Hipster (contemporary subculture)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Hipster (1940s subculture) or Hippie.
post-ironic
) usage of vintage elements is popular in hipster fashion. Ironic moustaches and moustache tattoos were also popular.

The 21st-century hipster is a subculture (sometimes called hipsterism).[1][2] Fashion is one of the major markers of hipster identity.[3] Members of the subculture typically do not self-identify as hipsters,[1] and the word hipster is often used as a pejorative for someone who is pretentious or overly concerned with appearing trendy.[4]

The subculture is often associated with indie and alternative music. In the United States, it is mostly associated with perceived upper-middle-class white young adults who gentrify urban areas.[2][3][5][6] The subculture has been critiqued as lacking authenticity, promoting conformity and embodying a particular ethic of consumption that seeks to commodify the idea of rebellion or counterculture.[7][8]

The term hipster in its present usage first appeared in the 1990s and became widely used in the late 2000s and early 2010s,[9] being derived from the earlier hipster movements of the 1940s.[10] Globally, hipster culture had become a "global phenomenon"[11] during the early-mid 2010s,[12] before declining from the mainstream by 2016–2017.[13][14]

History

In early 2000, both

Reagan administration[,]" and "you have one Republican friend who you always describe as being your 'one Republican friend.'"[10] Mark Greif dates the initial phase of the revival of the term hipster to refer to this subculture from 1999 to 2003. While hipsters usually come from affluent white families, they can come from a multitude of backgrounds. A running theme of hipsters is having parents who are supporters of former President Ronald Reagan.[2]

A similar phenomenon occurred in the United Kingdom, with young, comparatively affluent workers in the media and digital industries moving into traditionally working class areas of London such as Hoxton, Spitalfields, and, particularly, Shoreditch with the subsequent gentrification of these areas. The subculture was parodied in the magazine Shoreditch Twat (1999) and the television sitcom Nathan Barley[18] (2005). The series, about a self-described "self-facilitating media node,"[19] led to the term Nathan Barleys being used pejoratively in London for the subculture it parodied.[20]

In 2008,

Jersey City rapper Mazzi" have criticized mainstream rappers whom they deem to be posers "for copping the metrosexual appearances of hipster fashion."[21]
Prefix Mag writer Ethan Stanislawski argues that there are racial elements to the rise of hipster rap. He claims that there "have been a slew of angry retorts to the rise of hipster rap," which he says can be summed up as "white kids want the funky otherness of hip-hop...without all the scary black people."

A 2009

Converse All-Stars and a can of Pabst and bam — hipster."[10]

Hipsters are the friends who sneer when you cop to liking Coldplay. They're the people who wear t-shirts silk-screened with quotes from movies you've never heard of and the only ones in America who still think Pabst Blue Ribbon is a good beer. They sport cowboy hats and berets and think Kanye West stole their sunglasses. Everything about them is exactingly constructed to give off the vibe that they just don't care.

— Time, July 2009.[10]

Slate writer Brandon Stosuy noted that "Heavy metal has recently conquered a new frontier, making an unexpected crossover into the realm of hipsterdom." He argues that the "current revival seems to be a natural mutation from the hipster fascination with post-punk, noise, and no wave," which allowed even the "nerdiest indie kids to dip their toes into jagged, autistic sounds." He argues that a "byproduct" of this development was an "investigation of a musical culture that many had previously feared or fetishized from afar."[22] In his 2011 book HipsterMattic, author Matt Granfield described hipster culture:[23]

While mainstream society of the 2000s (decade) had been busying itself with reality television, dance music, and locating the whereabouts of Britney Spears's underpants, an uprising was quietly and conscientiously taking place behind the scenes. Long-forgotten styles of clothing, beer, cigarettes and music were becoming popular again.

nerdy
so cool. They wanted to live sustainably and eat organic gluten-free grains. Above all, they wanted to be recognised for being different—to diverge from the mainstream and carve a cultural niche all for themselves. For this new generation, style wasn't something you could buy in a department store, it became something you found in a thrift shop, or, ideally, made yourself. The way to be cool wasn't to look like a television star: it was to look like as though you'd never seen television.

