Hispanics and Latinos in California
Hispanos y Latinos en California | |
---|---|
Roman Catholicism[1] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Hispanic and Latino Americans |
Hispanic and Latino Californians are residents of the state of California who are of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 39.4% of the state's population,[2] making it the largest ethnicity in California.
History
The Hispanic presence in California has existed since the earliest European exploration of the region, the first such explorer of the California coast being
California became part of the
In 1821,
In the early 1930s, the US began repatriating those of Mexican descent to Mexico, of which 1/5th of California Mexicans were repatriated by 1932.
During the first half of the 20th century, Mexican-American workers formed unions of their own and joined integrated unions. The most significant union struggle involving Mexican Americans was the effort to organize agricultural workers and the
Demographics
Spanish is the state's second most spoken language. Areas with especially large Spanish speaking populations include the
By ethnicity, 38.1% of the total population is Hispanic (of any race).
The
Hispanics make up at least 20% of the
Most of the state's Hispanics have
In Mariposa County, there is a very small community of Californios or Spanish American people as they identify themselves, that dates back before the U.S. annexation of California. Hornitos is home to an estimated 1,000 people and many are "Californio". The community's "Spanish" Californio culture is closely linked with Mexico and other Hispanic American nations.
Ancestry by origin (2019 surveys)[9] | Population | % |
---|---|---|
Argentine
|
55,935 | |
Bolivian
|
16,392 | |
Chilean
|
27,396 | |
Colombian
|
90,552 | |
Costa Rican
|
26,741 | |
Cuban
|
92,451 | |
Dominican
|
16,422 | |
Ecuadorian
|
36,689 | |
Guatemalan
|
460,310 | |
Honduran
|
107,887 | |
Mexican
|
12,875,655 | |
Nicaraguan
|
115,973 | |
Panamanian
|
20,886 | |
Paraguayan
|
1,039 | |
Peruvian
|
108,134 | |
Puerto Rican
|
226,314 | |
Salvadoran
|
731,873 | |
" Spanish "
|
84,186 | |
"Spaniard" | 162,356 | |
"Spanish American" | 1,370 | |
Uruguayan
|
4,495 | |
Venezuelan
|
20,174 | |
All other | 325,540 | |
Total | 15,574,882 |
Ancestry by region (2010 census)[10][11] | Number | % |
---|---|---|
Mexicans | 11,423,146 | 30.7% |
Caribbeans
|
290,007 | 0.8% |
Central Americans | 1,132,520 | 3.0% |
South Americans | 293,880 | 0.8% |
Other Hispanic | 874,166 | 2.3% |
Total |
Spanish language in California
As of 2010, 28.46% (9,696,638) of California residents age 5 and older spoke
California's first constitution recognized Spanish language rights:
All laws, decrees, regulations, and provisions emanating from any of the three supreme powers of this State, which from their nature require publication, shall be published in English and Spanish.
—California Constitution, 1849, Art. XI Sec. 21.
By 1870, English-speaking Americans were a majority in California; in 1879, the state promulgated a new constitution under which all official proceedings were to be conducted exclusively in English, a clause that remained in effect until 1966. In 1986, California voters added a new constitutional clause, by referendum, stating that:
English is the official language of the State of California.
— California Constitution, Art. 3, Sec. 6
Spanish remains widely spoken throughout the state, and many government forms, documents, and services are bilingual, in English and Spanish. And although all official proceedings are to be conducted in English:
A person unable to understand English who is charged with a crime has a right to an interpreter throughout the proceedings.
