History of Anatolia
The
Prehistory
Ancient Anatolia
Early Bronze Age
Bronze metallurgy spread to Anatolia from the Transcaucasian
Middle Bronze Age
The
The
The Anatolian Middle Bronze Age influenced the
Late Bronze Age
The Hittite Empire was at its height in the 14th century BCE, encompassing central Anatolia, north-western
After the 1180s BCE, amid general turmoil in the
Iron Age
Beginning with the
The
Shrouded in myth and legend[
Maeonia and the Lydian Kingdom
Classical Anatolia
Achaemenid Empire
By 550 BCE, the
The remaining kingdom of
The
Although the
Hellenistic Anatolia
Alexander the Great
In 336 BCE, King
Wars of the Diadochi and division of Alexander's empire
In June 323 BCE,
Seleucid Empire
After the death of Seleucus, the empire he left faced many trials, both from internal and external forces.
Parthia and Pergamon before 200 BCE
Events in the east showed the fragile nature of the
The kingdom of
The dealings with
Roman Anatolia
Roman intervention in Anatolia
In the
During the period just after Rome's victory, the
Because of the
The interior of Anatolia had been relatively stable despite occasional incursions by the
The rule of Rome in Anatolia was unlike any other part of their empire because of their light hand with regards to government and organization. Controlling unstable elements within the region was made simpler by the bequeathal of Pergamon to the Romans by its last king, Attalus III in 133 BCE. The new territory was named the province of Asia by Roman consul Manius Aquillius the Elder.[26]
The Mithridatic Wars
The
In 74 BCE, another Anatolian kingdom passed under Roman control as
The failure of
Christianity in Anatolia during Roman times
Jewish influences in Anatolia were changing the religious makeup of the region as Rome consolidated its power. In about 210 BCE,
The blossoming religious following of Christianity was evident in Anatolia during the beginning of the 1st century. The letters of
Anatolia before the 4th century: Peace and the Goths
From the rule of
By the middle of the 3rd century, everything that had been built by peace was being threatened by a new enemy, the Goths. As the inroads to central Europe through Macedonia, Italy, and Germania were all defended successfully by the Romans, the Goths found Anatolia to be irresistible due to its wealth and deteriorating defenses. Using a captured fleet of ships from the Bosphorus and flat-bottomed boats to cross the Black Sea, they sailed in 256 around the eastern shores, landing in the coastal city of Trebizond. What ensued was a huge embarrassment for Pontus — the wealth of the city was absconded, a larger number of ships were confiscated, and they entered the interior without much to turn them back. A second invasion of Anatolia through Bithynia brought even more terror inland and wanton destruction. The Goths entered Chalcedon and used it as a base by which to expand their operations, sacking Nicomedia, Prusa, Apamea, Cius, and Nice in turn. Only the turn of the weather during a fall season kept them from doing any more harm to those outside the realm of the province. The Goths managed a third attack upon not only the coastline of western Anatolia, but in Greece and Italy as well. Despite the Romans under their emperor Valerian finally turning them away, it did not stop the Goths from first destroying the Temple of Diana in Ephesus and the city itself in 263.[33]
Byzantine Anatolia
The constant instability of the Roman Empire as a whole gradually made it more and more difficult to control. Upon the ascension of the emperor Constantine in 330, he made a bold decision by removing himself from Rome and into a new capital. Located in the old city of Byzantium, now known as Constantinople after the emperor, it was strengthened and improved in order to assure more than adequate defense of the whole region. What added to the prestige of the city was Constantine's favor of Christianity. He allowed bishops and other religious figures to aid in the government of the empire, and he personally intervened in the First Council of Nicaea to prove his sincerity.
The next forty years after the death of Constantine in 337 saw a power struggle amongst his descendants for control of the empire. His three sons,
The threat of barbarian invasion and its effects upon the Roman Empire in the west carried over into the east. After a short rule by the emperor
The Byzantine Empire was the predominantly Greek-speaking continuation of the
Persian intervention
The Sassanid Persians, after having fought centuries of wars against the Byzantines and at their peak sieged Constantinople together with the Avars, paved the way for a new threat to enter onto the scene; the Arabs.
Arab conquests and threats
Arab attacks throughout the empire reduced significantly the territory once held under
The Seljuks and Anatolian beyliks
The population of Anatolia and
The House of Seljuk was a branch of the Kınık
The victory of the Seljuks gave rise to the
The Crusades and their effects
The four Crusades that involved the Byzantines severely weakened their power, and led to a disunity that would never be successfully restored.
Mongol invasion and aftermath
On June 26, 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the
Breakaway successor states and the fall
The newly forming states of the Turks gradually squeezed the empire so much that it was only a matter of time before Constantinople was taken in 1453.
See also
- History of Turkey
- History of the Middle East
- Timeline of Middle Eastern history
- Anatolianism
- Anatolian peoples
- Anatolian hypothesis
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