to the scarcity of fresh vegetables on the hilly terrain of the state.[132]

Himachali specialities include Siddu, Babru, Khatta, Mhanee, Channa Madra, Patrode, Mah ki dal, Chamba-style fried fish, Kullu trout, Chha Gosht, Pahadi Chicken, Sepu Badi, Auriya Kaddu, Aloo palda, Pateer,

Makki di roti, Sarson ka saag, Chamba Chukh (Chouck), Bhagjery, Chutney
of Til, etc.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Himachal Pradesh

Education

Main article: Education in Himachal Pradesh
See also: List of institutions of higher education in Himachal Pradesh
Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital at Shimla

At the time of Independence, Himachal Pradesh had a literacy rate of 8% – one of the lowest in the country.[133] By 2011, the literacy rate surged to 82.8%,[5][134] making Himachal one of the most-literate states in the country. There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary schools and more than 1,300 high schools in the state.[135] In meeting the constitutional obligation to make primary education compulsory, Himachal became the first state in India to make elementary education accessible to every child.[136] Himachal Pradesh is an exception to the nationwide gender bias in education levels.[137] The state has a female literacy rate of around 76%.[138] In addition, school enrolment and participation rates for girls are almost universal at the primary level. While higher levels of education do reflect a gender-based disparity, Himachal is still significantly ahead of other states at bridging the gap.[139] The Hamirpur District in particular stands out for high literacy rates across all metrics of measurement.[140]

The state government has played an instrumental role in the rise of literacy in the state by spending a significant proportion of the state's GDP on education. During the first six five-year plans, most of the development expenditure in the education sector was utilised in quantitative expansion, but after the seventh five-year-plan the state government switched emphasis on qualitative improvement and modernisation of education.[133] To raise the number of the teaching staff at primary schools they appointed over 1000 teacher aids through the Vidya Upasak Yojna in 2001.[133] The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is another HP government initiative that not only aims for universal elementary education but also encourages communities to engage in the management of schools.[141] The Rashtriya Madhayamic Shiksha Abhiyan launched in 2009, is a similar scheme but focuses on improving access to quality secondary education.[141]

Indian Institute of Advanced Study at Shimla
IIT Mandi campus, Jan '20

The standard of education in the state has reached a considerably high level as compared to other states in India

Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College in Kangra, Rajiv Gandhi Government Post Graduate Ayurvedic College in Paprola and Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital in Kumarhatti are the prominent medical institutes in the state. Besides these, there is a Government Dental College in Shimla which is the state's first recognised dental institute.[142]

The state government has also decided to start three major nursing colleges to develop the healthcare system of the state.

Sundernagar.[143]
Himachal Pradesh also hosts a campus of the fashion college, National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) in Kangra.

State profile

Source: Department of Information and Public Relations.[144]

Area 55,673 km2
Total population 7,781,244
Males 3,946,646
Females 3,834,598
Population density 123
Sex ratio 972[106]
Rural population 6,176,050[101]
Urban population 688,552[101]
Scheduled Caste population 1,729,252
Scheduled Tribe population 392,126
Literacy rate 83.78%[101]
Male literacy 90.83%[101]
Female literacy 76.60%[101]
Capitals 2
Districts 12
Sub-divisions 71
Tehsils 169
Sub-tehsils 38
Developmental blocks 78
Towns 59
Panchayats 3,243
Panchayat smities 77
Zila parishad 12
Urban local bodies 59
Nagar nigams 2
Nagar parishads 25
Nagar panchayats 23
Census villages 20,690
Inhabited villages 17,882
Health institutions 3,866
Educational institutions 17,000
Motorable roads 33,722 km
National highways 8
Identified hydroelectric potential 23,000.43 MW in five rivers basins, i.e., Yamuna, Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Himurja
Potential harnessed 10,264 MW[50]
Food grain production 15.28lakh MT
Vegetable production 18.67 lakh MT
Fruit production 1,027,000 tonnes
Per capita income ₹2,01,854 (2021–22)[52]
Social Security pensions 237,250 persons, annual expenditure: over ₹ 600 million
Investment in industrial areas ₹ 273.80 billion, employment opportunities: Over 337,391
Employment generated in government sector 2,17,142

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

Government
General information
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