Hinduism in Southeast Asia
Total population | |
---|---|
c. 7,933,717
(1.40% of the population) | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Indonesia | 4,646,357[1] |
Malaysia | 1,949,850[2] |
Myanmar | 820,000[3] |
Singapore | 372,963 |
Thailand | 84,000[4] |
Philippines | 34,634[5] |
Languages | |
Predominant spoken languages:
|
Hinduism by country |
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Full list |
A reason for the acceptance of Indian culture and religious traditions in Southeast Asia was because Indian culture already some striking similarities to indigenous cultures of Southeast Asia, which can be explained by earlier Southeast Asian (specifically
Ancient era
Indian scholars wrote about the Dwipantara or
Examples of the Hindu cultural influence found today throughout the Southeast Asia owe much to the legacy of the Chola dynasty. For example, the great temple complex at Prambanan in Indonesia exhibit a number of similarities with the South Indian architecture.[18]
According to the Malay chronicle Sejarah Melayu, the rulers of the Malacca Sultanate claimed to be descendants of the kings of the Chola Empire.Chola rule is remembered in Malaysia today as many princes there have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, one such being Raja Chulan, the Raja of Perak.[19]
The Chola school of art also spread to Southeast Asia and influenced the architecture and art of Southeast Asia.[20][21]
Some scholars have pointed out that the legends of
Modern era
Today, vibrant and diverse Hindu communities spread across Southeast Asia remain especially in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,
In Indonesia, it is not only people of Indian descent who practice Hinduism; Hinduism still survives as the major religion in
The resurgence of Hinduism in Indonesia is occurring in all parts of the country. In the early 1970s, the
The growth of Hinduism has been driven also by the famous Javanese prophecies of Sabdapalon and Jayabaya. Many recent converts to Hinduism had been members of the families of Sukarno's PNI, and now support Megawati Sukarnoputri. This return to the 'religion of Majapahit (Hinduism) is a matter of nationalist pride.[citation needed]
Next to Indonesian Balinese, today, the
Countries
Hinduism is a minority religion of Southeast Asia with a sizeable population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Myanmar. Indonesia has the fourth largest hindu population of the world.
Brunei
Cambodia
Cambodia was first influenced by Hinduism during the beginning of the
The Mahadeva's Vishnu and Shiva were the most revered deities worshipped in Khmer Hindu temples. Temples such as Angkor Wat are actually known as Preah Pisnulok (Vara Vishnuloka in Sanskrit) or the realm of Vishnu, to honour the posthumous King Suryavarman II as Vishnu. Hindu ceremonies and rituals performed by Brahmins (Hindu priests), typically only remained among the ruling elites of the king's family, nobles, and the ruling class [citation needed].
The Khmer Empire has developed a complex society where sophisticated culture, art, and architecture flourish. The Khmer king and his officials were in charge of irrigation management and water distribution, which consisted of an intricate series of hydraulics infrastructure, such as canals, moats, and massive reservoirs called barays. Society was arranged in a hierarchy reflecting the Hindu caste system, where the commoners – rice farmers and fishermen – formed the large majority of the population. The kshatriyas – royalty, nobles, warlords, soldiers, and warriors – formed a governing elite and authorities. Other social classes included brahmins (priests), traders, artisans such as carpenters and stonemasons, potters, metalworkers, goldsmiths, and textile weavers, while on the lowest social level are slaves. The extensive irrigation projects provided rice surpluses that could support a large population. The state religion was Hinduism but influenced by the cult of Devaraja, elevating the Khmer kings as possessing the divine quality of living gods on earth, attributed to the incarnation of Vishnu or Shiva.[29] In politics, this status was viewed as the divine justification of a king's rule. The cult enabled the Khmer kings to embark on massive architectural projects, constructing majestic monuments such as Angkor Wat and Bayon to celebrate the king's divine rule on earth.[30]
The empire's official religions included Hinduism and
Indonesia
Today in Indonesia, Hinduism is practised by 1.7% of the total population. Hindus constitute 83.29% of the population of Bali and 5.75% of the population of Central Kalimantan, as of the 2010 census.[33] However, between the 4th century to 15th century, Hinduism and Buddhism was adhered by the majority of the population, along with native indigenous animism and dynamism beliefs that venerated natural and ancestral spirits. By 15th to 16th-century Islam had supplanted Hinduism and Buddhism as the majority religion in the Indonesian archipelago. The influence of Hinduism has profoundly left its marks on the culture of Bali, Java, and Sumatra. Bali has become the last remnant of once Hindu dominated region.
Hindu influences reached the
The Hindu civilisations have left their marks on
Today, the Indonesian government has recognised Hinduism as one of the country's six officially sanctioned religions, along with Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Buddhism and Confucianism.[36]
The Hindu communities in Java tend to be concentrated around built temples (pura) or around archaeological temple sites (candi) which are being reclaimed as places of Hindu worship. An important Hindu temple in eastern Java is Pura Mandaragiri Sumeru Agung, located on the slope of
An example of resurgence around major archaeological remains of ancient Hindu temple sites was observed in
Laos
Hinduism makes up less than 0.1% of the population of Laos. Approximately 7,000 People of Laos are Hindus [citation needed].
