Historiography of Canada
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The historiography of Canada deals with the manner in which historians have depicted, analyzed, and debated the history of Canada. It also covers the popular memory of critical historical events, ideas and leaders, as well as the depiction of those events in museums, monuments, reenactments, pageants and historic sites.
Amateur historians dominated publications in the 19th century, and are still very widely read, and pulling many tourists to museums and historic sites. They favored such themes as the colonial history, exploration, and the great contest for control between the British and the French. Professional historians emerged from the academic institutions, and typically were trained in British universities. Major themes in recent generations continue to be exploration and settlement, the British
Amateur historians
Amateur historians, self-taught in the knowledge of the sources but with limited attention to historiography, dominated publications until the early 20th century.
The most influential of the amateur historians was François-Xavier Garneau (1809–1866), a self-educated poor boy who defined the essence of Quebec nationalistic history for a century with his Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu’ à nos jours (3 vol., multiple editions from 1845 onward).[1] The first edition came under attack from Catholic Church officials for its touch of liberalism; after he revised the work the Church gave its blessing.[2] He taught the profound linkage of language, laws, and customs, and how the Catholic faith was essential to the French Canadian nationality. His ideas became dogma across Québec, and were continued deep into the 20th century by Abbe Lionel Groulx (1878–1967), the first full-time university professor of Québec history.[3]
In
Lovers of the past set up local historical societies and museums preserve the documents and artifacts. Amateurs are still quite important, especially as journalists write biographies of politicians and studies of major political developments.
By far the most popular of the amateurs was the Harvard-based American Francis Parkman (1823–1893), whose nine volumes on France and England in North America (Boston, 1865–92) are still widely read as literary masterpieces.[5]
Organizations of professional historians
Professionalism emerged after 1890 with the founding of academic history departments at universities, and the practice of sending graduate students to Britain for advanced training in preparation for a university professorship. In 1896,
The CHA has a journal and an annual convention, and gives out numerous awards For the best publications. Much of the work is done by specialized committees. For example, the Canadian Committee on Labour History, publishes its own journal Labour/Le Travail and holds an annual conference as part of the Congress of the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences (the "Learneds").
Other topical interest committees include:[10]
- ActiveHistory
- Canadian Business History Association
- Canadian Committee for Digital History
- Canadian Committee on the History of Sexuality
- Canadian Committee on Labour History
- Canadian Committee on Migration, Ethnicity and Transnationalism
- Canadian Committee on Military History
- Canadian Committee on Women's History
- Canadian International History Committee
- Canadian Network for Economic History
- Canadian Network on Humanitarian History
- Canadian Urban History Caucus
- Committee on the Second World War
- Environmental History Group
- Graduate Students' Committee
- History of Children and Youth Group
- Indigenous History Group
- International Committee of Historical Sciences
- Media And Communication History Committee
- Oral History Group/ Oral History Forum
- Political History Group
- Public History Group
Political history
Much of the teaching and writing of the first generation of professional historians dealt with Canadian political history, or more exactly constitutional history. Donald Wright says:
Neither sophisticated nor particularly interesting, English-Canadian historical writing was what it was: traditional, political, constitutional, at times sentimental, and too focused on the story of self-government, its development over time, and its ultimate achievement.... If it wasn't dry-as-dust constitutional history, it was after-dinner expressions of loyalty to Great Britain, heroic accounts of great men, and patriotic renderings of the Plains of Abraham and General Wolfe or of Queenston Heights and General Brock.[11]
The Conquest
The Conquest has remained a difficult subject for French-Canadian historians because it can be viewed either as economically and ideologically disastrous or as a providential intervention to enable Canadians to maintain their language and religion under British rule. For virtually all Anglophone historians it was a victory for British military, political, and economic superiority which would eventually only benefit the conquered.[13]
Historians of the 1950s tried to explain the economic inferiority of the French-Canadians by arguing that the Conquest:
destroyed an integral society and decapitated the commercial class; leadership of the conquered people fell to the Church; and, because commercial activity came to be monopolized by British merchants, national survival concentrated on agriculture.[14]