Fashion

See also: indie sleaze and soft grunge
pashminas or scarfs, horn-rimmed glasses and beards are associated with the stereotypical 21st-century hipster.[24]

Stereotypical fashion elements include

full beard or deliberately attention-grabbing moustache, and thick-rimmed or lensless glasses.[25]

Full beards, vintage clothes, and retro electronics, such as the Casio F-91W watch pictured, are associated with hipster subculture.

Fixed-gear bicycles are associated with the hipster subculture. Slate calls the bikes an "increasingly common hipster accessory."[26][27] An association of hipsters with an increasing popularity of full beards dates from before 2010.[24][28][29][30] In 2016, historian Alun Withey remarked that "The hipster beard, or lumberjack beard, is going to be the defining facial hair of this generation."[31] The undercut hairstyle also became popular among hipsters in the 2010s. Other hipster trends in the 2010s have included knitting, photography, horticulture, urban beekeeping, specialty coffee, craft beer, taxidermy,[32] fedoras,[33] and printing and bookbinding classes.[34]

By region

Portlandia
.
Tampere in Pirkanmaa, Finland is popular with hipsters.[35]

In 2017, the British logistics and marketing firm MoveHub published a "Hipster Index" for the United States. This first study drew from five data points:

tattoo parlors, and they compounded this data with cities' rent inflation in the previous year.[36] In the following year, MoveHub came out with a similar study, this time measuring the most Hipster cities in the world. The metrics were slightly different for this study: they measured vegan eateries, coffee shops, tattoo studios, vintage boutiques, and record stores. For the global study, they also limited their search to larger cities, with populations above 150,000 residents.[37] For this reason, many American cities which ranked highly on the U.S. study in 2017 were not eligible for the 2018 study. iHeartRadio, a media and entertainment company, then took MoveHub's 2018 study, and narrowed it down to the Canadian cities.[38] All three of these tables are referenced in the following sections about regions which have large hipster cultures. Top of the world list is the city of Brighton in the UK, whose MP Caroline Lucas was the sole Green Party MP voted into the British Parliament in the 2010, 2015 and 2017 general elections
.

Top cities list

United States cities (2017) Global cities (2018) Canadian cities (2018)
1 Vancouver Washington 1 Brighton and Hove England, UK 1 Montreal Quebec
2 Salt Lake City Utah 2 Portland Oregon, U.S. 2 Kelowna British Columbia
3 Cincinnati Ohio 3 Salt Lake City Utah, U.S. 3 St. Catharines Ontario
4 Boise Idaho 4 Seattle Washington, U.S. 4 Vancouver British Columbia
5 Richmond Virginia 5 Lisbon Portugal 5 Regina Saskatchewan
6 Tacoma Washington 6 Fort Lauderdale Florida, U.S. 6 Halifax Nova Scotia
7 Spokane Washington 7 Miami Florida, U.S. 7 Windsor Ontario
8 Atlanta Georgia 8 Orlando Florida, U.S. 8 Oshawa Ontario
9 Grand Rapids Michigan 9 Helsinki Finland 9 Calgary Alberta
10 Rochester New York 10 Spokane Washington, U.S. 10 London Ontario
11 Orlando Florida 11 Tampa Florida, U.S. 11 Barrie Ontario
12 Portland Oregon 12 Eugene Oregon, U.S. 12 Kingston Ontario
13 Knoxville Tennessee 13 Minneapolis Minnesota, U.S. 13 Kitchener Ontario
14 Tucson Arizona 14 Atlanta Georgia, U.S. 14 Winnipeg Manitoba
15 Santa Rosa California 15 San Francisco California, U.S. 15 Saskatoon Saskatchewan
16 Birmingham Alabama 16 Rochester New York, U.S. 16 Saguenay Quebec
17 Tampa Florida 17 Bordeaux France 17 Ottawa Ontario
18 Reno Nevada 18 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, U.S. 18 Edson Alberta
19 Albuquerque New Mexico 19 Las Vegas Nevada, U.S. 19 Hamilton Ontario
20 Seattle Washington 20 Richmond Virginia, U.S. 20 Trois-Rivières Quebec

Pacific Northwest

In the above global index put out by MoveHub, three of the ten most hipster-centric cities around the world were listed as being in either Oregon or Washington state: Portland, Seattle, and Spokane.[37] Of the top 20 hipster cities in the U.S., six of them were in the Pacific Northwest. This includes, in order: Vancouver, Washington; Boise, Idaho; Tacoma, Washington; Spokane, Washington; Portland, Oregon; and Seattle, Washington.[39][40]

While Canada as a whole is often known for their liberal philosophy and openness towards alternative living, some of the listed hipster cities in Canada are in the Canadian province of British Columbia, which is just north of Washington state, and this included three of the five top-ranking cities—Victoria, Kelowna, and Vancouver.[38]

Southwestern U.S.

