History of African Americans in Houston
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Total population | |
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528,145 (2019) | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Throughout Houston and its suburbs | |
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Roman Catholic |
Part of a series on |
Ethnicity in Houston |
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African Americans |
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The
History
When Houston was founded in 1836, an African-American community had already begun to be established.[1] In 1860, 99% of the city's African American population was enslaved;[3] there were eight free blacks and 1,060 slaves.[1] Before the American Civil War, enslaved African-Americans living near Houston worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those living within the city limits held domestic and artisan jobs.
Although slavery ended after the
In 1929 Houston Planning Commission chairperson Will Hogg made a proposal to designate areas of the city by race in its zoning so African-Americans do not become too numerous near White communities; the city did not enact this as it never adopted zoning.[6]
In the 1940s and 1950s black people from small southern towns moved to Houston, resulting in the black communities increasing in size. The black population in the Third Ward became larger and therefore closer in proximity to nearby Jewish communities.
Texas Southern University students led the integration of Houston in the 1960s. On Friday, March 4, 1960, Texas Southern University students led Houston's first sit-in at the Weingarten's grocery store lunch counter located at 4110 Almeda Road. That sit-in played a major role in the desegregation of Houston's white owned businesses. Today, a U.S. Post Office sits at that location; however, a Texas Historical Marker sits in the front of the building reminding visitors of the courageous role TSU students played in the desegregation of Houston, Texas.[citation needed] Six months after their first sit-in, 70 Houston lunch counters were desegregated. The success of their continued efforts eventually led to the full integration of businesses within the city.[9]
In 1970, 90% of the black people in Houston lived in mostly African-American neighborhoods. By 1980 this decreased to 82%.[10]
Historically, the City of Houston placed established landfill facilities in established African American neighborhoods. Private companies also located landfills in black neighborhoods. Between the early 1920s and the late 1970s the five municipal sanitary landfills were in black neighborhoods. During the same period, six of the eight
In 1980, the city had 440,257 African American residents, making it one of the largest black populations in the country.[1] As of 1987 most African Americans in Houston continued to live in inner-city black neighborhoods, even though they gained the legal right to move to any neighborhood. According to research at the University of Chicago, many African Americans choose to live in neighborhoods where they were raised.[13]
From the
In 2004, some African-Americans who had lived in the suburbs had returned to the inner city area due to their previous ties to those communities.[16]
By 2005 the outflow from traditional black neighborhoods, such as the Third Ward, Sunnyside,
According to LendingTree, there are 3,586 Black-owned businesses out of 108,772 total businesses in Houston. Thats 3.3% while Black Americans make up 22.4% of Houston's population.[21]
An additional 150,000 to 250,000 mostly black evacuees arrived in 2005 from the New Orleans metro after Hurricane Katrina, with many of them deciding to stay in Houston.[22]
Commerce
The African American community in Houston had a rich diverse economic history. Throughout the communities, many businesses flourished. The Wards, 3rd, 4th and 5th had many restaurants, theaters, clubs, boarding houses, carriage delivery services, millinery shops (hat shops), stationery shops, newspaper publishers, dry goods stores, banks-savings and loans, insurance companies, seamstresses and tailor shops just to name a few. There were two major office buildings that housed many African American businesses, the Pilgrims Building [23][24] The agricultural history included a host of farmers and ranchers.[25][26] was home to Sky Ranch the African American airport/air transport service, started by Tuskegee Airmen in the mid-1900s. In the early 1900s the community celebrated DeRoLoc which helped to promote the economic development of the community. This week long event was celebrated by an Agricultural/Industrial Exhibition, Ball, and Carnival. Many of the businesses benefited by all the people that attended from the region. The first Official DeRoLoc Event in Emancipation Park (Oldest park in Texas-donated by Freed Slaves) hosted 4,000 people (Fall 1901-some people say it was 1909), the event stopped in 1929 and was recently revived by a local business (NuWaters Co-op) in Houston. In Acres homes, there was the first African American Bus Company that made many runs to/from downtown Houston, to Acres homes providing transportation to many African Americans.[27]
Cuisine
The
In 2021 Alison Cook of the
In 2020, according to Emma Balter of the Houston Chronicle most of the vegan restaurants she chronicled, in a list that was "comprehensive, yet not exhaustive", were owned by African-Americans.[31]
Demographics
From the 1870s to the 1890s, African Americans made up almost 40% of Houston's population. Between 1910 and 1970 the African American population ranged from 21% to 32.7%.[3]
In 1870 36% of the African-Americans in Houston lived in the Fourth Ward, 29% lived in the Third Ward, 16% lived in the Fifth Ward, and 19% lived in other areas. In 1910 the plurality now lived in the Third Ward, with 32%; the Fourth Ward, Fifth Ward, and other areas had 27%, 21%, and 20% respectively.[32]
There were about 34,000 African-Americans in Houston in the 1920s, and in the 1930s there were about 63,000 African-Americans.
