Brussels
Brussels
| ||
---|---|---|
Region 18 June 1989 | | |
Founded by | Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine | |
Capital | City of Brussels | |
Municipalities | ||
Government | ||
• Executive | GeoTLD .brussels | |
HDI (2019) | 0.948[9] very high · 1st of 11 | |
Website | be.brussels |
Brussels (
Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river
Brussels is the most densely populated region in Belgium, and although it has the highest
Brussels is known for its cuisine and gastronomic offer (including its local waffle, its chocolate, its French fries and its numerous types of beers),[43] as well as its historical and architectural landmarks; some of them are registered as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[44] Principal attractions include its historic Grand-Place/Grote Markt (main square), Manneken Pis, the Atomium, and cultural institutions such as La Monnaie/De Munt and the Museums of Art and History. Due to its long tradition of Belgian comics, Brussels is also hailed as a capital of the comic strip.[1][45]
Toponymy
Etymology
The most common theory of the origin of the name Brussels is that it derives from the
Pronunciation
In French, Bruxelles is pronounced [bʁysɛl] ⓘ (the x is pronounced /s/, like in English, and the final s is silent) and in Dutch, Brussel is pronounced [ˈbrʏsəl] ⓘ. Inhabitants of Brussels are known in French as Bruxellois (pronounced [bʁysɛlwa] ⓘ) and in Dutch as Brusselaars (pronounced [ˈbrʏsəlaːrs]). In the Brabantian dialect of Brussels (known as Brusselian, and also sometimes referred to as Marols or Marollien),[50] they are called Brusseleers or Brusseleirs.[51]
Originally, the written x noted the group /ks/. In the Belgian French pronunciation as well as in Dutch, the k eventually disappeared and z became s, as reflected in the current Dutch spelling, whereas in the more conservative French form, the spelling remained.[52] The pronunciation /ks/ in French only dates from the 18th century, but this modification did not affect the traditional Brussels usage. In France, the pronunciations [bʁyksɛl] ⓘ and [bʁyksɛlwa] (for bruxellois) are often heard, but are rather rare in Belgium.[53]
History
County of Leuvenc. 1000–1183
Duchy of Brabant 1183–1430
Burgundian Netherlands 1430–1482
Habsburg Netherlands 1482–1556
Spanish Netherlands 1556–1714
Austrian Netherlands 1714–1746
Kingdom of France 1746–1749
Austrian Netherlands 1749–1794
French First Republic 1795–1804
First French Empire 1804–1815
United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815–1830
Kingdom of Belgium 1830–present
Early history
The history of Brussels is closely linked to that of Western Europe. Traces of human settlement go back to the Stone Age, with vestiges and place-names related to the civilisation of megaliths, dolmens and standing stones (Plattesteen near the Grand-Place/Grote Markt and Tomberg in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, for example). During late antiquity, the region was home to Roman occupation, as attested by archaeological evidence discovered on the current site of Tour & Taxis, north-west of the Pentagon (Brussels' city centre).[54][55] Following the decline of the Western Roman Empire, it was incorporated into the Frankish Empire.
According to local legend, the origin of the settlement which was to become Brussels lies in Saint Gaugericus' construction of a chapel on an island in the river Senne around 580.[56] The official founding of Brussels is usually said to be around 979, when Duke Charles of Lower Lorraine transferred the relics of the martyr Saint Gudula from Moorsel (located in today's province of East Flanders) to Saint Gaugericus' chapel. When Holy Roman Emperor Otto II appointed the same Charles to become Duke of Lower Lotharingia in 977,[57] Charles ordered the construction of the city's first permanent fortification, doing so on that same island.
Middle Ages
In the early 13th century, the
Early modern
In the 14th century, the marriage between heiress
Philip died in 1506, and he was succeeded by his son
In the 16th and 17th centuries, Brussels was a centre for the
Following the
Late modern
In 1830, the
Following independence, Brussels underwent many more changes. It became a financial centre, thanks to the dozens of companies launched by the Société Générale de Belgique. The Industrial Revolution and the opening of the Brussels–Charleroi Canal in 1832 brought prosperity to the city through commerce and manufacturing.[77] The Free University of Brussels was established in 1834 and Saint-Louis University in 1858. In 1835, the first passenger railway built outside England linked the municipality of Molenbeek-Saint-Jean with Mechelen.[78]
During the 19th century, the population of Brussels grew considerably; from about 80,000 to more than 625,000 people for the city and its surroundings. The Senne had become a serious
Brussels became one of the major European cities for the development of the Art Nouveau style in the 1890s and early 1900s.[82] The architects Victor Horta, Paul Hankar, and Henry van de Velde, among others, were known for their designs, many of which survive today.[83]
20th century
During the 20th century, the city hosted various fairs and conferences, including the Solvay Conference on Physics and on Chemistry, and three world's fairs: the Brussels International Exposition of 1910, the Brussels International Exposition of 1935 and the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo 58).[81] During World War I, Brussels was an occupied city, but German troops did not cause much damage. During World War II, it was again occupied by German forces, and spared major damage, before it was liberated by the British Guards Armoured Division on 3 September 1944. Brussels Airport, in the suburb of Zaventem, dates from the occupation.