At the other pole, are those Francophone historians who see the positive benefit of enabling the preservation of language, and religion and traditional customs under British rule.[13] Scholars such as Donald Fyson have pointed to the legal system as a success, with the continuation of French civil law and the introduction of liberal modernity.[15] French Canadian debates have escalated since the 1960s, as the Conquest is seen as a pivotal moment in the history of Québec's nationalism. Historian Jocelyn Létourneau suggested in the 21st century, "1759 does not belong primarily to a past that we might wish to study and understand, but, rather, to a present and a future that we might wish to shape and control."[16]
"
Anglophone historians, in sharp contrast, typically celebrated the Conquest as a victory for British military, political, and economic superiority that was a permanent benefit to the French.[13]
Loyalists
The Loyalists paid attention to their history, developing an image of themselves that they took great pride in. In 1898, Henry Coyne provided a glowing depiction:
The Loyalists, to a considerable extent, were the very cream of the population of the Thirteen Colonies. They represented in very large measure the learning, the piety, the gentle birth, the wealth and good citizenship of the British race in America, as well its devotion to law and order, British institutions, and the unity of the Empire. This was the leaven they brought to Canada, which has leavened the entire Dominion of this day.[18]
According to Margaret Conrad and Alvin Finkel, Coyne's memorial expresses essential themes that have often been incorporated into patriotic celebrations. The Loyalist tradition, as explicated by Murray Barkley and Norman Knowles, includes:
The elite origins of the refugees, their loyalty to the British Crown, their suffering and sacrifice in the face of hostile conditions, their consistent anti-Americanism, and their divinely inspired sense of mission.[19]
Conrad and Finkel point up some exaggerations. They note that a few Loyalists were part of the colonial elite, and most were loyal to all things British. A few suffered violence and hardship. However about 20 percent returned to the United States, and other Loyalists supported the United States in the War of 1812. Conrad and Finkel conclude:
in using their history to justify claims to superiority, descendants of the Loyalists abuse the truth and actually diminish their status in the eyes of their non-Loyalists neighbours....The scholars who argue that the Loyalists planted the seeds of Canadian liberalism or conservatism in British North America usually fail to take into account not only the larger context of political discussion that prevailed throughout the North Atlantic world, but also the political values brought to British North America by other immigrants in the second half of the 18th century.[20]
War of 1812
Canadian historian C.P. Stacey famously remarked that memories of the War of 1812 makes everybody happy. The Americans think they whipped the British.
Canadians think of it equally pridefully as a war of defense in which their brave fathers, side-by-side, turned back the massed might of the United States and saved the country from conquest. And the English are the happiest of all, because they don't even know it happened.[21]
Since the bicentennial in 2012, a steady stream of American and Canadian studies have appeared, and even a few from Britain. Old themes are covered in more depth. There is much more concern with French, Spanish, Native American, and African American sides of the story. New approaches centred on gender and race have appeared.[22]
In a 2012 poll, 25% of all Canadians ranked their victory in the War of 1812 as the second most important part of their identity after free health care (53 per cent).[22]
The Canadian government spent $28 million on three years of bicentennial events, exhibits, historic sites, re-enactments, and a new national monument.[22] The official goal was to make Canadians aware that 1) Canada would not exist had the American invasion of 1812–15 been successful; 2) the end of the war laid the foundation for Confederation and the emergence of Canada as a free and independent nation; and 3) under the Canadian Crown, Canada's society retained its linguistic and ethnic diversity, in contrast to the greater conformity demanded by the American Republic.[23]
In Toronto the "1812 Great Canadian Victory Party will bring the War of 1812...to life," promised the sponsors of a festival in November 2009.[24] More specifically, Ontario celebrates the war, and Québec largely ignores it. Nationwide in 2009, 37% of Canadians thought Canada won the war, 15% thought it was a tie. But 39% know too little about it to say, including 63% in Québec.[25]
The memory of the war of 1812 was not especially important in the decades that followed it. A powerful oligarchy closely tied to Britain controlled Upper Canada (Ontario), and their criteria for legitimacy was loyalty to London, rather than heroic episodes in the war of 1812. As result they did not promote the memory of the war.[26]
First Nations
The War of 1812 is often celebrated in Ontario as a British victory for what would become Canada in 1867, but Canadian historians in recent decades look at it as a defeat for the First Nations of Canada, and also for the merchants of
Economic history
Economic history was central to the new interpretations developing after 1900, in part because the economists and historians were collaborating using evidence from Canadian history.