In 1940 the African-American population numbered 86,302, 21.4% of the number of people in Houston. The same population increased to 125,400, 21% of the city population, in 1950. 87.9% of the population increase from 1940 to 1950 was due to African-Americans moving from other parts of the United States, mostly Louisiana and Texas; most of the migrating African-Americans from rural areas and small towns. 1960 the African-American population numbered 215,037, 25.7% of the city population. In the central city, from 1950 to 1960, the African-American population increased by 20,299. Their percentage of the total population increased during that period from 23.4% to 31.1% because large numbers of white people left the central city. In 1970 the African-American population numbered 316,922, 25.7% of the city population.[7] By 1980,[10] Houston had 440,257 African American residents, making it one of the largest black populations in the country.[1]
In 2004 55% of the African American population born in Harris County originated from the Houston area either by birth or through growing up there as children.[16]
Between 2010 and 2015, Houston added about 100,000 new black residents to the area. Only behind the Atlanta and Dallas areas.[36]
Many African Americans in the US are now recently moving to Houston due to the city's well-established and influential Black or African American community.[37]
The Houston area has the largest African-American community in Texas and one of the top 10 in the nation.
Cultural institutions
The Houston Museum of African American Culture (HMAAC) and Buffalo Soldiers National Museum located in the Houston Museum District.[38]
The Community Artists' Collective located in the midtown area is a hub for black creatives and art.[39]
The University Museum located on the campus of Texas Southern University is an art gallery that primarily highlights art by and about people in the African diaspora.[40]
The Rutherford B. H. Yates Museum preserves the legacy of African Americans in Houston's Freedmen's Town.[41]
Shrine of the Black Madonna is a cultural center, museum and bookstore that is owned and operated by the Pan-African Orthodox Christian Church.[42]
Ovide Duncantell (died 2018) founded the Houston Black Heritage Society.[43]
The Houston Black Chamber of Commerce serves and supports black businesses and professionals.[44]
Politics
As of 1997, African Americans typically constituted less than 25% of the electorate of the City of Houston. For the election of Lee P. Brown, blacks may have made up over 33% of the turnout. Brown won 90% or more in African-American neighborhoods.[47]
As of 2005
(Texas 9th district), also from Houston, is the other.On December 13, 2015, Houston elected its second African-American mayor, Sylvester Turner.[49]
Religion
The number of African American Catholics in Houston increased after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 affected rural areas in the Southern United States.[50] Most of them moved to the Fifth Ward.[51] Due to a perception of the Catholic church being more favorable to African Americans than Protestant churches, the Catholic church in Houston increased in popularity with African Americans in the 1930s.[52]
The oldest black church in Houston is Trinity United Methodist Church, which was started by Rev. Elias Dibble who came from Mississippi to establish churches.[53]
The oldest Black Baptist church in Houston is the Antioch Missionary Baptist Church, historically a part of the Freedmen's Town of Fourth Ward and now in Downtown Houston.[54] Jack Yates once served as the pastor of this church.[55]
The city's first black Catholic church was St. Nicholas, located in the Third Ward.[56] The Our Mother of Mercy Catholic Church in the Fifth Ward, Houston's second black Catholic church, was officially founded in June 1929.[57] Houston area black Catholic churches have elements of Louisiana Creole culture such as zydeco parties.[58]
In the 1920s, prior to the construction of Our Mother of Mercy, a group of