After World War II, Brussels underwent extensive modernisation. The construction of the North–South connection, linking the main railway stations in the city, was completed in 1952, while the first premetro (underground tram) service was launched in 1969,[84] and the first Metro line was opened in 1976.[85] Starting from the early 1960s, Brussels became the de facto capital of what would become the European Union (EU), and many modern offices were built. Development was allowed to proceed with little regard to the aesthetics of newer buildings, and numerous architectural landmarks were demolished to make way for newer buildings that often clashed with their surroundings, giving name to the process of Brusselisation.[86][87]
Contemporary
The Brussels-Capital Region was formed on 18 June 1989, after a constitutional reform in 1988.
In recent years, Brussels has become an important venue for international events. In 2000, it was named European Capital of Culture alongside eight other European cities.[90] In 2013, the city was the site of the Brussels Agreement.[91] In 2014, it hosted the 40th G7 summit,[92] and in 2017, 2018 and 2021 respectively the 28th, 29th and 31st NATO Summits.[93][94][95]
Geography
Location and topography
Brussels lies in the north-central part of Belgium, about 110 km (68 mi) from the Belgian coast and about 180 km (110 mi) from Belgium's southern tip. It is located in the heartland of the Brabantian Plateau, about 45 km (28 mi) south of Antwerp (Flanders), and 50 km (31 mi) north of Charleroi (Wallonia). Its average elevation is 57 m (187 ft) above sea level, varying from a low point in the valley of the almost completely covered Senne, which cuts the Brussels-Capital Region from east to west, up to high points in the Sonian Forest, on its southeastern side. In addition to the Senne, tributary streams such as the Maalbeek and the Woluwe, to the east of the region, account for significant elevation differences. Brussels' central boulevards are 15 m (49 ft) above sea level.[100] Contrary to popular belief, the highest point (at 127.5 m (418 ft)) is not near the Place de l'Altitude Cent/Hoogte Honderdplein in Forest, but at the Drève des Deux Montages/Tweebergendreef in the Sonian Forest.[101]
Climate
Brussels experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) with warm summers and cool winters.[102] Proximity to coastal areas influences the area's climate by sending marine air masses from the Atlantic Ocean. Nearby wetlands also ensure a maritime temperate climate. On average (based on measurements in the period 1981–2010), there are approximately 135 days of rain per year in the Brussels-Capital Region. Snowfall is infrequent, averaging 24 days per year. The city also often experiences violent thunderstorms in summer months.
Climate data for Brussels-Capital Region (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.5 (50.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
20.9 (69.6) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.1 (59.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
6.3 (43.3) |
14.5 (58.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) |
3.5 (38.3) |
6.5 (43.7) |
9.5 (49.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.0 (64.4) |
14.9 (58.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.8 (38.8) |
10.4 (50.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.7 (33.3) |
0.6 (33.1) |
2.9 (37.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
8.7 (47.7) |
11.5 (52.7) |
13.6 (56.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
4.5 (40.1) |
1.5 (34.7) |
6.7 (44.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 75.2 (2.96) |
61.6 (2.43) |
69.5 (2.74) |
51.0 (2.01) |
65.1 (2.56) |
72.1 (2.84) |
73.6 (2.90) |
76.8 (3.02) |
69.6 (2.74) |
75.0 (2.95) |
77.0 (3.03) |
81.4 (3.20) |
848.0 (33.39) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 12.8 | 11.1 | 12.7 | 9.9 | 11.3 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 11.2 | 12.6 | 13.0 | 135.6 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 58 | 75 | 119 | 168 | 199 | 193 | 205 | 194 | 143 | 117 | 65 | 47 | 1,583 |
Source: KMI/IRM[103] |
Climate data for Uccle (Brussels-Capital Region) 1991–2020 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.3 (59.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
