History of Andhra Pradesh
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Culture of Andhra Pradesh |
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Andhra Pradesh and Telangana |
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History and Kingdoms |
The recorded history of
After the Satavahanas, the region fragmented into
From 1206 CE to 1323 CE the
Under Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire (1336 CE–1646 CE) the Telugus became independent, then the Qutb Shahi dynasty ruled the Bahmani Sultanate there from the early 16th to the end of the 17th centuries, and was tolerant of Telugu culture.
The French, under the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau, and the English, under Robert Clive, altered the regional polity. In 1765 CE, Clive and the chief and council at Visakhapatnam obtained the Northern Circars from Mughal emperor Shah Alam. The British later defeated Maharaja Vijaya Rama Gajapati Raju of Vizianagaram, in 1792 CE.
The Lok Sabha formed Telangana from ten districts of Andhra Pradesh on 18 February 2014.[6]
Pre-Satavahana period
Chalcolithic age
The Chalcolithic period is dated using pottery and is believed to be around 1750 BC or earlier. The pottery used for dating the time period was discovered from sites near the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers such as Patapadu. A painted spouted vessel found there resembles chalcolithic-age vessels from Navdatoli and as far as Bronze Age Crete.[7]
Proto-Historic and Historic periods
The term Andhra was first mentioned as the name of a tribe in the
Ancient literature indicates a history dating to several centuries BCE, but archaeological evidence exists only from the last two millennia. The fifth-century Kingdom of Pratipalapura, identified with Bhattiprolu in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, may have been the earliest kingdom in South India. Inscriptions suggest that King Kubera ruled Bhattiprolu around 230 BCE.[8]
The script of the Bhattiprolu inscriptions was the progenitor of the
Middle Kingdoms (3rd century BCE - 12th century CE)
Satavahana dynasty
As part of the
Uninterrupted political and cultural accounts of Andhra Pradesh begin during the rise of the
The fall of the Satavahana empire left Andhra in political chaos, and local rulers carved out small kingdoms for themselves. Between 180 and 624 CE, control of Andhra lay with the
Ikshvakus
The Andhra Ikshvakus (Sanskrit: इक्श्वाकू) established a kingdom along the Krishna River in the second half of the second century CE. Their capital was Vijayapuri (Nagarjunakonda). Archaeological evidence indicates that the Ikshvakus succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna River valley and may have entered Andhra from the north.[11] The Ikshvakus left inscriptions at Nagarjunakonda, Jaggayyapeta, Amaravati and Bhattiprolu, and their rulers observed the Vedic religion.
Some historians believe that Andhra Ikshvakus were related to the mythological
In the
In the Puranas, the Andhra Ikshvakus are called Sriparvatiyas (rulers of Sriparvata) and
Vashishthiputra Sri Santamula (Santamula I)
Santamula I founded the Ikshvaku dynasty, performing the
Virapurushadatta
Virapurushadatta was the son and successor of Santamula through his wife, Madhari. He had a sister, Adavi Santisri, took a queen from the Saka family of Ujjain and gave his daughter in marriage to a Chutu prince.
Ehuvula Santamula (Santamula II)
Ehuvula Santamula (Santamula II), Virapurushadata's son, ruled after a short
Rudrapurushadatta
Rudrapurushadatta was an Ikshvaku ruler mentioned in inscriptions from Gurajala in Guntur district. Possibly a son of Ehuvula Santamula, he ruled for over 11 years.
Brihatpalayanas
During the third century CE, the
Anandagotrikas
The Ananda Gotrikas (335-425) ruled coastal Andhra from their capital, Kapotapuram. Their affiliations are unknown. A few Anandagotras families have been discovered in the Anantapur district and Kadiri taluk. It is an old Kadapa district: Hiranya Raajya, in the Puranas. Anandagotras live in Cedaranya of Kadhiri area hill/mountain places called Batrapalli forest, Gogannapeta, Pandava Raju hill and Vankapalli. Old andha/kandarapuram have been demolished. Kambamraayudu mountain hill areas' surname is tatam in patras.
