Hinduism and Judaism
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Hinduism and Judaism are among the
Theological similarities
Scholarly efforts to compare Hinduism and Judaism were popular during the Enlightenment era, in the process of arguing the deistic worldview.[1] Hananya Goodman states that Hinduism and Judaism have played an important role in European discussions of idolatry, spirituality, primitive theories of race, language, mythologies, etc.[2]
Both religions were regarded by some scholars to be ethnic religions, and not promoting conversions. Adherents of both religions, however, are found across the world.[3] Both religions share common elements in regard to a complicated system of laws, purity codes, and dietary restrictions, for defining their communities.[4]
Judaism has been compared with Hinduism by
David Flusser says that the tale of Abraham has many similarities with a certain story from the Upanishads, stating that "One can easily discover parallels in the Upanishads to the Abraham legend".[7][8]
American biologist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783–1840) in his book The American Nations discusses linguistic and traditional similarities between the two religions. In one chapter he writes:
Our Noah- is thus NH (pr NOE) which the Jews since pronounced NUH, and even Mnuh! Exactly the same name as given him by the Hindus! And all meaning repose, with many collateral meanings, lawgiver, collecting people, assembly humanity & c. The laws of M'nu are preserved by the Hindus : to him is also ascribed the substance of the Vedas, and the whole Mosaic history till near his own death. But the Hindus have many- M'nus; Adam and Seth were such, by the names of Adimo and Satya.[9]
Scriptures
Judaism, notable for its monotheistic conception of God, has some similarities with those Hindu scriptures that are monotheistic, such as the Vedas.[11]
Different Hindu sects have a variety of beliefs about the nature and identity of god, believing variously in
In Judaism, God is an absolute one, indivisible and incomparable being who is the ultimate cause of all existence. In Hinduism, gods are considered to have a similar status to another when distinct,[16] but is to be seen as "aspects or manifestations of a single, transcendent god",[16] or an "impersonal absolute".[16]
Bernard Jackson points out the extent to which legal regulations, customs, and royal ordinances in Halakha in the Jewish tradition and Dharmaśāstra among Hindus are binding on members of their respective societies. Jackson adds that both Jewish and Hindu law evidence a great sensitivity to the interplay of local custom and authoritative law. He says that in both religions, the writing down of a collection of norms did not necessarily mean that all or even most norms were intended to be enforced, and that the laws connected with royal authority were not necessarily statutory. Wendy Doniger states that Hinduism and Judaism are alike in their tendency toward orthopraxy rather than orthodoxy.[17]
Relations
Historical
Ancient trade and cultural communication between India and the Levant is documented in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and the accounts surrounding the Queen of Sheba in the Hebrew Bible.
Bhavishya Purana is regarded by a number of scholars to have predicted Judaism's prophet Moses, and similar parallels are found in the Vedas.[18]
The trade relations of both communities can be traced back to 1,000 BCE and earlier to the time of the
The Torah has also been helpful for understanding relations between these two traditions.[21] Geographical analysis of Israel suggests that the authors of Torah were talking about India, where the selling of animals such as monkeys and peacocks existed.[22] Trade connections between India and Mediterranean Jewish communities continued, and later, the languages of these cultures started to share linguistic similarities.[23]
Modern
Some of the leading figures in the field of Indology like Theodor Aufrecht, Theodor Goldstücker, Theodor Benfey, Charles Rockwell Lanman, Salomon Lefmann, Gustav Solomon Oppert, Betty Heimann etc. were of Jewish descent.
Jews never
The Jews had maintained their race, religion, culture and language; and all they wanted was their natural territory to complete their Nationality.[24]
The world's first Jewish-Hindu interfaith leadership summit, led by the World Council of Religious Leaders, Hindu organisations in India and Jewish organisations in Israel, as well as the
During the summit, Rabbi Metzger stated:Jews have lived in India for over 2,000 years and have never been discriminated against. This is something unparalleled in human history.[26]
Swami Dayananda recognized the similarities of both religions and pointed to the belief in One supreme being, non-conversion, oral recitation of the Veda and the Torah, and the special importance of peace and non-violence. Savarupananda Saraswatiji explained that "Both the Hindu and Jewish communities have a lot in common, we need to discover and nurture these areas for the benefit of millions of people."[29] This meeting included Rabbis such as Daniel Sperber, Yona Metzger, and others. They affirmed a number of points, one of which was:
Their respective traditions teach that there is one supreme being who is the ultimate reality, who has created this world in its blessed diversity and who has communicated Divine ways of action for humanity, for different people in different times and places.[30]
In 2008, a second Hindu-Jewish summit took place in Jerusalem.
