Hindgut fermentation

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Hindgut fermentation is a digestive process seen in

macropodids, some monkeys, and one bird, the hoatzin.[4]

Cecum

Main article: Cecotrope

Hindgut fermenters generally have a cecum and large intestine that are much larger and more complex than those of a foregut or midgut fermenter.[1] Research on small cecum fermenters such as flying squirrels, rabbits and lemurs has revealed these mammals to have a GI tract about 10-13 times the length of their body.[5] This is due to the high intake of fiber and other hard to digest compounds that are characteristic to the diet of monogastric herbivores.[6]

Easily digestible food is processed in the gastrointestinal tract & expelled as regular feces. But in order to get nutrients out of hard to digest fiber, some smaller hindgut fermenters, like lagomorphs (rabbits, hares, pikas), ferment fiber in the cecum (at the small and large intestine junction) and then expel the contents as cecotropes, which are reingested (cecotrophy). The cecotropes are then absorbed in the small intestine to utilize the nutrients.[6]

This process is also beneficial in allowing for restoration of the microflora population, or

estivation and torpor
.

Efficiency

While foregut fermentation is generally considered more efficient, and monogastric animals cannot digest cellulose as efficiently as ruminants,[1] hindgut fermentation allows animals to consume small amounts of low-quality forage all day long and thus survive in conditions where ruminants might not be able to obtain nutrition adequate for their needs. Hindgut fermenters are able to extract more nutrition out of small quantities of feed.[7] The large hindgut fermenters are bulk feeders: they ingest large quantities of low-nutrient food, which they process more rapidly than would be possible for a similarly sized foregut fermenter. The main food in that category is grass, and grassland grazers move over long distances to take advantage of the growth phases of grass in different regions.[8]

Speed

The ability to process food more rapidly than foregut fermenters gives hindgut fermenters an advantage at very large body size, as they are able to accommodate significantly larger food intakes. The largest extant and prehistoric

proboscids).[10]

Types

Hindgut fermenters are subdivided into two groups based on the relative size of various digestive organs in relationship to the rest of the system:

colonic fermenters tend to be larger species such as horses, and cecal fermenters are smaller animals such as rabbits and rodents.[2] However, in spite of the terminology, colonic fermenters such as horses make extensive use of the cecum to break down cellulose.[11][12]
Also, colonic fermenters typically have a proportionally longer large intestine than small intestine, whereas cecal fermenters have a considerably enlarged cecum compared to the rest of the digestive tract.

Insects

In addition to mammals, several insects are also hindgut fermenters, the best studied of which are the

termites, which are characterised by an enlarged "paunch" of the hindgut that also houses the bulk of the gut microbiota.[13] Digestion of wood particles in lower termites is accomplished inside the phagosomes of gut flagellates, but in the flagellate-free higher termites, this appears to be accomplished by fibre-associated bacteria.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Animal Structure & Function Archived 2012-05-02 at the Wayback Machine. Sci.waikato.ac.nz. Retrieved on 2011-11-27.
  2. ^ a b Grant, Kerrin Adaptations in Herbivore Nutrition, July 30, 2010. Lafebervet.com. Retrieved on 2017-10-16.
  3. ^ Hindgut versus Foregut Fermenters. Vcebiology.edublogs.org (2011-04-30). Retrieved on 2011-11-27.
  4. S2CID 21455374
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  5. PMID 22963241
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  6. ^ a b James (14 May 2010). "Comparative Digestion". VetSci. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  7. ISBN 0-684-82768-9
    .
  8. ^ van der Made, Jan; Grube, René (2010). "The rhinoceroses from Neumark-Nord and their nutrition". In Meller, Harald (ed.). Elefantenreich – Eine Fossilwelt in Europa (PDF) (in German and English). Halle/Saale. pp. 382–394, see p. 387.
  9. S2CID 206989975
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  10. PMID 22308461
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  11. ^ Williams, Carey A. (April 2004), "The Basics of Equine Nutrition", FS 038, vol. The Equine Science Center, Rutgers University, archived from the original on 2007-04-08, retrieved 2017-04-02
  12. PMID 8294287
    .
  13. PMID 26195303
    .
  14. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12425
    .
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