Staples thesis
Core-periphery model
Innis depicted the relationship between
Keynesian version
In the 1950s, Mackintosh revised the staples theory to position it inside the framework of Keynesian analysis. He argued that government expenditures on infrastructure for staple exports were a special case of Keynesian counter cyclical fiscal policy. It amounted to priming of the economic pump to induce private sector investment. At the University of Saskatchewan, a team of economists led by George Britnell, Mabel Timlin, Kenneth Buckley and Vernon Fowke, were followers of Innis and developed this approach into a "Saskatchewan school" of economic history. Fowke's Canadian Agricultural Policy: The Historical Pattern (1946),[44] showed that agriculture was promoted as an "investment frontier," the profits from which were to go to interests other than agriculture. Canadian policy was never to develop agriculture so as to improve the conditions of those who cultivated the soil but to aid imperial military and political goals and provide profits for commercial interests.[45]
Whig history: Political history with a definite goal
Historian
interpretive schemes that dominated Canadian historical writing through the middle decades of the twentieth century were built on the assumption that history had a discernible direction and flow. Canada was moving towards a goal in the nineteenth century; whether this endpoint was the construction of a transcontinental, commercial, and political union, the development of parliamentary government, or the preservation and resurrection of French Canada, it was certainly a Good Thing. Thus the rebels of 1837 were quite literally on the wrong track. They lost because they had to lose; they were not simply overwhelmed by superior force, they were justly chastised by the God of History.[46]
With the decline of Whig history, Canadian scholarship since the late 20th century has avoided overarching themes and concentrated on specialized research topics. No longer do they minimize conflict and violence. Military historians map troop movements in 1837–38.[47] Imperial specialists explain how London approached the crisis.[48] Economic historians measure the depth of financial and agrarian distress that soured the mood.[49] Social historians reveal how ordinary people were caught up in the Rebellion.[50] Greer concludes that:
The result has been a great advance in empirical knowledge: myths have been punctured, generalizations of the and qualified, and a wealth of factual data has been accumulated.[46]
The downside in this minute particularism has been a loss of a broad overview or a sense of what it all meant, such as the Whig approach offered.
Confederation
There is extensive scholarly debate on the role of political ideas in Canadian Confederation. Traditionally, historians regarded Canadian Confederation an exercise in political pragmatism that was essentially non-ideological. In the 1960s, historian
In 1987, political scientist Peter J. Smith challenged the view that Canadian Confederation was non-ideological. Smith argued that Confederation was motivated by new political ideologies as much as the American and
In a 2000 journal article, historian Ian McKay argued that Canadian Confederation was motivated by the ideology of liberalism and the belief in the supremacy of individual rights. McKay described Confederation as part of the classical liberal project of creating a "liberal order" in northern North America.[53] Many Canadian historians have adopted McKay's liberal order framework as a paradigm for understanding Canadian history.[54]
In 2008, historian Andrew Smith advanced a very different view of Confederation's ideological origins. He argues that in the four original Canadian provinces, the politics of taxation were a central issue in the debate about Confederation. Taxation was also central to the debate in
In 2007, political scientist Janet Ajzenstat connected Canadian Confederation to the individualist ideology of John Locke. She argued that the union of the British North American colonies was motivated by a desire to protect individual rights, especially the rights to life, liberty, and property. She contends that the Fathers of Confederation were motivated by the values of the Enlightenment of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. She argues that their intellectual debts to Locke are most evident when one looks at the 1865 debates in the Province of Canada's legislature on whether or not union with the other British North American colonies would be desirable.[56]
Ethnic history
Roberto Perin looks at the historiography of Canadian ethnic history and finds two alternative methodologies. One is more static and emphasizes how closely immigrant cultures replicate the Old World. This approach tends to be filiopietistic.[57] The alternative approach has been influenced by the recent historiography on labor, urban, and family history. It sees the immigrant community as an essentially North American phenomenon and integrates it into the mainstream of Canadian culture.[58]
Historians change their perspective