The number of African-American Catholics in Houston increased after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 affected rural areas in the Southern United States.[50] Most of them moved to the Fifth Ward.[51] Due to a perception of the Catholic church being more favorable to African-Americans than Protestant churches, the Catholic church in Houston increased in popularity with African-Americans in the 1930s.[52] St. Anne de Beaupre in Sunset Heights,[61][62] near the Houston Heights, is the third black church. Named after the Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré in Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Quebec, Canada, opened in 1938. The naming after a Francophone Canadian site reflects the Louisiana Creole culture.[63]
Media
The
KCOH 1430 AM was a black-owned radio stationed started in 1953.[66] It was a focal point for the Houston black community located at the iconic "looking-glass" studios on 5011 Almeda in Midtown Houston. KCOR launched the careers of radio personalities Michael Harris, Ralph Cooper, Don Samuel, Wash Allen. The station was purchased in 1976 by a consortium of investors, led by its general manager at the time, Michael Petrizzo.[67] After his death in January 2012, the radio station was put up for sale. The 1430 AM signal was eventually sold to Catholic-oriented, La Promessa Foundation's Guadalupe Radio Network in November 2012.[68] The Petrizzo family continued to own the historic building and equipment, leasing them and the 1230 AM signal to Dunn Ministries which continued the Urban Oldies format. KCOH announced in January 2016 that it has plans to move to the FM dial.[69]
The Houston Sun was established by Dorris Ellis and Lonal Robinson in 1983. It has won more than 200 awards and recognition[who?] and presents the First Amendment Conference annually for high school and college journalism students during March, African American Press Month. Dorris Ellis was awarded the Gutenberg Press Award by the Printing Museum of Houston in 2015. The Sun's staff is made up of journalists and interns who covers city hall, school board and local community news.[citation needed]
Education
Historically black middle schools include:
- Ryan Middle School (closed 2013)
The Imani School is marketed towards African-American families.[71]
Opinions varied on whether the
History of primary and secondary education
After the U.S. Civil War Freedmen's schools served black children. Later a private school in the Fourth Ward, the Gregory Institute, opened and began serving the children.[74]
In 1892 Colored High School, the first high school for black students, opened.
With the construction of the former
On January 27, 1958,
In
Racial desegregation of the
History of tertiary education
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2015) |
In 1927 the Yates building began housing Houston Colored Junior College, later
Former colleges for black students in the pre-desegregation era included Conroe Normal and Industrial College and Royal College.[81]
Public libraries
The Houston Public Library operates the African American Library at the Gregory School.[86] The library preserves historical information about the African-American community in Houston.[87] It is the city's first library to focus on African-American history and culture.[88]
W.L.D. Johnson Neighborhood Library is the successor of the former Carnegie Library.[89]
Culture and recreation
Ensemble Theatre
The Ensemble Theatre, an African-American theater company, has its studio in Midtown. The theater, founded by George Hawkins in 1976, is the largest African-American theater company in the United States.[90]
Juneteenth
There are several events throughout Houston commemorating this occasion. The Friends of Emancipation Park (FEP), a non-profit group of volunteers, was founded in 2007 by Dorris Ellis and Lonal Robinson to preserve and protect the interest and legacy of Emancipation Park. The FEP picked up the parade and keeps it going along with other exemplary programs. The FEP led the $33,000,000 renovation campaign to restore Emancipation Park and this campaign serves as an anchor to revitalize the Third Ward community and thwart the onslaught of gentrification.[94] Emancipation Park, with a space of 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2), is located in the Third Ward and is a popular destination for annual Juneteenth celebrations.[95][96]