24.2 (75.6) |
28.7 (83.7) |
34.1 (93.4) |
38.8 (101.8) |
39.7 (103.5) |
36.5 (97.7) |
34.9 (94.8) |
27.8 (82.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
39.7 (103.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) |
7.1 (44.8) |
10.9 (51.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.0 (73.4) |
19.5 (67.1) |
14.9 (58.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
6.6 (43.9) |
14.7 (58.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.7 (38.7) |
4.2 (39.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
10.4 (50.7) |
13.9 (57.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
11.3 (52.3) |
7.2 (45.0) |
4.3 (39.7) |
10.9 (51.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
1.5 (34.7) |
3.5 (38.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.1 (57.4) |
13.9 (57.0) |
11.3 (52.3) |
8.1 (46.6) |
4.6 (40.3) |
2.1 (35.8) |
7.3 (45.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −21.1 (−6.0) |
−18.3 (−0.9) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
0.3 (32.5) |
4.4 (39.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−17.7 (0.1) |
−21.1 (−6.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 75.5 (2.97) |
65.1 (2.56) |
59.3 (2.33) |
46.7 (1.84) |
59.7 (2.35) |
70.8 (2.79) |
76.9 (3.03) |
86.5 (3.41) |
65.3 (2.57) |
67.8 (2.67) |
76.2 (3.00) |
87.4 (3.44) |
837.2 (32.96) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 18.9 | 16.9 | 15.7 | 13.1 | 14.7 | 14.1 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.1 | 16.1 | 18.3 | 19.4 | 189.9 |
Average snowy days | 3.8 | 4.9 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 17 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
84.1 | 80.6 | 74.8 | 69.2 | 70.2 | 71.3 | 71.5 | 72.4 | 76.8 | 81.5 | 85.1 | 86.6 | 77.0 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 59.1 | 72.9 | 125.8 | 171.3 | 198.3 | 199.3 | 203.2 | 192.4 | 154.4 | 112.6 | 65.8 | 48.6 | 1,603.7 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Source 1: Royal Meteorological Institute[104][105] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas; VRT Nieuws[107]
|
Brussels as a capital
Despite its name, the Brussels-Capital Region is not the capital of
The City of Brussels is the location of many national institutions. The
The City of Brussels is also the capital of both the French Community of Belgium[13] and the Flemish Community.[15] The Flemish Parliament and Flemish Government have their seats in Brussels,[108] and so do the Parliament of the French Community and the Government of the French Community.
Municipalities
French name | Dutch name | ||
---|---|---|---|
Anderlecht | Anderlecht | ||
Auderghem | Oudergem | ||
Berchem-Sainte-Agathe
|
Sint-Agatha-Berchem | ||
Bruxelles-Ville | Stad Brussel | ||
Etterbeek | Etterbeek | ||
Evere | Evere | ||
Forest | Vorst | ||
Ganshoren | Ganshoren | ||
Ixelles | Elsene | ||
Jette | Jette | ||
Koekelberg | Koekelberg | ||
Molenbeek-Saint-Jean | Sint-Jans-Molenbeek | ||
Saint-Gilles | Sint-Gillis | ||
Saint-Josse-ten-Noode | Sint-Joost-ten-Node | ||
Schaerbeek | Schaarbeek | ||
Uccle | Ukkel | ||
Watermael-Boitsfort | Watermaal-Bosvoorde | ||
Woluwe-Saint-Lambert | Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe | ||
Woluwe-Saint-Pierre | Sint-Pieters-Woluwe |
The 19
In 1831, Belgium was divided into 2,739 municipalities, including the 19 in the Brussels-Capital Region.[111] Unlike most of the municipalities in Belgium, the ones located in the Brussels-Capital Region were not merged with others during mergers occurring in 1964, 1970, and 1975.[111] However, several municipalities outside the Brussels-Capital Region have been merged with the City of Brussels throughout its history, including Laeken, Haren and Neder-Over-Heembeek in 1921.[112]
The largest municipality in area and population is the City of Brussels, covering 32.6 km2 (12.6 sq mi) and with 145,917 inhabitants; the least populous is Koekelberg with 18,541 inhabitants. The smallest in area is Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, which is only 1.1 km2 (0.4 sq mi), but still has the highest population density in the region, with 20,822/km2 (53,930/sq mi). Watermael-Boitsfort has the lowest population density in the region, with 1,928/km2 (4,990/sq mi).