Young adults (

conservative
values.

One of these cities is

South by Southwest Music Festival. Texas is well known for its loyalty to the Republican party, but Austin is one of the few locales in Texas that reliably vote Democratic. There are also several organic foods and cosmetics companies based out of the city. The neighborhood of East Austin is an especially popular neighborhood for hipster-types to live in.[41]

Another example of a liberal enclave in a conservative state is Salt Lake City, Utah. In the 2016 Presidential Election, a majority of voters chose Democrat Hillary Clinton in only two Utah counties, both located right around Salt Lake City. On the aforementioned MoveHub list of the 20 most hipster cities in America, Salt Lake City placed No. 2 in the whole nation.[39] In a state known for its Mormon faith, Salt Lake City has become a favorite residence of LGBT people, and has sprouted an impressive host of microbreweries. The city also has many vegan stores and hiking trails.[40]

Denver is another often-cited example of a famous pilgrimage destination for Millennials.[citation needed] Denver has a burgeoning reputation for its microbreweries. The city is also well known as a hiking and skiing destination. The city reportedly has one of the most active and "fit" populations in the U.S.[42] The city is one of the 10 most dog-friendly cities in America, and has the highest number per-capita of dog walkers and pet sitters.[43] In the music industry, one of the most famous venues for concerts, and one which many bands profess as being their favorite to perform at, is Red Rocks Amphitheatre. Bands sometimes have to book popular dates as far as five years in advance.[44]

Other locales in the Southwest region which made MoveHub's list of the 20 Most Hipster Cities include Tucson, Arizona; Santa Rosa, California; Reno, Nevada; and Albuquerque, New Mexico.[39][40]

New York City

As hipsters—"young creatives" priced out of

Park Slope, and Greenpoint—moved into suburbs near New York City, The New York Times coined the neologism "Hipsturbia" to describe the hip lifestyle as lived in suburbia. Hastings-on-Hudson, Dobbs Ferry, Irvington, and Tarrytown, all in nearby Westchester County, were cited.[45]

A minor trend of cross acculturation of Chabad Hasidism and Hipster subculture appeared within the

Satmar Hasidic community in Williamsburg and local hipsters.[46]

The 2014 song "

marijuana), obsession with Lou Reed and Beat Generation poetry, wearing feathers in hair, collecting jazz
records, playing different musical instruments, and self-proclaiming coolness.

There has been a parallel movement within the

American Muslim community with members termed "mipsters."[50]

Russia

Main article: Stilyagi

The Soviet equivalent of the hipster or

sportcoats.[52][53] Following the release of a cult film in 2008,[54] modern hipsters in Moscow and Saint Petersburg revived some aspects of this subculture.[55]

Racism

Main article: Hipster racism

Hipster racism is engaging in behaviors typically regarded as racist and defending them as being performed ironically or satirically. Rachel Dubrofsky and Megan W. Wood have described it as being supposedly "too hip and self-aware to actually mean the racist stuff one expresses."[56] This might include wearing blackface and other performances of stereotyped African Americans, use of the word nigger, and appropriating cultural dress.[57][58] Talia Meer argues that hipster racism is rooted in what she calls "hipster exceptionalism," meaning "the idea that something ordinarily offensive or prejudiced is miraculously transformed into something clever, funny and socially relevant, by the assertion that said ordinarily offensive thing is ironic or satirical."[59] As Leslie A. Hahner and Scott J. Varda described it, "those participating in acts of hipster racism understand those acts as racist when practiced by others, but rationalize their own racist performances through a presumed exceptionalism."[60]