Since the 1980s, historians have sharply revised their approach to Canadian history. Political history had been the dominant mode. The flagship Canadian Historical Review was heavily weighted toward political history, giving priority to macro themes such as elite politicians and statesmen, public institutions, and national issues. By 2000, however, the same journal gave two-thirds of its space to social history. Furthermore, micro topics with a narrow geographical and chronological focus have largely replaced wide-lens macro themes. Glassford argues that:
The Big Questions are now seen to be societally based, and emanate from a cultural interpretation of such fundamental concepts as social class, gender, ethnicity, race, religion, and sexual orientation. Micro-analysis has at least as much validity in the new model as macro.[59]
A backlash erupted from conservative historians, typified by political and military specialist
As the old white males rallied themselves and fought back, the resulting war produced heavy casualties, much bloodshed, and vast expenditures of time and effort. The political historians believed that narrative was important, that chronology mattered, and that the study of the past could not neglect the personalities of the leaders and the nations they lead. The social historians had no interest in the history of the "elites" and almost none in political history, except to denounce repressiveness of Canadian governments and business....Blame had to be allocated. Canada was guilty of genocide against the Indians, the bombing of Germany, the ecological rape of the landscape, and so on. Their aim was to use history, or their version of it, to cure white males of their sense of superiority.[61]
Women
The woman's history movement began in the 1970s and grew rapidly across Canadian universities, attracting support from history departments and other disciplines as well. The Canadian Committee on Women's History (CCWH) was founded in 1975.[62] Franca Iacovetta reported in 2007:
Although the most prestigious awards and endowed chairs still go mostly to men, and men still outnumber women at the full professor rank, the greater influence of feminist historians within the wider profession is evident in their increased presence as journal and book series editors, the many scholarly prizes, the strong presence of women's and gender history on conference programs, and the growing number of their students who are in full-time positions.[63]
Québec
The history of women in Québec was generally neglected before 1980.
Environmental history
Canadian historians have always paid close attention to
Publications
Scholarly articles and in-depth reviews of new historical studies appear in these journals:[69]
- Acadiensis – Covers Atlantic Canada
- Alberta History[70]
- American Review of Canadian Studies[71][72]
- British Columbia History[73]
- Bulletin d’histoire politique politics in Quebec[74]
- Canadian Bulletin of Medical History
- Canada's History – Formerly The Beaver (1920–2010), short popular essays.
- Canadian Historical Review – Major scholarly journal.
- Histoire sociale/Social History – Focus on Canada.[75]
- Journal of the Canadian Historical Association / Revue de la Société historique du Canada[76]
- Labour/Le Travail
- London Journal of Canadian Studies – Annual since 1984.[77]
- Manitoba History[78]
- Ontario History[79]
- Québec Studies[80]
- Queen's Quarterly cultural studies; established in 1893
- Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française on French Wikipedia – Focus on Québec.
- Saskatchewan History
- Urban History Review – Revue d'histoire urbaine – Published 1972-2016.[81]
See also
- Canada Vignettes
- Canadian identity
- Heritage Minutes
- List of museums in Canada
- War of 1812 Bicentennial
Notes
- ^ Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. p. 606.
- doi:10.7202/301665ar.
- .
- S2CID 162272239.
- ISBN 9780815315148.
- ^ "Journal Profile: Review of Historical Publications Relating to Canada". UTP Journals. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ Bothwell, Robert (20 October 2014). "Canadian Historical Review". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.
- ^ Monet, Jacques (16 December 2013). "Canadian Historical Association". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.
- ISBN 978-0-8020-3928-6.(PhD dissertation). University of Ottawa.
• Wright, Donald A. (1999). The Professionalization of History in English Canada to the 1950s - ^ "Affiliated Committees". Canadian Historical Association. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ Wright (2015), p. 162.
- ^ Buckner & Reid (2012), pp. 263–266, Chapter by Neatby, Nicole, "Remembering the Conquest: Mission Impossible?".
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8020-6442-4.
- ^ Berger (1986), pp. 185–186.
- .
- ^ Buckner & Reid (2012), p. 279, Chapter by Létourneau, Jocelyn, "What is to be done with 1759?".
- S2CID 144543953.
- ^ Coyne, Henry (1898). "Memorial to the United Empire Loyalists". Publications (second ed.). Niagara Historical Society. p. 30.
- ^ Conrad & Finkel (2006), p. 202.
- ^ Conrad & Finkel (2006), p. 203.
- ISBN 9781611328837.
- ^ Reviews in History(1387).
- ^ "Did You Know?". The War of 1812, Historical Overview. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015.