There is much controversy on the division of 19 municipalities for a highly urbanised region, which is considered as (half of) one city by most people. Some politicians mock the "19 baronies" and want to merge the municipalities under one city council and one mayor.[113][114] That would lower the number of politicians needed to govern Brussels, and centralise the power over the city to make decisions easier, thus reduce the overall running costs. The current municipalities could be transformed into districts with limited responsibilities, similar to the current structure of Antwerp or to structures of other capitals like the boroughs in London or arrondissements in Paris, to keep politics close enough to the citizen.[115]
In early 2016,
-
Auderghem (Oudergem)
-
Berchem-Sainte-Agathe (Sint-Agatha-Berchem)
-
Forest (Vorst)
-
Ixelles (Elsene)
-
Molenbeek-Saint-Jean (Sint-Jans-Molenbeek)
-
Saint-Gilles (Sint-Gillis)
-
Saint-Josse-ten-Noode (Sint-Joost-ten-Node)
-
Schaerbeek (Schaarbeek)
-
Uccle (Ukkel)
-
Watermael-Boitsfort (Watermaal-Bosvoorde)
-
Woluwe-Saint-Lambert (Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe)
-
Woluwe-Saint-Pierre (Sint-Pieters-Woluwe)
Brussels-Capital Region
Political status
The Brussels-Capital Region is one of the three federated regions of Belgium, alongside the
Since the split of
Institutions
The Brussels-Capital Region is governed by a parliament of 89 members (72 French-speaking, 17 Dutch-speaking—parties are organised on a linguistic basis) and an eight-member regional cabinet consisting of a minister-president, four ministers and three state secretaries. By law, the cabinet must comprise two French-speaking and two Dutch-speaking ministers, one Dutch-speaking secretary of state and two French-speaking secretaries of state. The minister-president does not count against the language quota, but in practice every minister-president has been a bilingual francophone. The regional parliament can enact ordinances (French: ordonnances, Dutch: ordonnanties), which have equal status as a national legislative act.
Nineteen of the 72 French-speaking members of the Brussels Parliament are also members of the
Agglomeration of Brussels
Before the creation of the Brussels-Capital Region, regional competences in the 19 municipalities were performed by the Brussels Agglomeration. The Brussels Agglomeration was an administrative division established in 1971. This decentralised administrative public body also assumed jurisdiction over areas which, elsewhere in Belgium, were exercised by municipalities or provinces.[121]
The Brussels Agglomeration had a separate legislative council, but the by-laws enacted by it did not have the status of a legislative act. The only election of the council took place on 21 November 1971. The working of the council was subject to many difficulties caused by the linguistic and socio-economic tensions between the two communities.
After the creation of the Brussels-Capital Region, the Brussels Agglomeration was never formally abolished, although it no longer has a purpose.
French and Flemish communities
The French Community and the Flemish Community exercise their powers in Brussels through two community-specific public authorities: the French Community Commission (French: Commission communautaire française or COCOF) and the Flemish Community Commission (Dutch: Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie or VGC). These two bodies each have an assembly composed of the members of each linguistic group of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region. They also have a board composed of the ministers and secretaries of state of each linguistic group in the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region.
The French Community Commission also has another capacity: some legislative powers of the French Community have been devolved to the Walloon Region (for the French language area of Belgium) and to the French Community Commission (for the bilingual language area).[122] The Flemish Community, however, did the opposite; it merged the Flemish Region into the Flemish Community.[123] This is related to different conceptions in the two communities, one focusing more on the Communities and the other more on the Regions, causing an asymmetrical federalism. Because of this devolution, the French Community Commission can enact decrees, which are legislative acts.
Common Community Commission
A bi-communitarian public authority, the Common Community Commission (French: Commission communautaire commune, COCOM, Dutch: Gemeenschappelijke Gemeenschapscommissie, GGC) also exists. Its assembly is composed of the members of the regional parliament, and its board are the ministers—not the secretaries of state—of the region, with the minister-president not having the right to vote. This commission has two capacities: it is a decentralised administrative public body, responsible for implementing cultural policies of common interest. It can give subsidies and enact by-laws. In another capacity, it can also enact ordinances, which have equal status as a national legislative act, in the field of the welfare powers of the communities: in the Brussels-Capital Region, both the French Community and the Flemish Community can exercise powers in the field of welfare, but only in regard to institutions that are unilingual (for example, a private French-speaking retirement home or the Dutch-speaking hospital of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel). The Common Community Commission is responsible for policies aiming directly at private persons or at bilingual institutions (for example, the centres for social welfare of the 19 municipalities). Its ordinances have to be enacted with a majority in both linguistic groups. Failing such a majority, a new vote can be held, where a majority of at least one third in each linguistic group is sufficient.
