Hinduism in Malaysia

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Percentage population of Hindu in Malaysia according to 2020 census

Hinduism is the fourth-largest religion in Malaysia. About 1.78 million Malaysian residents (6.3% of the total population) are Hindus, according to 2010 Census of Malaysia.[2] This is up from 1,380,400 (6.2% of the total population) in 2000.[3]

Most Malaysian Hindus are settled in western parts of Peninsular Malaysia. There are 3 states in Malaysia that qualify to be a Hindu enclave, where the Hindu percentage is greater than 10% of the population. The Malaysian state with highest percentage of Hindus, according to 2010 Census, is Negeri Sembilan (13.4%), followed by Selangor (11.6%), Perak (10.9%) and Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur (8.5%).[4] The first three mentioned technically count as being Hindu enclaves. The state with the least percentage of Hindu population is Sabah (0.1%).

Indians, along with other ethnic groups such as Chinese, began arriving in Malaysia in the ancient and medieval era. In 2010, Malaysian Census reported there were 1.91 million citizens of Indian ethnic origin.[5] About 1.64 million of Indian ethnic group Malaysians (86%) are Hindus. About 0.14 million non-Indian ethnic group Malaysian people also profess being Hindus.[6]

Malaysia gained its independence from the British colonial empire in 1957, thereafter declared its official state religion as Islam, and adopted a constitution that is mixed. On one hand, it protects freedom of religion (such as the practice of Hinduism), but on the other hand Malaysian constitution also restricts religious freedom.

Malaysian government officials in recent years.[11]

History

Pre Colonial era

Hinduism expansion in Asia, from its heartland in Indian Subcontinent, to the rest of Asia, especially Southeast Asia, started circa 1st century marked with the establishment of early Hindu settlements and polities in Southeast Asia.
Main articles:
Early History of Kedah and Bujang Valley

Similar to the

Malays practised an indigenous animism and dynamism beliefs before the arrival of Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam
. It is unclear when the first Indian voyages across the Bay of Bengal occurred. Conservative estimates place the earliest arrivals to Malay shores at least 1,700 years ago.[12] The growth of trade with India brought coastal people in much of the Malay world into contact with Hinduism. Thus, Hinduism, Indian cultural traditions and the Sanskrit language began to spread across the land. Temples were built in the Indian style and local kings began referring to themselves as Raja and more desirable aspects of Indian government were adopted.[13]

Subsequently, small

Hindu Malay states started to appear in the coastal areas of the Malay Peninsula notably the Gangga Negara (2nd century), Langkasuka (2nd century), and Kedah (4th century).[14]

  • Candi Bukit Batu Pahat, an ancient Hindu temple built in 6th century A.D. found in Bujang Valley
    Candi Bukit Batu Pahat, an ancient Hindu temple built in 6th century A.D. found in Bujang Valley
  • Figure of a dancer carved in high relief found at Batu Lintang, south of Kedah
    Figure of a dancer carved in high relief found at Batu Lintang, south of Kedah
  • Head of Nandi found in the vicinity of site 4 near the Bujang Valley
    Head of
    Nandi
    found in the vicinity of site 4 near the Bujang Valley
  • One of the six stone boxes, which were found buried beneath Candi Bukit Batu Pahat
    One of the six stone boxes, which were found buried beneath Candi Bukit Batu Pahat

Colonial era

A Golden Kartikeya Statue viewed from the ground before entering the Hindu Batu Caves temple.

Many Indian settlers came to

Madras (now Chennai
).

In the early years, the retention rates of Hindus in Malaysia were low and with time, fewer Hindus volunteered to live in Malaysia. The colonial rule adopted a

Northern India and Sri Lanka
.