Salankayanas
From about 300 to 440, after the fall of the Ikshvakus, the
Pallavas
The Pallava dynasty ruled South India from the fourth to the ninth centuries from Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu. It was ascendant during the reigns of Mahendravarman I (590–630) and Narasimhavarman I (630–668) and included the southern Telugu and the north of the Tamil regions.
The Pallavas were noted for their patronage of
Vishnukundinas
The
In 529, Madhava Varma (a descendant of the dynasty) and four allied clans achieved independence by defeating the
Kalachuris of Chedi
The
Chedi
The Chedi kingdom, in central and western India, was first ruled by
Haihaya
The
.Kalachuri
, Ratnapur and Rajpur.The name Kalachuri may derive from kali (long moustache) and churi (sharp knife). The Kalachuri were also known as Katachuris.
In the Telugu epic The
The Pericchedis are also mentioned as vassals of the Chalukyas. According to V. Rama Chandra Rao, they were connected to the ancient Chedi. The Pericchedis had two branches, with Kollipaka and Bezawada their capitals. Rao also mentions that the Vatsavai dynasty of Peddapuram may be related to the Matsya dynasty, since there is evidence of a branch in the Visakhapatnam area.[16]
An 1174 record suggests the Kalachuri dynasty was thought to be founded by Soma, who grew a beard and moustache to save himself from Parashurama's wrath. Their emblem was suvarna vrishabha, a golden bull. The Kalachuri honoured Krantivirya Sahasrarjun, who killed Rishi Jamdagni (Bhagwan Parshurama's father). Historians such as P. B. Desai emphasize the Kalachuris' central-Indian origin.
At their zenith, the
Eastern Chalukyas
Between 624 and 1323, the Telugu language emerged as a literary medium alongside Prakrit and Sanskrit. From around 848 (during the time of Gunaga
evolved from the old Telugu script from the 11th to the 19th centuries.The Eastern Chalukyas were a branch of the
Control of the Vengi region shifted from Gunaga Vijayaditya to
Chola Empire
The
Late Medieval and Early Modern period (12th - 18th centuries CE)
Kakatiya dynasty
Timeline | |
---|---|
12th - 18th centuries CE | |
1323 | The Delhi Sultanate besieges and annexes Warangal, resulting in the end of
the Kakatiya dynasty. |
1326 | Musunuri Nayaks reclaim Telugu lands from the Delhi Sulatante. |
1518 | The Bahmani Sultanate disintegrates, and the Golconda Sultanate is established
by Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk .
|
1687 | Mughal Invasion and end of the Golconda Sultanate |
1724 | The region is conquered by Nizam-ul-Mulk. |
The
The next ruler, Mahadeva, extended the Kakatiyas kingdom to the coast before he was succeeded by Ganapati Deva in 1199. Ganapati Deva was the first ruler since the
Rani
Musunuri Nayaks
This article needs attention from an expert in history. The specific problem is: Poor sourcing, POV, UNDUE.(April 2020) |
The
Prataparudra was captured by the Muslims.
Ulugh Khan captured Harihara and Bukka at Warangal. Converted to Islam, they were sent by the sultan to suppress the Hoysala ruler's rebellion. Instead, the brothers established the Vijayanagara Empire. The Sultan led a large army south, but was halted by an epidemic and Nayak resistance. Kaapaneedu, with the assistance of the Hoysala, liberated Andhra Pradesh.[26]
In 1345 Muslim nobles rebelled against
Kapaya Nayaka persisted, capturing Golconda and Warangal. In 1365, Golconda was chosen as the border between the Bahmani and Warangal kingdoms. Kapaya Nayaka was forced to pay reparations, including a turquoise throne, to Mohammed Shah.[27] In 1370 Anapota Nayaka of the Recherla Nayaks marched against Warangal as part of a Bahmani invasion, and Kapaya Nayaka died in the ensuing battle at Bhimavaram. With Kapaya Nayaka gone, the Bahmanis soon subjugated their allies and ruled Andhra.[28]
Reddy Kingdom
Prolaya Vema Reddy established the Reddy kingdom. The Reddys ruled from present-day Srikakulam in the north to Kanchi in the south, most of the present-day Andhra and Rayalaseema regions.[29][30][31][32]
The Reddy Kingdom (1326–1448) ruled portions of coastal Andhra Pradesh for over a century.