Brussels and the European Union
Brussels serves as de facto capital of the European Union (EU), hosting the major political institutions of the Union.[23] The EU has not declared a capital formally, though the Treaty of Amsterdam formally gives Brussels the seat of the European Commission (the executive branch of government) and the Council of the European Union (a legislative institution made up from executives of member states).[124][full citation needed][125][full citation needed] It locates the formal seat of European Parliament in Strasbourg, where votes take place, with the council, on the proposals made by the commission. However, meetings of political groups and committee groups are formally given to Brussels, along with a set number of plenary sessions. Three quarters of Parliament sessions now take place at its Brussels hemicycle.[126] Between 2002 and 2004, the European Council also fixed its seat in the city.[127] In 2014, the Union hosted a G7 summit in the city.[92]
Brussels, along with
International institutions
Brussels has, since
Brussels is third in the number of international conferences it hosts,
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
The
Eurocontrol
The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, commonly known as Eurocontrol, is an
Demographics
Population
Brussels is located in one of the most
Brussels is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond the region's limits. Sometimes referred to as the urban area of Brussels (French: aire urbaine de Bruxelles, Dutch: stedelijk gebied van Brussel) or Greater Brussels (French: Grand-Bruxelles, Dutch: Groot-Brussel), this area extends over a large part of the two Brabant provinces, including much of the surrounding arrondissement of Halle-Vilvoorde and some small parts of the arrondissement of Leuven in Flemish Brabant, as well as the northern part of Walloon Brabant.
The metropolitan area of Brussels is divided into three levels. Firstly, the central agglomeration (within the regional borders), with a population of 1,218,255 inhabitants.
[verification needed] | 01-07-2004[143] | 01-07-2005[143] | 01-07-2006[143] | 01-01-2008[143] | 01-01-2015[143] | 01-01-2019[143] | 01-01-2020[143] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brussels-Capital Region[143][verification needed] | 1.004.239 | 1.012.258 | 1.024.492 | 1.048.491 | 1.181.272 | 1.208.542 | 1.218.255 |
-- of which legal immigrants[143][verification needed] | 262.943 | 268.009 | 277.682 | 295.043 | 385.381 | 450.000 | ? |
Nationalities
France | 68,418 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Romania | 45,243 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Italy | 35,154 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Morocco | 33,955 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Spain | 30,609 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Poland | 20,060 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portugal | 18,968 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgaria | 13,104 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Germany | 10,927 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Greece | 9,675 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
There have been numerous migrations towards Brussels since the end of the 18th century, when the city acted as a common destination for political refugees from neighbouring or more distant countries, particularly France.[145] From 1871, many of the Paris Communards fled to Brussels, where they received political asylum. Other notable international exiles living in Brussels at the time included Victor Hugo, Karl Marx, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Georges Boulanger, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, and Léon Daudet, to name a few.[145][146] Attracted by the industrial opportunities, many workers moved in, first from the other Belgian provinces (mainly rural residents from Flanders)[147] and France, then from Southern European, and more recently from Eastern European and African countries.
Nowadays, Brussels is home to a large number of immigrants and émigré communities, as well as labour migrants, former foreign students or expatriates, and many Belgian families in Brussels can claim at least one foreign grandparent. At the last Belgian census in 1991, 63.7% of inhabitants in Brussels-Capital Region answered that they were Belgian citizens, born as such in Belgium, indicating that more than a third of residents had not been born in the country.[148][149] According to Statbel (the Belgian Statistical Office), in 2020, taking into account the nationality of birth of the parents, 74.3% of the population of the Brussels-Capital Region was of foreign origin and 41.8% was of non-European origin (including 28.7% of African origin). Among those aged under 18, 88% were of foreign origin and 57% of non-European origin (including 42.4% of African origin).[5]
This large concentration of immigrants and their descendants includes many of
Languages
Brussels was historically Dutch-speaking, using the Brabantian dialect,[152][153][154] but since the 19th century[152][155] French has become the predominant language of the city.[156] The main cause of this transition was the rapid assimilation of the local Flemish population,[157][152][158][159][154] amplified by immigration from France and Wallonia.[152][160] The rise of French in public life gradually began by the end of the 18th century,[161][162] quickly accelerating after Belgian independence.[163][164] Dutch — of which standardisation in Belgium was still very weak[165][166][164] — could not compete with French, which was the exclusive language of the judiciary, the administration, the army, education, cultural life and the media, and thus necessary for social mobility.[167][168][153][169][155] The value and prestige of the French language was universally acknowledged[153][170][157][164][171][172] to such an extent that after 1880,[173][174][165] and more particularly after the turn of the 20th century,[164] proficiency in French among Dutch-speakers in Brussels increased spectacularly.[175]