The Malaysian Hindu workers during the British era were among the most marginalised. They were forced to live in closed plantation societies in frontier zones and the plantation symbolised the boundary of their existence. Racial segregation was enforced, and British anti-vagrancy laws made it illegal for

Indian Hindus (and Chinese Buddhists) to enter the more developed European zoned regions. The Hindus spoke neither English nor Malay languages and remained confined to interacting within their own community.[17]

After Malaysia gained independence in 1957, local governments favored autochthonous

1971 Sedition law that made it illegal to publicly discuss Malaysian citizenship methodology, national language policy, the definition of ethnic Malays as automatically Muslims, and the legitimacy of Sultans in each Malaysian state.[22]

Post Independence

To safeguard the interest of the Hindu organisations and Hindu temples, the Malaysia Hindu Sangam (MHS) was formed on 23 January 1965.[23] Among the great contribution of MHS towards the upliftment of Hindus in Malaysia was the Gurukal training programme in the 1980s to train local young men as temple priests.[24]

Samadhis of Siddhas

Ramalinga Adigal, was the foremost among a handful of saints who ventured to the then Malaya. Jeganatha Swamigal's Samadhi is located at Tapah, Perak.[25] Presently, the Jeganatha Swamigal's Samadhi and the land adjacent to its temple is managed by Malaysia Hindu Sangam. A new temple enshrining the image of Sri Jeganathar Swami is being erected.[26]

Other popular Samadhi is of Sannasi Andavar in Cheng, Malacca and Mauna Swamigal in the vicinity of Lord Saturn's temple at Batu Caves.[27]

Culture

Hindu deity Hanuman statue at Malai Sri Subramaniar Temple.

Worship and deities

Malaysian Hinduism is diverse, with large urban temples dedicated to specific

deities, and smaller temples located on estates. The estate temples generally follow the tradition of the Indian region from which the temples' worshippers originate. Many people follow the Shaivite, or Saivite, tradition (worship of Shiva), of Southern India.[28] However, there are also some Vaishnava Hindus in Malaysia as well, many of them of North Indian extraction, and these Hindus worship in temples such as the Geeta Ashram in Seksyen 52, Petaling Jaya, or the Lakshmi-Narayana Temple in Kampung Kasipillay, Kuala Lumpur
. Services in these temples are usually conducted in Tamil and English.

village deities.[29]

Temples and religious bodies

Main article: List of Hindu temples in Malaysia

The

Saraswath Math.[32]

There are also few devotees of

Ramanujacharya and the Madhvacharya Sampradaya.[33]

Malaysia also has large followers of several Vedantic traditions and groups such as Ramakrishna Mission. Ramakrishna Mission in Petaling Jaya has been in existence since the 1940s and was officially affiliated to the Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission, India in 2001. In 2015, the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi visited the Ramakrishna Mission and unveiled a statue of Swami Vivekananda. Another important centre, closely connected with the Ramakrishna-Vivekananda movement is the Ramakrishna Ashramam, Penang which came into existence in 1938. The Vivekananda Ashrama, Kuala Lumpur is an institution started by the Jaffna (Sri Lankan) Tamil immigrants in 1904 in honour of Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902). The building, constructed in 1908, is dedicated to his work in providing education and spiritual development for the youth and community.[34] The Vivekananda Ashram with a bronze statue of Swami Vivekananda has been declared as a heritage site in 2016.[35]

Other popular Vedanta-based organisations in Malaysia are Divine Life Society (also called Shivananda Ashram) with its headquarters at Batu Caves and Arsha Vijnana Gurukulam.[36]

Since the

reform.[37][38]

Hindu religious festivals

Diwali decorations in Negeri Sembilan.

Some of the major Hindu festivals celebrated every year include Deepavali (festival of lights),

Lord Murugan festival), Pongal (harvest festival) and Navaratri (Durga festival).[39]

Deepavali is the primary Hindu festival in Malaysia. The Malaysian Hindus traditionally hold open houses over Deepavali, where people of different ethnic groups and religions are welcomed in Hindu homes to share the festival of light as well as taste Indian food and sweets.[40]

Deepavali and Thaipusam are Public holidays in all states on Malaysia, except Sarawak.[41]

The

Sadhya
, a lunch feast consisting 16 to 24 vegetarian dishes (without onions and garlics).

Distribution of Hindus

Distribution of Hindu Malaysians by ethnic group (2010 census)

  Indian (92.48%)
  Non-citizen (6.26%)
  Chinese (0.84%)
  Other Ethnic Group (0.25%)
  Other Bumiputera (0.17%)

According to the 2010 Census, there were 1,777,694 people self-identifying as

Indian Malaysians
were Hindu. Information collected in the census based on the respondent's answer and did not refer to any official document.