- ^ There is no mention of the historians in the announcement of "Great 1812 Canadian Victory Party"
- ^ Jedwab, Jack (6 December 2009). "Most Canadians say we won the War of 1812; But Québecers uncertain" (PDF). Association for Canadian Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-8020-6716-6.
- ISBN 978-1-55488-255-7.
The Indians and the fur merchants of Montreal had lost in the end.
- ISBN 978-0-8020-8358-6.
- ^ Landon, Fred (1941). Western Ontario and the American Frontier. Ryerson Press. p. 44.
- ^ Craig, Gerald M. (1963). Upper Canada: The Formative Years, 1784-1841. McClelland and Stewart.
- ISBN 978-0-7710-6530-9.
- ISBN 978-0-7735-4089-7.
- ISBN 0-1954-1689-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8203-2403-6.
- ^ Berger (1986), pp. 85–111.
- S2CID 144326372.
- ^ "The Commercial Empire of the St. Lawrence, 1760-1850". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada. 4 March 2015 [6 February 2006].
- ^ Wright (2015), p. 358.
- S2CID 153468529. Also at Research Gate
- ^ Wright (2015), p. 211.
- ^ "Staples Theory". Old Messengers, New Media: The Legacy of Innis and McLuhan. Library and Archives Canada. 6 March 2007.
- .
- ^ McKay, Ian (Spring 2000). "A Note on 'Region' in Writing the History of Atlantic Canada". Acadiensis. XXIX (2): 89–101.
- ISBN 978-1-4875-9716-0.
- S2CID 152633125.
- ^ ., quotation on page 3.
- ISBN 978-1-55002-024-3.
- ISBN 978-0-7131-5647-8.
- ^ Fernand Ouellet, Economic and Social History of Québec, 1760–1850: Structures and Conjunctures (1980).
- ISBN 978-0-8020-6930-6.
- ISBN 978-0-7735-7603-2.
- S2CID 154780241. Also at Research Gate
- S2CID 162365787. Also at Research Gate
- ISBN 978-0-8020-9882-5.
- S2CID 143525846.
- ISBN 978-0-7735-7593-6.
- ^ "Filiopietistic". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
Of or relating to an often excessive veneration of ancestors or tradition
- S2CID 145742080.
- S2CID 143673286.
- S2CID 143779757. Also at Research Gate
- ISBN 978-1-55238-160-1.
- ^ "About Us". Canadian Committee on Women's History. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ Iacovetta (2007), pp. 206–213
- ISBN 978-0-88961-101-6.
- ISBN 978-0-7730-4769-3.
- doi:10.7202/305649ar.
- ISBN 978-0-7748-4076-7.
- ISBN 978-1-55130-310-9.
- ^ See also Andrea Eidinger, "A Guide To Peer-Reviewed Journals in Canadian History' (2016)
- ^ "Publications". Alberta Historical Society. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
• "Alberta Historical Review = Alberta History". Peel's Prairie Provinces. University of Alberta. Retrieved 4 April 2019. - ^ "American Review of Canadian Studies". Center for Canadian-American Studies. Western Washington University. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ "American Review of Canadian Studies". Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ "Discover British Columbia's Past!". British Columbia Historical Federation. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ "Bulletin d'histoire politique - Accueil". bulletinhistoirepolitique.uqam.ca.
- ^ "About the Journal". Histoire sociale / Social History. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ "Canadian Historical Association | Representing historians in Canada". cha-shc.ca/.
- ^ "The London Journal of Canadian Studies". UCL Press. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ "Introduction". Manitoba History. Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "About Ontario History". Ontario Historical Society. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "Québec Studies". American Council For Québec Studies. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ "Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine". Jstor. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
Sources
- Berger, Carl (1986). The writing of Canadian history: aspects of English-Canadian historical writing since 1900 (second ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-6568-1.
- Buckner, Phillip; Reid, John G., eds. (2012). Remembering 1759: The Conquest of Canada in Historical Memory. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-9924-3.
- Conrad, Margaret; Finkel, Alvin (2006). History of the Canadian Peoples: Beginnings to 1867 (4th ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0-321-27008-5.
- Wright, Donald A. (2015). Donald Creighton: A Life in History. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. ISBN 978-1-4426-2030-8. – Scholarly biography of major historian.