Although a majority of the population remained bilingual until the second half of the 20th century,[175][157] family transmission of the historic Brabantian dialect[176] declined,[177] leading to an increase of monolingual French-speakers from 1910 onwards.[170][178] From the mid-20th century, the number of monolingual French-speakers surpassed the number of mostly bilingual Flemish inhabitants.[179] This process of assimilation weakened after the 1960s,[175][180] as the language border was fixed, the status of Dutch as an official language of Belgium was reinforced,[181] and the economic centre of gravity shifted northward to Flanders.[165][173] However, with the continuing arrival of immigrants and the post-war emergence of Brussels as a centre of international politics, the relative position of Dutch continued to decline.[182][155][183][184][175][177] Furthermore, as Brussels' urban area expanded,[185] a further number of Dutch-speaking municipalities in the Brussels periphery also became predominantly French-speaking.[181][186] This phenomenon of expanding Francisation — dubbed "oil slick" by its opponents[157][187][175] — is, together with the future of Brussels,[188] one of the most controversial topics in Belgian politics.[173][168]
Nowadays, the Brussels-Capital Region is legally bilingual, with both French and Dutch having official status,[189] as is the administration of the 19 municipalities.[182] The creation of this bilingual, full-fledged region, with its own competencies and jurisdiction, had long been hampered by different visions of Belgian federalism. Nevertheless, some communitarian issues remain.[190][191] Flemish political parties demanded, for decades, that the Flemish part of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde (BHV) arrondissement be separated from the Brussels Region (which made Halle-Vilvoorde a monolingual Flemish electoral and judicial district). BHV was divided mid-2012. The French-speaking population regards the language border as artificial[192] and demands the extension of the bilingual region to at least all six municipalities with language facilities in the surroundings of Brussels.[d] Flemish politicians have strongly rejected these proposals.[193][194][195]
Owing to migration and to its international role, Brussels is home to a large number of native speakers of languages other than French or Dutch. Currently, about half of the population speaks a home language other than these two.[196] In 2013, academic research showed that approximately 17% of families spoke none of the official languages in the home, while in a further 23% a foreign language was used alongside French. The share of unilingual French-speaking families had fallen to 38% and that of Dutch-speaking families to 5%, while the percentage of bilingual Dutch-French families reached 17%. At the same time, French remains widely spoken: in 2013, French was spoken "well to perfectly" by 88% of the population, while for Dutch this percentage was only 23% (down from 33% in 2000);[182] the other most commonly known languages were English (30%), Arabic (18%), Spanish (9%), German (7%) and Italian and Turkish (5% each).[151] Despite the rise of English as a second language in Brussels, including as an unofficial compromise language between French and Dutch, as well as the working language for some of its international businesses and institutions, French remains the lingua franca and all public services are conducted exclusively in French or Dutch.[182]
The original dialect of Brussels (known as
Religions
Historically, Brussels has been predominantly
In reflection of its multicultural makeup, Brussels hosts a variety of religious communities, as well as large numbers of
As guaranteed by Belgian law, recognised religions and non-religious philosophical organisations (French: organisations laïques, Dutch: vrijzinnige levensbeschouwelijke organisaties)[202] enjoy public funding and school courses. It was once the case that every pupil in an official school from 6 to 18 years old had to choose two hours per week of compulsory religious—or non-religious-inspired morals—courses. However, in 2015, the Belgian Constitutional Court ruled religious studies could no longer be required in the primary and secondary educational systems.[203]
Brussels has a large concentration of
Regions of Belgium[206] (1 January 2016) | Total population | People of Muslim origin | % of Muslims |
---|---|---|---|
Belgium | 11,371,928 | 603,642 | 5.3% |
Brussels-Capital Region | 1,180,531 | 212,495 | 18% |
Wallonia | 3,395,942 | 149,421 | 4.4% |
Flanders | 6,043,161 | 241,726 | 4.0% |
Architecture
The architecture in Brussels is diverse, and spans from the clashing combination of Gothic, Baroque, and Louis XIV styles on the Grand-Place to the postmodern buildings of the EU institutions.[207]
Very little
The
Located outside the historical centre, in a greener environment bordering the
Also particularly striking are the buildings in the
-
Hôtel Tassel by Victor Horta (1893)
-
Stairway in Hôtel Tassel
-
Hôtel Albert Ciamberlani by Paul Hankar (1897)
-
Former Old England department store by Paul Saintenoy (1899)
-
Saint-Cyr House by Gustave Strauven (1903)
-
Cauchie House by Paul Cauchie (1905)
-
Sgraffito panel in the Cauchie House
-
Stoclet Palace by Josef Hoffmann (1911)
The Atomium is a symbolic 103 m-tall (338 ft) modernist structure, located on the Heysel Plateau, which was originally built for the 1958 World's Fair (Expo 58). It consists of nine steel spheres connected by tubes, and forms a model of an iron crystal (specifically, a unit cell), magnified 165 billion times. The architect André Waterkeyn devoted the building to science. It is now considered a landmark of Brussels.[215][216] Next to the Atomium, is Mini-Europe miniature park, with 1:25 scale maquettes of famous buildings from across Europe.