The State of Texas made Juneteenth a holiday at the state level after Al Edwards, a member of the Texas House of Representatives from Houston, proposed it as a bill.[97]
504 Day in Houston
504 Day in Houston is an annual event that celebrates New Orleans black culture.[98]
Martin Luther King Day
There are two rival
Previously there was one MLK day parade held annually,
The Houston Press ranked the 2006 MLK day parade, when the two rival parades joined, as the "Best Parade Houston 2006".[104]
Service projects and voter registration drives also occur on MLK Day in Houston.[101]
Black Heritage Day at Houston Rodeo
Every spring, the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo dedicates a day of the festival to acknowledge and celebrate black culture. A different popular black music artist headlines and performs at the event each year.[105]
Houston hip hop
The Houston hip hop scene is very influential and has a unique sound that is recognized and celebrated worldwide.[106][107][108]
Texas Southern–Prairie View rivalry
The Texas Southern University versus Prairie View A&M University athletic events are a major draw for blacks in the Houston area, particularly for black alumni of these institutions. The Labor Day Classic is the only HBCU football classic in the Houston area. The basketball games in the winter always draw large crowds and interest on both campuses.[109]
National Battle of the Bands
Since 2019, Houston has been home to one of the largest collegiate marching band events in the nation. Annually over 40,000 fans and spectators show up to the NRG Stadium to see several HBCU band programs perform and help raise money for them.[110][111][112]
Houston Black Restaurant Week
Houston is internationally renowned for its world-class restaurants and cuisines and black owned restaurants play a big part in that.[113] For two weeks every year, many black-owned restaurants and black culinary professionals participate in this event that highlights their contributions to the city's food scene.[114][115]
Houston Black brunch and nightlife culture
Houston's Black brunch and nightlife culture have grown to become highly prominent in the United States.[116] Social media has played a major role in brunch and nightlife in the city becoming a top destination for Black adults around the world (especially Nigerians).[117][118][119][120] Unlike most cities, Houston offers many popular restaurants, bars, lounges, clubs, and events that culturally caters to Black adults.[121][122][123]
Black gay pride
Houston is home to one of the largest black LGBT communities in the nation. Houston's black LGBT community annually celebrate its presence during a special event called "Splash", which organizes gay and lesbian events in order to improve the cultural, environmental, medical and social health of gay men, lesbian and transgender people of African descent. It is the oldest black gay event in Texas beginning in 1988.[124]
Cemeteries
Humble Negro Cemetery is in the suburb of Humble.[citation needed]
Evergreen Negro Cemetery is located in Fifth Ward.[125]
Gentrification
Gentrification has notably changed most of Houston's historically black neighborhoods, especially those within Loop 610 and near Downtown Houston. Rising housing costs coupled with a housing shortage have displaced some black residents and deterred some new black residents from moving in. A high number of blacks have moved to suburban cities or outside Loop 610 of Houston seeking a more affordable cost of living. For example, Third Ward went from 71% black in 2010 to 45% black in 2020. The white population in Third Ward grew 170% from 2010 to 2020. The median home price in Third Ward in 2010 was $124,500, by 2023 it increased to nearly $400,000. Also Third Ward's average rent price increased notably since 2010.[126][127] The Houston Housing Authority is actively working to provide more affordable housing to help those with low-to-moderate incomes desiring to live near the city's largest business district.[128][129]
Notable people
- Phylicia Rashad - actress
- Quanell X (Quanell Ralph Evans) - Leader and National Chairman of the New Black Panther Nation.
