History of Asian Australians

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This article is part of a series on the
Asian Australian
woman, 1800s
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Asian Australian history is the history of Asian

Asian Australian, was first used in the 1950s by European Australians who wanted to strengthen diplomatic and trade ties with Asia for the benefit of the Australian community.[1] The term was not originally used to describe or recognise the experiences of people of Asian descent living in Australia. It was only in the late 1980s and 1990s that the term "Asian Australian" was adopted and used by Asian Australians themselves to discuss issues related to racial vilification and discrimination. Today, the term "Asian Australian" is widely accepted and used to refer to people of Asian descent who are citizens or residents of Australia, though its usage and meaning may vary within the Asian Australian community.[1]

History of Asian Australians
Total population
Approximately 17.4% of the population (2021 census)[2][A]
Chinese Australians: 1,390,637
Indian Australians: 783,958
Filipino Australians: 408,836
Vietnamese Australians: 334,781
Nepalese Australians: 138,463
Korean Australians: 136,896
Pakistani Australians: 97,593
Sri Lankan Australians: 95,946
Thai Australians: 91,942
Indonesian Australians: 85,978
Japanese Australians: 78,049
Malaysian Australians: 61,308
Cambodian Australians: 57,096
Afghan Australians: 54,534
Regions with significant populations
Capital cities of Australia:
Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Darwin and Canberra
Australian towns and regions:
Notably Broome and the Torres Strait Islands[B]
External territories of Australia:
Christmas Island and Cocos Islands (More than 90% of the total populations of the two territories)[C]
Languages
Australian English · Asian languages
Religion
Buddhism · Christianity · Hinduism · Sikhism · Islam · East Asian religions · Indian religions · other religions

Hostility to immigration

Main article: Asian immigration to Australia

Hostility towards Asian immigration in Australia has a long history, dating back to the implementation of the "White Australia" policy in 1901.[9] This policy, which was in place until 1973,[10] consisted of laws and policies aimed at excluding non-white immigrants, particularly those from Asia, from settling in the country.[11] Despite efforts to reform or repeal the policy over the years,[12] the legacy of the White Australia policy and hostility towards Asian immigration has persisted in various forms, including instances of racism and discrimination towards Asian Australians[13]

Chronology

Early immigration

Around 4,000 years ago, genetic and archaeological evidence suggests contact and potential migration between India and Australia.This influx is believed to have influenced the genetic makeup of Aboriginal Australians.[14][15][16][17]

17th century

Filipinos have been present in Australia since at least the 17th century, with some sources suggesting possible arrivals as early as the 16th century.[18][19][20]

19th century

20th century

21st century

  • Early 2000s: Indian migration to Australia continues to grow, with many Indians coming to Australia as skilled workers and professionals[60]
  • 2000s- The Nepalese community in Australia continues to grow, with many Nepalese students coming to study in Australian universities.[83]
  • 2000s: The Korean community in Australia becomes more diverse, with a mix of immigrants from both North and South Korea. The number of Korean-born Australians also increases, as more Korean couples choose to have children in Australia.[76]
  • 2000s: The Taiwanese Australian community becomes more established and begins to actively participate in Australian society.[84]
  • 2001: The
    September 11th terrorist attacks in the United States lead to the invasion of Afghanistan by coalition forces. This results in a further increase in the number of Afghan refugees seeking asylum in Australia[85]
    </ref>
  • 2001: Vietnam is officially recognised as a source country for refugees in Australia.[64]
  • 2002: The first
    Cambodian-born member of the Australian Parliament, Hong Lim, is elected.[61]
  • 2006: The Australian government apologises to the Chinese community for the White Australia policy and the effects it had on the Chinese community.[86]
  • 2010s: The number of Indians in Australia reaches over 500,000, making it one of the largest migrant communities in Australia.[74]
  • 2010s: The Filipino community in Australia continues to grow, with Filipinos now making up the fourth largest group of overseas-born residents in the country.[87]
  • 2010s: The Vietnamese Australian community continues to grow and thrive, with Vietnamese Australians making significant contributions to Australian society in a variety of fields.[34]
  • 2010s: The Korean community in Australia continues to thrive, with a strong presence in many major cities and a vibrant culture that includes food, music, and festivals.[76]
  • 2010s: The number of Afghan refugees arriving in Australia begins to decrease as conditions in Afghanistan improve.[85] Afghan Australians continue to make significant contributions to Australian society in a variety of fields, including business, education, and the arts[88]
  • 2010s: Taiwanese Australians continue to contribute to Australian culture and economy, with many running successful businesses and participating in various cultural and community events[89]
  • 2018: The Australian government marks the 200th anniversary of Mak Sai Ying's arrival in Australia and the contribution of Chinese Australians to the country.[90]
  • 2020s: Indian
    migration to Australia continues to grow, with Indians making up a significant portion of the Australian population. Many Indian Australians have achieved success in various fields, including business, politics, and the arts.[91]
  • 2020s: The Nepalese community in Australia continues to thrive, with Nepalese cultural organizations and events held throughout the country. The Nepalese Australian Women's Association is established to support and empower Nepalese women in Australia.[92]