Hipsters and neo-Nazism

Main article: Nipster

neo-Nazi hipster movement that emerged in 2014. Nipsters have found ways to bypass the inhibition against right-wing extremist recruitment of adolescents in Germany through their indistinguishable similarity to and affiliation with the Hipster subculture. The media uses the term Nipster (a portmanteau of Nazi and Hipster) for people who combine Hipster style with right-wing and neo-Nazi extremism.[61]

British neo-Nazi

neo-fascists.[63]

Sexism

Main article: Hipster sexism

Hipster sexism, also known as everyday sexism, or ironic sexism,

The Cut as "the objectification of women but in a manner that uses mockery, quotation marks, and paradox."[65] It is a form of self-aware sexism that is deemed acceptable given that its perpetrators are conscious of the inherent sexism and objectification of women in whatever action or statement is being carried out by them. It is rooted in the idea that sexism is an outdated and archaic institution which people do not engage in anymore, thereby making the demonstration of sexism seem satirical and ironic.[66]

Hipster sexism may be presented with derision and expressed as harmless.[67] Quart posits that hipster sexism "is a distancing gesture, a belief that simply by applying quotations, uncool, questionable, and even offensive material about women can be alchemically transformed."[65] She notes this form of sexism as having a particular public admissibility, saying that it perpetuates sexism in general due to a public tolerance based upon reasoning that instances of hipster sexism are humorous.[65] Distinguishing socially critiquing comedy from hipster sexism, feminist discourse discusses hipster sexism as humor which, rather than offering critique, employs an evasive methodology which maintains stereotypes and prejudice.[68] Psychology professor Octavia Calder-Dawe suggests that due to this, the practice of hipster sexism also unconsciously influences the idea that sexism should not be spoken of.[69] Hipster sexism relates to postfeminism in that it downplays sexism at large by casually normalizing it on the basis that sexism has been eradicated and thus is not appropriate for serious consideration or discussion.[69]

A tenet of hipster sexism is the casual use of derogatory words such as "bitch" and "slut," on the basis that such use is intended as ironic.[64] Jessica Wakeman, a contributor to The Frisky, suggests that the label hipster sexism enables casual sexism as a means of being ironic, and thus being seen as an acceptable form of sexism.[70]

Quart coined the term "hipster sexism" in 2012, partly as a comment on "hipster racism," a term coined by Carmen Van Kerckhove circa 2007[71] which had been popularized earlier in 2012.[65] She differentiated it from "classic sexism," which she describes as being "un-ironic, explicit, violent [and] banal."[65]

Critical analysis

Dresden, Germany

A 2016

gay culture, as a trait carried over from their "Emo" phase. He writes that "these aesthetics are assimilated—cannibalized—into a repertoire of meaninglessness, from which the hipster can construct an identity in the manner of a collage, or a shuffled playlist on an iPod."[72] He also criticizes how the subculture's original menace has long been abandoned and has been replaced with "the form of not-quite-passive aggression called snark."[72]

In a

Huffington Post article entitled "Who's a Hipster?," Julia Plevin argues that the "definition of 'hipster' remains opaque to anyone outside this self-proclaiming, highly-selective circle." She claims that the "whole point of hipsters is that they avoid labels and being labeled. However, they all dress the same and act the same and conform in their non-conformity" to an "iconic carefully created sloppy vintage look."[73]

"You Win, Hipsters." Long-time Toronto, Canada, business relocates when hipsters adopt The Junction.

Rob Horning developed a critique of hipsterism in his April 2009 article "The Death of the Hipster" in PopMatters, exploring several possible definitions for the hipster. He muses that the hipster might be the "embodiment of postmodernism as a spent force, revealing what happens when pastiche and irony exhaust themselves as aesthetics," or might be "a kind of permanent cultural middleman in hypermediated late capitalism, selling out alternative sources of social power developed by outsider groups, just as the original 'white negros' evinced by Norman Mailer did to the original, pre-pejorative 'hipsters'—blacks." Horning also proposed that the role of hipsters may be to "appropriat[e] the new cultural capital forms, delivering them to mainstream media in a commercial form and stripping their inventors ... of the power and the glory."[74] Horning argues that the "problem with hipsters" is the "way in which they reduce the particularity of anything you might be curious about or invested in into the same dreary common denominator of how 'cool' it is perceived to be," as "just another signifier of personal identity." Furthermore, he argues that the "hipster is defined by a lack of authenticity, by a sense of lateness to the scene" or the way that they transform the situation into a "self-conscious scene, something others can scrutinize and exploit."