Ancient Laos used to be a part of Hindu Khmer Empire. The
Malaysia
Hinduism is the fourth largest religion in Malaysia. About 1.78 million Malaysian residents (6.3% of the total population) are Hindus, according to 2010 Census of Malaysia.[41]
Most Malaysian Hindus are settled in western parts of
After Malaysia gained its independence from British colonial empire in 1957, it declared its official state religion as Islam and adopted a discriminatory constitution as well as the Sedition Act of 1971 which limited public debate on Malaysia's treatment of religion, language and citizenship policies.[44][45][46] In recent decades, there have been increasing reports of religious persecution of Hindus, along with other minority religions, by various state governments of Malaysia and its Sharia courts.[44][47] Hindu temples built on private property, and built long before Malaysian independence, have been demolished by Malaysian government officials in recent years.[48] Since the 1970s, there has been large scale emigration of Hindus (along with Buddhists and Christians) from Malaysia.[49][50][51]
Malaysian Hindus celebrate Deepavali (festival of lights),
Myanmar
Hinduism in Burma is practised by about 840,000 people, though a reliable census data is not vailable[52] Most Hindus in Myanmar are Burmese Indians. In modern Myanmar, most Hindus are found in the urban centres of Yangon and Mandalay. Ancient Hindu temples are present in other parts of Burma, such as the 11th century Nathlaung Kyaung Temple dedicated to Vishnu in Bagan. Hinduism in Myanmar has also been influenced by Buddhism with many Hindu temples in Myanmar housing statues of the Buddha.[53][54]
Aspects of Hinduism continue in Burma today, even in the majority Buddhist culture. For example,
Philippines
Before the arrival of
The number of followers of Hinduism today stand at 0.3% of the Philippine population at 34,634[5]
Today, there is a Hindu temple (attended mostly by Sindhīs) on Mahatma Gandhi Street, and the Khalsa Diwan Indian Sikh Temple gurdwāra on United Nations Avenue. Both are in the traditionally Indian enclaves of Paco and Pandacan, two districts of the City of Manila, and are some 15 minutes away from each other by foot.[56] There are currently around 22 gurdwāras nationwide, with most congregants being Indians, Sri Lankans and Nepalese. There are also various Hare Krishna groups in the country that are gaining in popularity, as well as the presence of Ananda Marga and Brahma Kumaris communities, among others.
Singapore
The introduction of Hinduism to Singapore dates back to the early 10th century, during the
Hindus are a minority in Singapore, comprising about 10.1 percent of its citizens and permanent residents in 2010. Among 15 years or older population, there were about 558,000 Hindus; 37% of all Hindus in Singapore speak Tamil at home, another 42% speak English.[57] Deepavali is a major Hindu festival and a public holiday observed in Singapore.[58]
Thailand
A number of Hindus remain in Thailand, mostly in cities. In the past, the nation came under the influence of the Khmer Empire, which had strong Hindu roots. Despite the fact that today Thailand is a Buddhist majority nation, many elements of Thai culture and symbolism demonstrates Hindu influences and heritage. For example, the popular epic, Ramakien, is based on the Ramayana.[59] The Emblem of Thailand depicts Garuda, the vahana (vehicle) of Vishnu.[60]
The Thai city,
The Devasathan is a Hindu temple established in 1784 by King Rama I. The temple is the centre of Brahminism in Thailand. The royal court Brahmins operate the temple, they perform several royal ceremonies per year.[63]
An annual
The elite, and the royal household, often employ Brahmins to mark funerals and state ceremonies such as the Royal Ploughing Ceremony to ensure a good harvest. The importance of Hinduism cannot be denied, even though much of the rituals has been combined with Buddhism.[69]
According to the Thai Census of 2005, there are 52,631 Hindus living in Thailand, making up just 0.09% of the total population.[70]
Vietnam
The first recorded religion of the Champa was a form of
The
Hindu temples are called Bimong in the Cham language and the priests are called Halau Tamunay Ahier.
The exact number of Hindus in Vietnam are not published in Government census, but there are estimated to be at least 10,000 Balamon Hindus, with another 4,000 Hindus living in
Hinduism is practised by the Balamon Cham people of Vietnam, particularly in the
See also
- Indian religions in Southeast Asia
- Buddhism in Southeast Asia
- Jainism in Southeast Asia
- Indianised kingdom
- Balinese Hinduism
- Spread of Indian influence
- Greater India
- Indian diaspora
- Buddhism in Southeast Asia
- History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia
- Indianization of Southeast Asia
- Trading routes
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- Chandra, Lokesh (2000). Society and culture of Southeast Asia: Continuities and changes. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan: International Academy of Indian Culture.
- Majumdar, R. C. Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia.
- ISBN 81-7018-046-5.
- R. C. Majumdar, Champa, Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East, Vol.I, Lahore, 1927. ISBN 0-8364-2802-1
- R. C. Majumdar, Suvarnadvipa, Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East, Vol.II, Calcutta,
- R. C. Majumdar, Kambuja Desa or an Ancient Hindu Colony in Cambodia, Madras, 1944
- R. C. Majumdar, Hindu Colonies in the Far East, Calcutta, 1944, ISBN 99910-0-001-1Ancient Indian colonisation in South-East Asia.
- R. C. Majumdar, History of the Hindu Colonization and Hindu Culture in South-East Asia
- Daigorō Chihara (1996). Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-10512-3.
- Hoadley, M. C. (1991). Sanskritic continuity in Southeast Asia: The ṣaḍātatāyī and aṣṭacora in Javanese law. Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
- Hughes-Freeland, F. (1991). Javanese visual performance and the Indian mystique. Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
- ISBN 9788187586241.
- Pasek, Ni Wayan (2016). The journey of the Goddess Durga: India, Java and Bali by Ariati. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. ISBN 9788177421521.
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