Timeline of key legislation and judicial rulings

  • 1855 Chinese Immigration Act, which imposed a tax on Chinese immigrants in Victoria.[93]
  • 1861 Chinese Immigration Act, imposed a tax on Chinese immigrants in an effort to restrict their migration to Australia, is later amended to exclude "all Chinese from entering the colony".[34]
  • 1870 Naturalization Act, which granted British subjects the right to become naturalised citizens of Australia, but excluded "any person of Asiatic race" from this right.[94]
  • 1877 Chinese Immigration Amendment Act, which extended the tax to all of Australia and required Chinese immigrants to obtain a certificate of exemption from the tax before landing.[95]
  • 1881 Influx of Chinese Restriction Act, which imposed a tax on Chinese immigrants in an attempt to limit their numbers in Australia.[96]
  • 1901 Immigration Restriction Act, effectively bans non-European immigration to Australia.
  • 1914 War Precautions Act, restricted the freedom of groups and individuals thought to be a threat, including those critical of Australia's involvement in World War I.[32] These measures required individuals with connections to enemy nations to register as 'aliens' and many were interned in camps across the country. During World War II, Japanese Australians, many of whom were Australian citizens, were also interned as "enemy aliens" and sent to camps in New South Wales, Queensland, and South Australia.[46]
  • 1945 Darwin Lands Acquisition Act, forcibly acquired land owned by Chinese Australians in Darwin, ending the local Chinatown. Proposed as a means of "eliminating undesirable elements," the act resulted in the destruction of homes and businesses in the area.[97]
  • 1948 Nationality and Citizenship Act, established Australian citizenship as a legal status separate from British nationality. It also established the process for acquiring Australian citizenship through birth, descent, adoption, or naturalisation. The act also included provisions for the loss of Australian citizenship, such as through marriage to a foreign national or through membership in a foreign military organization.[98]
  • 1958 Migration Act, which established the legal framework for the management of immigration to Australia.[99]
  • 1975 Racial Discrimination Act, made it unlawful to discriminate against a person on the grounds of their race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin. This act also established the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) to deal with complaints of racial discrimination and to promote understanding and acceptance of the principle of equal rights. The act applies to various areas of public life, including employment, education, and the provision of goods and services.[100]

This is not an exhaustive list, and there may be other legislation and judicial rulings that are relevant to the history of Asians in Australia.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Number of ancestry responses classified within the "North-East Asian", "South-East Asian" and "Southern and Central Asian" groups under the Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups as a proportion of the total population.[3] Excludes North African and Middle Eastern Australians who are separately classified. Ancestry figures do not amount to 100% as the Australian Bureau of Statistics allows up to two ancestry responses per person.[4]
  2. ^ Broome and the Torres Strait Islands were historically home to thousands of Asian migrants that settled in northern Australia as part of the pearling industry. These Asian migrants were of Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Malay and Sri Lankan (mostly Sinhalese descent). These migrants integrated into local society marrying Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders), which was very common at the time, and European Australians later on. Today, many long time residents in Broome and the Torres Strait Islands have partial Asian ancestry tracing back to these early migrants.[5]
  3. Singaporean Indian descent.[6][7] The majority of inhabitants on the Cocos Islands are the Cocos Malays, who are the indigenous people of Cocos Island. There are also minority populations of ethnic Chinese and Indian descent.[8]

References

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    .
  1. ^ According to the local classification, South Caucasian peoples (Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Georgians) belong not to the European but to the "Central Asian" group, despite the fact that the territory of Transcaucasia has nothing to do with Central Asia and geographically belongs mostly to Western Asia.
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