Vijayanagara Empire
The
Bahmani and Golconda Sultanates
In 1323, Delhi sultan Ghiaz-ud-din
Qutb Shah occupied the region of
Mughal conquest
In 1687,
Colonial era (1753-1947 CE)
In a 1753 decree, Deccan
In 1758, the French and English fought at
The
The western part of Vishakapatnam district consisted of the
The region later was reorganized on linguistic lines.Madras Presidency
The Northern Circars became part of the British
Telugu districts
- districts)
- Godavari (later East Godavari district)
- West GodavariDistricts)
- Kurnool
- Nellore
- Cuddapah
- Anantapur
- Prakasam
Zamindaris
- Vasireddy clan
- Vizianagaram estate
- Vizagapatam
- Bobbili Estate
- Nuzvid Estate
- Pemmasani clan
- Ravella clan
- Yarlagadda rajas
- Balusu clan
- Mullapudi clan
- Adusumilli clan
- Marni clan
- Indriyal Clan of Rajamahendravaram
Padmanayaka Zamindari
- Vavilavalasa Inuganty kings
- Siripuram Inuganty kings
- Kirlampudi
- Annavaram
- Nuzividu
- Mylavaram
- Gurazala
- Shri Kalahasti
- Venkatagiri
- Pithapuram
Post-Independence (1947 CE - present)
Timeline | |
---|---|
1947 CE - present | |
1947 | India becomes independent |
1953 | Andhra State is created by separating Telugu-speaking regions of the Madras State. |
1956 | According to the Andhra Pradesh (United) .
|
2014 | Andhra Pradesh (United) is bifurcated into Telangana and Andhra Pradesh .
|
In 1947,
Madras Manade movement
Madras possessed Tamil and Telugu cultures. In the early 1920s,
Creation of Andhra State
Activist
During Sriramulu's funeral procession, mourners praised his sacrifice. When the procession reached
On 19 December 1952, Prime Minister Nehru announced the formation of a separate state for the Telugu-speaking people of the
Merger of Hyderabad and Andhra States
In December 1953, the States Reorganisation Commission convened to create states on linguistic lines.[46] Due to public demand, the commission recommended abolishing Hyderabad State and merging its Marathi-speaking region into Bombay State and its Kannada-speaking region into Mysore State.