There is a small historic

Peranakans. They have adopted Chinese and Malay cultural practices whilst also retaining their Hindu heritage.[43]

The Total fertility rate per religion is not published by the Malaysian government, only fertility rate by ethnicity is published. The fertility rate of Indians was 1.7 in 2010 which has fallen to 1.3 in 2016.[44]

By gender and ethnic group

Gender Total Hindus Population
(2010 Census)		 Hindu Malaysian Citizens Hindu non-Malaysians
Bumiputera Hindus Non-Bumiputera Hindus
Malay Hindus Other Bumiputera Hindus Chinese Hindus Indian Hindus Others Hindus
Nationwide 1,777,694 0 2,941 14,878 1,644,072 4,474 111,329
Male Hindus 921,154 0 1,524 7,638 821,995 2,402 87,595
Female Hindus 856,540 0 1,417 7,240 822,077 2,072 23,724

There are 6300 Balinese people in Malaysia, 90% of whom are Hindus.[45] The 'Other Hindus' in the above Table might be representing them.

By state or federal territory

State Total Hindus population
(2010 Census)		 % of State Population
Johor 221,128 6.6%
Kedah 130,958 6.7%
Kelantan 3,670 0.2%
Kuala Lumpur 142,130 8.5%
Labuan 357 0.4%
Malacca 46,717 5.7%
Negeri Sembilan 136,859 13.4%
Pahang 60,428 4.0%
Penang 135,887 8.7%
Perak 255,337 10.9%
Perlis 1,940 0.8%
Putrajaya 708 1.0%
Sabah 3,037 0.1%
Sarawak 4,049 0.2%
Selangor 1,231,980 18.6%
Terengganu 2,509 0.2%
Historical Growth of the Hindu Population in Malaysia
YearPop.±%
1961749,831—    
1971843,982+12.6%
1981920,400+9.1%
19911,112,300+20.8%
20011,380,400+24.1%
20111,777,694+28.8%

Historical population

The population of the

Malaysian Tamils.[47]

Hindus %age over the time[48]
Years Hindu population Total population Hindus (%)
1961 749,831 8,378,500 8.94%
1971 843,982 11,159,700 7.56%
1981 920,400 14,256,900 6.45%
1991 1,112,300 18,547,200 5.99%
2001 1,380,400 24,030,500 5.74%
2011 1,777,694 28,588,600 6.3%
2021 1,979,290 32,447,400 6.1%

Persecution of Hindus

Main articles: Violation of human rights of religious and ethnic minorities in Malaysia, Racism in Malaysia, Bumiputera laws, Islamic fundamentalism, and Political Islam

Derogatory terms

People of Indian descent are derogatory called "Keling" in Malaysia.[49]

Islamic preferentionalism

Islam is the official religion of Malaysia. The

convert to Islam, otherwise the marriage is illegal and void.[8] If one of the Hindu parents adopts Islam, the children automatically become Muslim without the consent of the second parent.[7][51]

There are numerous cases in Malaysian courts relating to official

convert to Hinduism by a Malaysian court; Banggarma, who was born a Hindu, but was forcibly converted to Islam at age 7, desired to reconvert back to Hinduism and appealed to the courts to recognise her reconversion. The appeal was denied.[52]

Destruction of Hindu temples

See also: HINDRAF and 2007 HINDRAF rally

After a violent conflict in

Muslims in March 1998, the government announced a nationwide review of unlicensed Hindu temples and shrines. However, implementation was not vigorous and the program was not a subject of public debate.[53]

On 21 April 2006, the Malaimel Sri Selva Kaliamman Temple in Kuala Lumpur was reduced to rubble after the city hall sent in bulldozers.[54]

The growing Islamization in Malaysia is a cause for concern to many Malaysians who follow minority religions such as Hinduism.[55]

On 11 May 2006, armed city hall officers from

Hindu Rights Action Force (HINDRAF), a coalition of several NGOs, have protested these demolitions by lodging complaints with the Malaysian Prime Minister.[56]

HINDRAF chairman, Waytha Moorthy Ponnusamy, said:

...These state atrocities are committed against the most underprivileged and powerless sector of the Hindu society in Malaysia. We appeal that this Hindu temple and all other Hindu temples in Malaysia are not indiscriminately and unlawfully demolished.[56]