About 5,000 Jews reside in India today.
There are some who profess a belief in both religions: they regard themselves as Hinjew, a
Many Jews take
According to a report by the Pew Research Center conducted in the US, of all religious groups, Hindus and Jews remain the most successful at retaining their adherents and are the two most educated groups.[40]
See also
References
- ISBN 9780791417157.
- ISBN 9780801896293.
- ^ Emma Tomalin. Religions and Development. Routledge. p. 109.
- ISBN 9781134593224.
- ^ I Say Unto You (Vol -I), p. 259 - 260
- ^ "Essential Hinduism", by Steven Rosen, Greenwood Publishing Group, page. 13
- ^ David Flusser (1988). Judaism and the origins of Christianity. Magnes Press, Hebrew University. p. 650.
- ^ "Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism", page 35- 40
- ^ Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. The American nations; or, Outlines of their general history, ancient and modern. Oxford University. p. 104.
- ISBN 9780791417157.
- ISBN 9783847101581.
- ISBN 9780521438780.
- ^ Kedar Nath Tiwari. Comparative Religion. Motilal. p. 38.
- ^ "Gods and Goddesses of Vedic Culture". Stephen Knapp. Archived from the original on 2020-04-06. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
Lord Krishna is one of the most revered and honored of all the Dharmic Gods. As it is explained and concluded in a variety of Vedic texts, Krishna is the Supreme Personality of Godhead. In other words, as it is said in Sanskrit, krsnas tu bhagavan svayam (Srimad-Bhagavatam 1.3.28) Krishna is the source of all other incarnations and forms of God.
, SB 1.3.28 Archived 2019-10-22 at the Wayback Machine - ^ "Shaivism". ReligionFacts. Archived from the original on 2019-07-19. Retrieved 2019-01-02.
- ^ a b c Flood 1996, p. 14.
- ISBN 9780791417157.
- ^ "God-fleshed: a chronicle of the comings of Christ", p. 66, by Roy Abraham Varghese, Rachel Varghese, Mary Varghese, url = [1] Archived 2014-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Catherine Cornille. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Inter-Religious Dialogue. Wiley. p. 417.
- ISBN 9780791417157.
- ISBN 9788177552676.
- ISBN 9780791417157.
- ISBN 9780791417157.
- ISBN 8185990697.
- ^ World's Jewish and Hindu Leaders Gather in New Delhi Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine, wfn.org
- ^ a b Kopf, Shulfa (March 6, 2013). "The biggest show on earth". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
- ^ Banerjee, Neela (October 2, 2007). "In Jews, Indian-Americans See a Role Model in Activism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
- Ynetnews. August 15, 2007. Archivedfrom the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
- ISBN 9783847101581.
- ^ "Declaration of Mutual Understanding and Cooperation from the First Jewish-Hindu Leadership Summit". 2007. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
- ^ a b c Brill, Alan (July 2, 2009). "Two ancient religions behave like old friends". New Jersey Jewish News. Archived from the original on June 24, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Hindu American Foundation Joins in Historic Hindu-Jewish Summit Held in Israel". Hindu American Foundation. February 26, 2008. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
- ^ "History of the Jews of India, Indian-Jewish Association UK" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-12-11. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
- ^ "Bnei Menashe Move To Israel: Indian Jews From 'Lost Tribe' Arrive In Holy Land". Huffingtonpost. 24 December 2012. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
- ^ Rabbi backs India's 'lost Jews' Archived 2007-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, April 2005
- ISBN 9780231137287. Archivedfrom the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ "A Harvard Hinjew". 6 June 1985. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ "Jew and Hinjew". 18 November 1999. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ "k.k. non-profit yoga organization". www.karnakriya.org. Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
- ^ "Jewish researchers dispute some Pew religion survey data". 28 February 2008.
Further reading
- Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture (1996) by Barbara A. Holdrege.
- Hinduism and Judaism compilation
- Larry Yudelson, Passage to India, Jewish Standard August 29, 2014
- Alan Brill, Judaism and World Religions, (2012)