Further reading
- Artibise, Alan F.J., ed. (1990). Interdisciplinary Approaches to Canadian Society: A Guide to the Literature. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-0788-3.
- Bell, C. Elizabeth (2015). "A Historiography of Canadian Aboriginal Activism in the 20th Century". Waterloo Historical Review. 7. doi:10.15353/whr.v7.27.. Also at Research Gate
- Berger, Carl, ed. (1987) Contemporary Approaches to Canadian Writing
- Bliss, Michael (Winter 1991). "Privatizing the Mind: The Sundering of Canadian History, the Sundering of Canada". Journal of Canadian Studies. 26 (4): 5–17. S2CID 151721939.. Also at Research Gate
- Brandt, Gail Cuthbert (1992). "National Unity and the Politics of Political History" (PDF). Journal of the Canadian Historical Association. 3 (1): 3–11. doi:10.7202/031041ar.
- Burrill, Fred. "The settler order framework: Rethinking Canadian working-class history." Labour 83 (2019): 173-197. online
- Campbell, Lara; Myers, Tamara; Perry, Adele (2016). Rethinking Canada: The Promise of Women's History (seventh ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-7730-4601-6.
- doi:10.7202/300357ar.
- Coates, Ken. "The history and historiography of natural resource development in the Arctic: The state of the literature." in Resources and Sustainable Development in the Arctic (2018): 23-41. Reports that scholarly analysis has shifted from the celebratory tone of the pre-1970 era to the more critical evaluation of mining and oil and gas development.
- Conrad, Margaret; Ercikan, Kadriye; Friesen, Gerald; et al. (2013). Canadians and Their Pasts. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-1539-7. – Uses telephone surveys with 3,419 respondents in 2007 to ask how they "use history to situate themselves in the present and plan for the future".
- doi:10.7202/030653ar.
- Dick, Lyle (June 2001). "A Growing Necessity for Canada: W. L. Morton's Centenary Series and the Forms of National History, 1955–80". Canadian Historical Review. 82 (2): 223–252. S2CID 162319085.
- Edwards, Justin D.; Ivison, Douglas (2005). Downtown Canada: Writing Canadian Cities. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8668-6.
- Frenette, Yves (2014). "Conscripting Canada's Past: The Harper Government and the Politics of Memory". .
- Fulford, Robert; Godfrey, David; Rotstein, Abraham, eds. (1972). Read Canadian: A Book about Canadian Books. James Lorimer. ISBN 978-0-88862-019-4. – Topical chapters that comment on the best historical and current studies.
- Granatstein, J.L.; Stevens, Paul D., eds. (1982). A Reader's Guide to Canadian History: Confederation to the Present. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-6490-5.
- Greer, Allan (2010). "National, Transnational, and Hypernational Historiographies: New France Meets Early American History". Canadian Historical Review. 91 (4): 695–724. S2CID 161832491., Also at Research Gate
- Hulan, Renée (2014). Canadian Historical Writing: Reading the Remains. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-39889-5. – Focus on Canadian novelists.
- Kealey, Gregory S. (Summer 1992). "Class in English-Canadian Historical Writing: Neither Privatizing, Nor Sundering". Journal of Canadian Studies. 27 (2): 123–129. S2CID 151974372.
- Kealey, Linda; Pierson, Ruth; Sangster, Joan; Strong-Boag, Veronica (Summer 1992). "Teaching Canadian History in the 1990s: Whose 'National' History Are We Lamenting?". Journal of Canadian Studies. 27 (2): 129–131. S2CID 151496673.
- Leddy, Lianne C. "Intersections of Indigenous and environmental history in Canada." Canadian Historical Review 98.1 (2017): 83-95. online
- McKercher, Asa, and Philip Van Huizen, eds. Undiplomatic History: The New Study of Canada and the World (2019) excerpt.
- Madokoro, Laura, Francine McKenzie, and David Meren, eds. Dominion of race: Rethinking Canada's international history (UBC Press, 2017) online.