Many Hindu advocacy groups have protested what they allege is a systematic plan of temple cleansing in Malaysia. The official reason given by the Government of Malaysia has been that the temples were built "illegally". However, several of the temples are centuries old.[56]

According to a lawyer for HINDRAF, a Hindu temple is demolished in Malaysia once every three weeks.[57]

In 2007, Malaysian Hindu organisations protested the destruction of Hindu temples by the Malaysian regime. On 30 October 2007, the 100-year-old Maha Mariamman Temple in Padang Jawa was demolished by Malaysian authorities. Following that demolition, Works Minister and head of the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) Samy Vellu, who is of Indian origin, said that Hindu temples built on government land were still being demolished despite his appeals to the various state chief ministers.

Such temple destructions in Malaysia have been reported by the Hindu American Foundation (HAF).[58]

HAF notes that the Malaysian government had restricted the right for 'Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association' contrary to Article 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and Article 10 of the Malaysian Federal Constitution, and that the application filed by Malaysian Hindus to hold gatherings have been arbitrarily denied by the police. The Government has also tried to suppress a campaign launched by the HINDRAF to obtain 100,000 signatures in support of a civil suit against the Government of United Kingdom.[58] HINDRAF has accused the Malaysian government of intimidating and instilling fear in the Indian community.[59]

The 2007 HINDRAF rally prompted the Malaysian government to open dialogue with various Indian and Hindu organizations like the Malaysia Hindu Council, Malaysia Hindudharma Mamandram, and Malaysian Indian Youth Council (MIYC) to address the misgivings of the Indian community.[60] HINDRAF itself has been excluded from these talks and no significant changes have resulted from the discussions.[61]

Cow head debacle

See also:
Cow head protests

The Cow head protests was a protest that was held in front of the Selangor state government headquarters at the

Hindus
.

The protest was held due to Selangor state government's intention to relocate a

Muslim
extremists who opposed the relocation due to the fact that Section 23 was a Muslim majority area.

The protest leaders were also recorded saying there would be blood if a temple was constructed in Shah Alam.[63] The protest was caught on video by the popular Malaysian online news portal Malaysiakini.[64]

Revathi Massosai religion conversion case

Revathi Massosai, who was born to Muslim parents but raised as a Hindu, married a Hindu man in 2004. But her marriage is not recognised by the

Hindu religion, where she was forced to eat beef (which some Hindus refuse on religious grounds), forced to pray as a Muslim and to wear a headscarf. Islamic officials took the couple's 18-month-old daughter away from Suresh (her Hindu father) and gave her to Revathi's mother (her Muslim grandmother). Officials have ordered Revathi to live with her mother and continue with her Islamic 'counseling'.[65][66]

Fatwa against Yoga

In 2008, The

National Fatwa Council of Malaysia issued a fatwa against Yoga. Abdul Shukor Husim, the council's chairman, said: "We are of the view that yoga, which originates in Hinduism, combines a physical exercise, religious elements, chanting and worshipping for the purpose of achieving inner peace and ultimately to be at one with God. For us, yoga destroys a Muslim's faith".[67][68][69]

Indira Gandhi conversion case

In 2009, Indira Gandhi's husband Pathmanathan converted to Islam and took up the name Muhammad Riduan Abdullah. Then he unilaterally converted his three children (one of whom was 11 months old) to Islam without the consent of his wife. The Sharia Court also granted custody of children to Riduan.[70]

The Federal Court on 2016 had ordered the Inspector-General of Police to execute a warrant of arrest for Riduan. Karan and Tevi have declared themselves Hindus. However, Riduan escaped taking Prasana along with him, both of them are still not found.[71][72][73][74]

Activism and politics

Hindu NGOs committed to the preservation of Hindu community rights and heritage in a multiracial Malaysia.[75][76]

HINDRAF has had a major impact on the political landscape of Malaysia by staging the infamous

Internal Security Act (ISA).[77] Toward the end of the 2000s, the group developed a broader political program to preserve and to push for equal rights and opportunities for the minority Indians. It has been successful in continuing to focus attention on the racist aspects of Malaysian Government policies.[78]

See also

References

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Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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