Since the second half of the 20th century, modern office towers have been built in Brussels (
The city's embrace of modern architecture translated into an ambivalent approach towards historic preservation, leading to the destruction of notable architectural landmarks, most famously the Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis by Victor Horta, a process known as Brusselisation.[86][87]
Culture
Visual arts and museums
Brussels contains over 80 museums.[217] The Royal Museums of Fine Arts has an extensive collection of various painters, such as Flemish old masters like Bruegel, Rogier van der Weyden, Robert Campin, Anthony van Dyck, Jacob Jordaens, and Peter Paul Rubens. The Magritte Museum houses the world's largest collection of the works of the surrealist René Magritte. Museums dedicated to the national history of Belgium include the BELvue Museum, the Royal Museums of Art and History, and the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History. The Musical Instruments Museum (MIM), housed in the Old England building, is part of the Royal Museums of Art and History, and is internationally renowned for its collection of over 8,000 instruments.
The Brussels Museums Council is an independent body for all the museums in the Brussels-Capital Region, covering around 100 federal, private, municipal, and community museums.[218] It promotes member museums through the Brussels Card (giving access to public transport and 30 of the 100 museums), the Brussels Museums Nocturnes (every Thursday from 5 p.m. to 10 p.m. from mid-September to mid-December) and the Museum Night Fever (an event for and by young people on a Saturday night in late February or early March).[219]
Brussels has had a distinguished artist scene for many years. The famous Belgian surrealists
Performing arts venues and festivals
Brussels is well known for its performing arts scene, with the Royal Theatre of La Monnaie, the Royal Park Theatre, the Théâtre Royal des Galeries, and the Kaaitheater among the most notable institutions.
The Kunstenfestivaldesarts, an international performing arts festival, is organised every year in May. Its main hub is the Kaaitheater, but performances and artworks are also hosted in around 30 venues throughout the city.[221][222]
The
Other concert venues include
Other cultural events and festivals
Many events are organised or hosted in Brussels throughout the year. In addition, many festivals animate the Brussels scene.
The
Some summer festivities include
Folklore
Brussels' identity owes much to its rich folklore and traditions, among the liveliest in the country.[233][234]
The Ommegang, a folkloric costumed procession, commemorating the Joyous Entry of Emperor Charles V and his son Philip II in the city in 1549, takes place every year in July. The colourful parade includes floats, traditional processional giants, such as Saint Michael and Saint Gudula, and scores of folkloric groups, either on foot or on horseback, dressed in medieval garb. The parade ends in a pageant on the Grand-Place. Since 2019, it has been recognised as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.[235]
The Meyboom, an even-older folk tradition of Brussels (1308), celebrating the "May tree"—in fact, a corruption of the Dutch tree of joy—takes place paradoxically on 9 August. After parading a young beech in the city, it is planted in a joyful spirit with lots of music, Brusseleir songs, and processional giants. It has also been recognised as an expression of intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO, as part of the bi-national inscription "Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France".[236][237] The celebration is reminiscent of the town's long-standing (folkloric) feud with Leuven, which dates back to the Middle Ages.
The Saint-Verhaegen/Sint-Verhaegen (often shortened to St V), a folkloric student procession, celebrating the anniversary of the founding of the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), is held on 20 November. Since 2019, it has also been listed as intangible cultural heritage of the Brussels-Capital Region.[238][239][240]
Another good introduction to the Brusseleir
Cuisine
Brussels is well known for its local waffle, its chocolate, its French fries and its numerous types of beers. The Brussels sprout, which has long been popular in Brussels, and may have originated there, is also named after the city.[243]
Owing to Brussels' cosmopolitan population, almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there. The gastronomic offer includes approximately 1,800
As well as other
Brussels is known as the birthplace of the Belgian endive. The technique for growing blanched endives was accidentally discovered in the 1850s at the Botanical Garden of Brussels in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.[247]
Shopping
Famous
In Ixelles, the Avenue de la Toison d'Or/Gulden-Vlieslaan and the Namur Gate area offer a blend of luxury shops, fast food restaurants and entertainment venues, and the Chaussée d'Ixelles/Elsenesteenweg, in the mainly-Congolese Matongé district, offers a great taste of African fashion and lifestyle. The nearby Avenue Louise/Louizalaan is lined with high-end fashion stores and boutiques, making it one of the most expensive streets in Belgium.[254]
There are shopping centres outside the inner ring: Basilix, Woluwe Shopping Center, Westland Shopping Center, and Docks Bruxsel, which opened in October 2017.
