Hinduism in the West

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Hinduism in the West
(Anticlockwise from top)
Holi Festival in March 2013 at the Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple in Utah County, Utah; image of Sacinandana Swami;
Total population
c. 6.8 millionIncrease
(0.49% of the population)[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
United States United States3,369,976
United Kingdom United Kingdom1,032,775
Canada Canada828,195
Australia Australia684,002
Italy Italy180,000
Netherlands Netherlands180,000
France France150,000
Germany Germany130,000
New Zealand New Zealand123,534
Spain Spain75,000
Switzerland Switzerland50,000
Denmark Denmark40,000
Republic of Ireland Ireland33,043
Portugal Portugal19,471
Mexico Mexico12,601
Belgium Belgium10,000
Religions
Hinduism
Notable Individuals
Followed mostly by converted and
immigrant Hindus identified as
American Hindus,
European Hindus,
Australian Hindus,
British Hindus
etc.
Scriptures
Bhagavad Gita and Vedas
Languages
  • Sacred language:[3]
Predominant spoken languages:
(among diaspora)

The reception of

interest in Sanskrit
.

History

Further information: History of Hinduism, Hindu nationalism, Hindu reform movements, and Neo-Vedanta

Colonial period

Swami Vivekananda, was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world.[4][5]
Paramahansa Yogananda founded the Self-Realization Fellowship (SRF) in the United States.

During the British colonial period the British substantially influenced Indian society, but India also influenced the western world. An early champion of Indian-inspired thought in the West was Arthur Schopenhauer who in the 1850s advocated ethics based on an "Aryan-Vedic theme of spiritual self-conquest", as opposed to the ignorant drive toward earthly utopianism of the superficially this-worldly "Jewish" spirit.[6]

In the early 20th century, Western occultists influenced by Hinduism include

Yogananda came to the United States as India's delegate to an International Congress of Religious Liberals convening in Boston;[7] the same year he founded the Self-Realization Fellowship (SRF) to disseminate worldwide his teachings on India's ancient practices and philosophy of Yoga and its tradition of meditation.[8]

Neo-Hindu movements 1950s–1980s

Swami Prabhupada, founder preceptor (Acharya) of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), commonly known as the "Hare Krishna Movement" in the Western world.
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, founder of the Transcendental Meditation movement and bringing Transcendental Meditation to the Western world.

During the 1960s to 1970s counter-culture,

esoteric writings, predominantly in English, is classed as founding, proselytizing religions, or "guru-ism" by Michaels (1998).[9]

B.K.S. Iyengar, K. Pattabhi Jois and others. However, western practice of Yoga has mostly become detached from its religious or mystic context and is predominantly practiced as exercise or as alternative medicine.[10]

Hindu migration to Western countries

Further information:
Emigration from India and Hinduism by country

Substantial emigration from the (predominantly Hindu)

A.K. Mozumdar became the first Indian-born person to earn U.S. citizenship.[11]

Sadhguru's appeal to the South Asian diaspora

Jaggi Vasudev, otherwise known as Sadhguru has been influential in the revival of New Age Hinduism in the West.[citation needed] By diverging from traditional ways of teaching Hinduism, Sadhguru offers a New Age Hinduism which resonates with second-generation South-Asian Americans who are navigating the intersection of their Indian roots and Western identity.[12]

Hinduism-derived elements in popular culture

Growing out of the enthusiasm for Hinduism in 1960s

Hatha Yoga, mainly as exercise.[13] In Australia, the number of practitioners is about 300,000.[14] In New Zealand, the number is also around 300,000.[15]

Author Kathleen Hefferon comments that "In the West, a more modernized "New Age" version of Ayurveda has recently gained popularity as a unique form of complementary and alternative medicine".[16]

"Vegetarianism, nonviolent ethics, yoga, and meditation—all have enjoyed spates of Occidental popularity in the last 40 years, often influenced by ISKCON directly, if not indirectly."[17]

See also

Organizations

References

  1. ^ "Hindu by country". globalreligiousfuture.org.
  2. ^ "ISCKON followers in the western world". krishna.org.
  3. ^ Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J. (2013). The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography (PDF). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  4. ^ "International Yoga Day: How Swami Vivekananda helped popularise the ancient Indian regimen in the West". 12 January 2022.
  5. ^ Feuerstein, Georg (2002). The Yoga Tradition. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 600.
  6. ^ "Fragments for the history of philosophy", Parerga and Paralipomena, Volume I (1851).
  7. ISBN 978-1598842043
    .
  8. ^ Hevesi, Dennis (3 December 2010). "Sri Daya Mata, Guiding Light for U.S. Hindus, Dies at 96". The New York Times. New York.
  9. ISBN 0-691-08952-3
    , translated from German "Der Hinduismus" (1998) page 22
  10. doi:10.1163/157342107X207182
    .
  11. Indian American#Timeline
  12. JSTOR 1465852
    . Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  13. ^ Douglas A. Wengell. Educational Opportunities in Integrative Medicine: The A to Z Healing Arts Guide and Professional Resource Directory. p. 250
  14. ^ "Yoga Therapy in Australia" by Leigh Blashki, M.H.Sc. Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "The Growing Global Interest In Yoga" Archived 7 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine Monday 16 April 2012
  16. ISBN 978-0199873975
    .
  17. ISBN 978-0742562370
    .
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