- Miquelon, Dale, ed. (1977). Society and Conquest: The Debate on the Bourgeoisie and Social Change in French Canada, 1700-1850. Copp Clark. ISBN 978-0-7730-3132-6. – Exurbs from primary sources and historians
- Muise D. A. ed. A Reader's Guide to Canadian History: 1, Beginnings to Confederation (1982); (1982) Topical articles by leading scholars
- Granatstein J.L. and Paul Stevens, ed. A Reader's Guide to Canadian History: vol 2: Confederation to the present (1982), Topical articles by leading scholars
- Osborne, Ken (September 2000). "'Our History Syllabus Has Us Gasping': History in Canadian Schools—Past, Present, and Future". Canadian Historical Review. 81 (3): 403–471. S2CID 162588531.. Also at Research Gate
- Owram, Doug, ed. (1994). Canadian History: Confederation to the Present. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-7676-2.
- Parr, Joy (September 1995). "Gender History and Historical Practice". Canadian Historical Review. 76 (3): 354–376. S2CID 162448329.
- Read, Colin (1997). "Canada's Twin 'Revolutionary' Traditions" (PDF). Australian-Canadian Studies. 15 (1): 7–35.
- Reaume, Geoffrey. "The Place of Mad People and Disabled People in Canadian Historiography: Surveys, Biographies, and Specialized Fields." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 28.1 (2017): 277-316 online
- Rich, E. E. "Canadian History." Historical Journal 14#4 (1971): 827-52. online.
- Rudin, Ronald (1997). Making History in Twentieth-Century Quebec. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-7838-4.
- Schultz, John A., ed. (1990). Writing About Canada: A Handbook for Modern Canadian History. Prentice-Hall Canada. ISBN 978-0-13-970930-2. – Chapters by experts on politics, economics, ideas, regions, agriculture, business, labor, women, ethnicity and war.
- Sholdice, Mark (2015). "'A Rather Stupid Sort of Game Played by the Bald and Obese Middle-aged': Partisanship and Patronage in Late Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century English Canadian Historical Writing". American Review of Canadian Studies. 45 (3): 365–377. S2CID 146307773.
- Strong-Boag, Veronica (1994). "Presidential Address: Contested Space: The Politics of Canadian Memory". Journal of the Canadian Historical Association. 5 (1): 3–16. ISBN 978-0-8020-6826-2.; essays by experts evaluate the scholarly literature
- Taylor, Martin Brook; Owram, Douglas (1994). Canadian history. 2. Confederation to the present. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-7676-2.; essays by experts evaluate the scholarly literature.
- Taylor, Martin Brook; Owram, Douglas (1994). Canadian history. 2. Confederation to the present. University of Toronto Press.
- Tillotson, Shirley. "The Canadian Historical Review at One Hundred Years." The Canadian Historical Review 100.3 (2019): 315–348. online
- Trautsch, Jasper M. (2013). "The Causes of the War of 1812: 200 Years of Debate" (PDF). The Journal of Military History. 77 (1): 273–293.. Also at Research Gate
- Warkentin, John, ed. (2010). So Vast and Various: Interpreting Canada's Regions in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3719-4. – Looks at 150 years of writings about Canada's regions.
- Whitfield, Harvey Amani. "The African diaspora in Atlantic Canada: History, historians, and historiography." Acadiensis 46.1 (2017): 213–232. online
- Wyile, Herb (2007). Speaking in the Past Tense: Canadian Novelists on Writing Historical Fiction. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-0-88920-511-6.
External links
- "Historiography of Canada". Québec History. Marianopolis College. 1948.
- From The Canadian Encyclopedia, online edition, Historica Canada:
- Historiography. 4 March 2015.
- Mckillop, A. Brian (4 March 2015). Historiography in English.
- Roy, Fernande; Savard, Pierre (4 March 2015). Historiography in French.
- Mcdowall, Duncan (4 March 2015). Business History.
- Drummond, Ian M.; Mcintosh, Gord (7 March 2018). Economic History of Canada.
- Drummond, Ian M.; Mcintosh, Gord (7 March 2018). Economic History of Atlantic Canada.
- Drummond, Ian M.; Mcintosh, Gord (6 March 2018). Economic History of Central Canada.
- Drummond, Ian M.; Mcintosh, Gord (7 March 2018). Economic History of Western Canada.
- Stursberg, Peter (23 June 2015). Oral History.
- Marsh, James H.; Marshall, Tabitha (4 March 2015). Railway History.
- Cross, Michael S.; Skikavich, Julia (4 March 2015). Social History.
- Watkins, Mel (16 December 2013). Staple Thesis.