— California Constitution, Art. 1. Sec. 14
Historic Hispanic/Latino population
Colonial and Mexican era
Year | Pop Spaniards/Mexican/Criollo/Mestizos | % pop |
---|---|---|
1769 | 300 (first foundation in Spanish California)[12] |
|
1781 | 600 (Spaniards)[12] | |
1783 | 1,000 (Spaniards)[13] | |
1790 (Revillagigedo census)[14] |
19,800 (mostly mestizos and more than 1,100 Spaniards) | N/A |
1800 | 1,800 (Spaniards)[15] | N/A |
1810 | 2,000 (Spaniards)[13] | N/A |
1820 | 3,270 (Spaniards)[13] | N/A |
1838 | 3,500 (Spaniards) (Faxon D. Atherton estimations[16]) |
N/A |
1845 | 7,300 (Spaniards and some Americans) (Weber estimations (1982:206),[16] although other sources indicated that in 1846 11,500 Californians were of Spaniard or Mexican descent[17]) |
N/A |
California as part of the United States
California | Number of people of Mexican Origin (1910-1930) and of Hispanic/Latino Origin (1940-2020) in California[18][19][20][21][a] |
+% of Population of Mexican Origin (1910-1930) and of Hispanic/Latino Origin (1940-2020) in California |
---|---|---|
1850 | 15,000[22] | 15% of the Non-Amerindian population/[17] 17%[22] |
1860 | N/A | N/A |
1870 | 22,409 | 4%[17] |
1880 | 42,311[23] | N/A |
1890 | 48,535 | 4%[22] |
1900 | 47,112[23] | N/A |
1910 | 49,928 - 82,217[23] | 2.1% |
1920 | 126,793 - 155,085[23] | 3.7% |
1930 | 386,053 - 419,309[23] | 6.8% |
1940 | 415,113 | 6.0% |
1950 | 762,208 | 7.2% |
1960 | 1,430,265 | 9.1% |
1970 | 2,738,513 (15% sample) | 13.7% |
1980 | 4,544,331 | 19.2% |
1990 | 7,687,938 | 25.8% |
2000 | 10,966,556 | 32.4% |
2010 | 14,013,719 | 37.6% |
2020 | 15,579,652 | 39.4% |
See also
- Californio
- Chicano
- History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles
- History of Central Americans in Los Angeles
- Hispanic and Latino Americans in San Francisco
- Salvadoran diaspora in Los Angeles
- Demographics of California
- Hispanics and Latinos in San Diego
Notes
- ^ Almost the entire Spanish and mixed-race population lived in present-day California.
References
- ^ Adults in California who identify as Latino - Religion in America
- ^ "California QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Quickfacts.census.gov. 2011. Archived from the original on November 9, 2000. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
- ^ as quoted in Clark, Donald T. (2008). Santa Cruz County Place Names p.442, Scotts Valley, California, Kestrel Press.
- ISBN 1-58415-199-4
- ^ Larry Gerston, Terry Christensen, California Politics and Government: A Practical Approach (2013), p. 2.
- ^ "Riverside, California | City of Arts & Innovation | At Home in Riverside". www.riversideca.gov.
- ^ "California QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 9, 2000. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
- ^ "Latino Population Now Equals That of Whites in California". ABC News. 2 July 2013.
- ^ "HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN: 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. 2019.
- ^ US Census Bureau: "Redistricting Data, First Look at Local 2010 Census Results" Archived 2013-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ US Census Bureau, Systems Support Division. "Population by Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin for the United States: 1990 and 2000 (PHC-T-1)". Census.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
- ^ a b David P. Coulson; Linda Joyce (August 2003). "United States state-level population estimates: Colonization to 1999" (PDF). USDA. p. 33.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-5065-1876-3.
- ^ "New Spain (Mexico), 1790 Statistics Charts". 24 December 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-60694-183-6.
- ^ a b "National Historic Trail Feasibility Study and Environmental Assessment: Old Spanish Trail". University of Minnesota. Government Publications Library. July 2001. p. 40.
- ^ a b c "California as I Saw It: First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849 to 1900. Other Californians". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2021-10-02.
- ^ "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States" (PDF). Census.gov. p. 37. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
- ^ "U.S. Census of Population: 1960" (PDF). Www2.census.gov. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
- ^ "The Hispanic Population: 2000" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
- ^ "The Hispanic Population: 2010" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved 2021-10-02.
- ^ a b c LESLIE BERESTEIN-ROJAS (4 May 2014). "California's Latino Plurality Brings A Sense Of Déjà Vu". NPR. Retrieved 2021-10-02.Published on May 4, 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-429-75363-3.
Further reading
- Tomás F. Summers Sandoval, Jr., Latinos at the Golden Gate: Creating Community and Identity in San Francisco. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.