- Debbie Allen - actress
- Beyoncé (Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter) – singer-songwriter, entrepreneur and actress
- Kelly (Kelendria Trene Rowland-Witherspoon) – singer-songwriter, entrepreneur and actress
- Travis Scott - rapper
- Solange - singer-songerwriter, entrepreneur and actress
- Mathew Knowles - music mogul, entrepreneur and educator
- LeToya Luckett - singer-songerwriter, entrepreneur and actress
- Megan Thee Stallion - rapper
- Don Toliver - singer and rapper
- Lizzo - singer and rapper
- Trae tha Truth - rapper
- Scarface - rapper
- Arizona Fleming - Activist
- H-town - R&B group
- Ideal- R&B group
- Isiah Washington- actor
- Simone Biles - gymnast
- Brittney Griner - basketball player
- Michael Strahan - athlete and TV personality
- Yolanda Adams - singer
- Christia Adair - Civil rights activist
- Richard Allen – politician
- Michael Arceneaux (author of I Can't Date Jesus)[130]
- Slim Thug - rapper and entrepreneur
- Mike Jones - rapper and entrepreneur
- Kirko Bangz - rapper
- Lee P. Brown - former mayor of Houston
- Robert D. Bullard – sociologist
- Kirbyjon Caldwell – pastor of the Windsor Village United Methodist Church
- Chamillionaire (Hakeem Seriki) - rapper
- Percy Creuzot - founder of Frenchy's Chicken
- Ruth Simmons - academic
- Normani - singer, dancer
- Loretta Devine - actress
- Detria Marie Ward - actress
- J. E. Franklin - playwright
- Timothy Eric Dixion - actor
- Jennifer Holliday - actress, singer
- Rodney Ellis - prominent political official and businessman
- Fat Tony (Anthony Obi) - rapper
- George Foreman – Olympic Gold medalist, two-time Heavyweight Champion, entrepreneur
- Van G. Garrett (poet)[131]
- Lightnin' Hopkins (Sam John Hopkins)
- Lenwood Johnson – activist
- Vince Young - Former NFL player
- Rashard Lewis - Former NBA player
- Barbara Jordan - Congresswoman
- Elwyn Lee - University of Houston administrator
- Sheila Jackson Lee – Congresswoman
- Mickey Leland - Congressman
- Thaddeus S. Lott Sr. - school principal in Houston ISD
- Rod Paige - Former Houston ISD superintendent and U.S. Secretary of Education
- Dr. Anthony B. Pinn – professor, Rice University
- Rap-a-Lot Records
- Monica Roberts
- Sylvester Turner - Mayor of Houston 2016-2024
- Jack Yates
- Roland S. Martin- American journalist
- George Floyd -Former rapper and founding member of SwishaHouse Records and Black man who was choked to death by white police officer in Minneapolis.
See also
- Riverside Terrace
- Emancipation Park
- History of the African Americans in Texas
- History of African Americans in Dallas-Ft. Worth
- History of African Americans in San Antonio
- History of African Americans in Austin
- Ethnic groups in Houston
- Demographics of Texas
- Down in Houston
- Black Dixie
- Afro-Mexicans
- History of Mexican Americans in Houston
- History of Central Americans in Houston
- Hispanics and Latinos in Houston
- Demographics of Houston
- History of Pakistani Americans in Houston
- History of Vietnamese Americans in Houston
- History of the Jews in Houston
- History of the Japanese in Houston
- History of the Korean Americans in Houston
- History of Chinese Americans in Houston
- Asian Americans in Houston
Bibliography
Houston in Black – Houston's African American Population
- Beeth, Howard and Cary D. Wintz (editors). ISBN 0890969760, 9780890969762.
- Kellar, William Henry. ISBN 1603447180, 9781603447188.
- Pruitt, Bernadette. The Other Great Migration: The Movement of Rural African Americans to Houston, 1900-1941 (ISBN 1603449485, 9781603449489.
- Steptoe, Tyina Leaneice (ISBN 0549635874, 9780549635871.
- Steptoe, Tyina L. Houston Bound: Culture and Color in a Jim Crow City (Volume 41 of American Crossroads). ISBN 0520958535, 9780520958531. p. 117.
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Further reading
- Malone, Cheryl Knott (Spring 1999). "Autonomy and Accommodation: Houston's Colored Carnegie Library, 1907-1922". JSTOR 25548712.
- Ponton, David III (March 3, 2017). "Criminalizing Space: Ideological and Institutional Productions of Race, Gender, and State-sanctioned Violence in Houston, 1948-1967" (PDF). S2CID 158691542. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2019.
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(help) - PhD thesis published by Rice University - Ronald E. Goodwin (2013). African Americans of Houston. Arcadia. ISBN 9780738584874.