Time Magazine
.

Dan Fletcher in Time seems to support this theory, positing that stores like Urban Outfitters have mass-produced hipster chic, merging hipsterdom with parts of mainstream culture, thus overshadowing its originators' still-strong alternative art and music scene.[10] According to Fletcher, "Hipsters manage to attract a loathing unique in its intensity. Critics have described the loosely defined group as smug, full of contradictions and, ultimately, the dead end of Western civilization."[10]

Elise Thompson, an editor for the LA blog LAist, argues that "people who came of age in the 70s and 80s punk rock movement seem to universally hate 'hipsters'," which she defines as people wearing "expensive 'alternative' fashion[s]," going to the "latest, coolest, hippest bar...[and] listen[ing] to the latest, coolest, hippest band." Thompson argues that hipsters "don't seem to subscribe to any particular philosophy ... [or] ... particular genre of music." Instead, she argues that they are "soldiers of fortune of style" who take up whatever is popular and in style, "appropriat[ing] the style[s]" of past countercultural movements such as punk, while "discard[ing] everything that the style stood for."[75]

Drawing from

field and eventually turns into a form of stigma. Arsel and Thompson also interview participants of the indie culture (DJs, designers, writers) to better understand how they feel about being labeled as one. Their findings demonstrate three strategies for dissociation from the hipster stereotype: aesthetic discrimination, symbolic demarcation, and proclaiming sovereignty. These strategies, empowered by one's status in the indie field (or their cultural capital
) enable these individuals to defend their field dependent cultural investments and tastes from devaluing hipster mythology.

Humorous "no hipsters" sign at the entrance to a bar in Cape Town

Arsel and Thompson's work seeks to explain why people who are ostensibly fitting the hipster stereotype profusely deny being one: they argue that hipster mythology devalues their tastes and interests and thus they have to socially distinguish themselves from this cultural category and defend their tastes from devaluation. To succeed in denying being a hipster, while looking, acting, and consuming like one, Arsel and Thompson suggest that these individuals demythologize their existing consumption practices by engaging in rhetorics and practices that symbolically differentiate their actions from the hipster

stigma.[76]

La Distinction by Pierre Bourdieu to conclude that young, upper-middle-class graduates who move to urban centers are ridiculed as "liberal arts college grads with too much time on their hands"; although "ignored in the urban hierarchy," they have cultural capital. Members of the upper class – ridiculed in turn as "trust fund hipsters" – "convert real capital into 'cultural capital'." At the bottom are the lower-middle-class young, who "seem most authentic but are also often the most socially precarious." Without the capital of the other groups, they depend on their fashion sense to maintain a sense of superiority.[77]

Greif's efforts puts the term "hipster" into a

socioeconomic framework rooted in the petit bourgeois tendencies of a youth generation unsure of their future social status. The cultural trend is indicative of a social structure with heightened economic anxiety and lessened class mobility.[77]

In 21st-century society, there are inevitably people who refuse to conform to the dominant culture and seek to do the exact opposite; given enough time, the anti-conformists will become more homogeneous with respect to their own subculture, making their behavior the opposite to any claims of counterculture. This synchronization occurs even if more than two choices are available, such as multiple styles of beard rather than whether or not to have a beard. Mathematician Jonathan Touboul of Brandeis University who studies how information propagation through society affects human behavior calls this the hipster effect.[78][79]

See also

References

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  75. ^ Thompson, Elise (February 20, 2008). "Why Does Everyone Hate Hipster Assholes?". Archived from the original on March 6, 2008.
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  77. ^ a b Mark Greif (November 12, 2010). "The Hipster in the Mirror". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2015. All hipsters play at being the inventors or first adopters of novelties: pride comes from knowing, and deciding, what's cool in advance of the rest of the world
  78. ^ Brandeis University (March 1, 2019). "The hipster effect: Why anti-conformists always end up looking the same". Phys.org. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  79. ^ Feingold, Lindsey; Garcia-Navarro, Lulu (March 10, 2019). "Man Inadvertently Proves That Hipsters Look Alike By Mistaking Photo As Himself". NPR. Retrieved December 31, 2020.

Works cited

External links

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