The
History of United Andhra Pradesh
-
Potti Sreeramulu, whose fast unto death in 1952 led to the formation of Andhra State
-
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam (completed in 1967)
-
NT Rama Rao, a film actor, who became chief minister of Andhra Pradesh in 1983
-
Mee Seva office (initial launch of the E-Seva Project in 2001)
In an effort to gain an independent state based on linguistic identity and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of
The Indian National Congress (INC) ruled the state from 1956 to 1982. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy became the first chief minister. Among other chief ministers, P. V. Narasimha Rao is known for implementing land reforms and land ceiling acts and securing reservation for lower castes in politics.[48] Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, completed in 1967, and Srisailam Dam, completed in 1981, are some of the irrigation projects that helped increase the production of paddy in the state.[49]
In 1983, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections, and N. T. Rama Rao became the chief minister of the state for the first time after launching his party just nine months earlier.[50] This broke the long-time single-party monopoly enjoyed by the INC. He transformed the sub-district administration by forming mandals in place of earlier taluks, removing hereditary village heads, and appointing non-hereditary village revenue assistants.[51] The 1989 elections ended the rule of Rao, with the INC returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm. In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and Rao became the chief minister again. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, Rao's son-in-law, came to power in 1995 with the backing of a majority of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha elections in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. Thus, Naidu held the record for the longest-serving chief minister (1995–2004) of the united Andhra Pradesh.[52] He introduced e-governance by launching e-Seva centres in 2001 for paperless and speedy delivery of government services. He is credited with transforming Hyderabad into an IT hub by providing incentives for tech companies to set up centres.[53]
In
During its 58 years as a unified state, the state weathered separatist movements from Telangana (1969) and Andhra (1972) successfully.[56] A new party called Telangana Rashtra Samithi, formed in April 2001 by Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao (KCR), reignited the Telanganga movement. A joint action committee formed with political parties, government employees, and the general public spearheaded the agitation. When KCR's health deteriorated due to his fast-unto-death programme, the central government decided to initiate the process to form an independent Telangana in December 2009. This triggered the Samaikyandhra movement to keep the state united. The Srikrishna committee was formed to give recommendations on how to deal with the situation. It gave its report in December 2010.[57] The agitations continued for nearly 5 years, with the Telangana side harping on the marginalisation of food culture, language, and unequal economic development and the Samaikyandhra movement focusing on the shared culture, language, customs, and historical unity of Telugu-speaking regions.[58]
Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh
On 30 July 2013, the Congress Working Committee unanimously approved a resolution recommending the formation of a Telangana state. In February 2014, a bill was placed before Parliament[59] The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 was passed, allowing the formation of a Telangana state of ten districts from north-western Andhra Pradesh despite opposition by the state legislature.[60][61] The bill received the assent of the president, and was published in The Gazette of India on 1 March.[62] The bill included the provision to retain Hyderabad as the capital for up to ten years and the provision to ensure access to educational institutions for the same period.[63] The bill received the assent of the president and was published in the gazette on 1 March 2014.[64] The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the president of India, with the residual state continuing as Andhra Pradesh.[65] The present form of Andhra Pradesh is the same as that of Andhra State, except for Bhadrachalam town, which continues in Telangana.[66] A number of petitions questioning the validity of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act have been pending before the Supreme Court constitutional bench since April 2014.[67]
= Final Elections
In the final elections held in the unified state in 2014, the TDP got a mandate in its favour, defeating its nearest rival, the YSR Congress Party, a breakaway faction of the Congress founded by Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, son of former Chief Minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy. N. Chandrababu Naidu, the chief of the TDP, became the chief minister on 8 June 2014.[68] In 2017, the government of Andhra Pradesh began operating from its new greenfield capital, Amaravati, for which 33,000 acres were acquired from farmers through an innovative land pooling scheme.[69][70] Interstate issues with Telangana relating to the division of assets of public sector institutions and organisations of the united state and the division of river waters are not yet resolved.[71][72]
Capitals of Andhra Pradesh
Amaravati is the legislative capital and the
Amaravati was founded by former Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister
The office of the
Amaravati, formerly known as Dhānyakatakam, is important in the
The city once a
The capital recorded its first-ever legislation 2,200 years ago. The capital region includes
Under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, Hyderabad became the capital of the newly-formed state of Telangana, post-bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh. However, Hyderabad would remain as the joint capital of both states for a period not exceeding ten years. Hence, Amaravati is being built to serve as the capital of Andhra Pradesh.
The foundation for the city was laid at
Dynasties
- Chola Dynasty
- Satavahana
- Shakas
- Andhra Ikshvaku
- Brihatpalayana
- Ananda Gotrika
- Vishnukundina
- Kalachurisof Chedi
- Salankayana
- Pallavas
- Vengi
- Pandyan dynasty
- Rashtrakuta dynasty
- Kakatiya dynasty
- Musunuri Nayaks
- Reddy dynasty
- Paricheda
- Qutb Shahi
- Gupta dynasty
See also
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