Sports
Sport in Brussels is under the responsibility of the
The
Association football
Other Brussels clubs that played in the national series over the years were Royal White Star Bruxelles, Ixelles SC, Crossing Club de Schaerbeek (born from a merger between RCS de Schaerbeek and Crossing Club Molenbeek), Scup Jette, RUS de Laeken, Racing Jet de Bruxelles, AS Auderghem, KV Wosjot Woluwe and FC Ganshoren.
Cycling
Brussels is home to notable
Economy
Serving as the centre of administration for Belgium and Europe, Brussels' economy is largely
Brussels has a robust economy. The region contributes to one fifth of Belgium's
There are approximately 50,000 businesses in Brussels, of which around 2,200 are foreign. This number is constantly increasing and can well explain the role of Brussels in Europe. The city's infrastructure is very favourable in terms of starting up a new business. House prices have also increased in recent years, especially with the increase of young professionals settling down in Brussels, making it the most expensive city to live in Belgium.[274] In addition, Brussels holds more than 1,000 business conferences annually, making it the ninth most popular conference city in Europe.[275]
Brussels is rated as the 34th most important financial centre in the world as of 2020, according to the
Media
Brussels is a centre of both media and communications in Belgium, with many Belgian television stations, radio stations,
As English is spoken widely,
Education
Tertiary education
There are several universities in Brussels. Except for the Royal Military Academy, a federal military college established in 1834,[279] all universities in Brussels are private and autonomous. The Royal Military Academy also the only Belgian university organised on the boarding school model.[280]
The
Still other universities have campuses in Brussels, such as the French-speaking Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain), which has 10,000 students in the city with its medical faculties at UCLouvain Bruxelles Woluwe since 1973,[286] in addition to its Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning[287] and UCLouvain's Dutch-speaking sister Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)[288] (offering bachelor's and master's degrees in economics & business, law, arts, and architecture; 4,400 students). In addition, the University of Kent's Brussels School of International Studies is a specialised postgraduate school offering advanced international studies.
Also a dozen of university colleges are located in Brussels, including two drama schools, founded in 1832: the French-speaking
Primary and secondary education
Most of Brussels pupils between the ages of 3 and 18 go to schools organised by the
Libraries
Brussels has a number of public or private-owned libraries on its territory.[293] Most public libraries in Brussels fall under the competence of the Communities and are usually separated between French-speaking and Dutch-speaking institutions, although some are mixed.[verification needed]
The
There are several academic libraries and archives in Brussels. The libraries of the
Science and technology
Science and technology in Brussels is well developed with the presence of several universities and research institutes. The Brussels-Capital Region is home to several national science and technology institutes including the National Fund for Scientific Research (NFSR), the Institute for the Encouragement of Scientific Research and Innovation of Brussels (ISRIB), the Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium (RASAB) and the Belgian Academy Council of Applied Sciences (BACAS). Several science parks associated with the universities are also spread over the region.
The
Healthcare
Brussels is home to a thriving pharmaceutical and health care industry which includes pioneering biotechnology research. The health sector employs 70,000 employees in 30,000 companies. There are 3,000 life sciences researchers in the city and two large science parks: Da Vinci Research Park and Erasmus Research Park. There are five university hospitals, a military hospital and more than 40 general hospitals and specialist clinics.[301]
Due to
Transport
Brussels has an extensive network of both private or public transportation means. Public transportation includes
The complexity of the Belgian political landscape makes some transportation issues difficult to solve. The Brussels-Capital Region is surrounded by the Flemish and Walloon regions, which means that the airports, as well as many roads serving Brussels (most notably the Brussels Ring) are located in the other two Belgian regions. The city is relatively car-dependent by northern European standards and is considered to be the most congested city in the world according to the INRIX traffic survey.[303]
Air
The Brussels-Capital Region is served by two airports, both located outside of the administrative territory of the region. The most notable is Brussels Airport, located in the nearby Flemish municipality of Zaventem, 12 km (10 mi) east of the capital, which can be accessed by highway (A201), train and bus. The secondary airport is Brussels South Charleroi Airport, located in Gosselies, a part of the city of Charleroi (Wallonia), some 50 km (30 mi) south-west of Brussels, which can be accessed by highway (E19 then E420) or a private bus. There is also Melsbroek Air Base, located in Steenokkerzeel, a military airport which shares its infrastructure with Brussels Airport. The aforementioned airports are also the main airports of Belgium.[304]
Water
Since the 16th century, Brussels has had its own harbour, the Port of Brussels. It has been enlarged throughout the centuries to become the second Belgian inland port. Historically situated near the Place Sainte-Catherine/Sint-Katelijneplein, it lies today to the north-west of the region, on the Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal (commonly called Willebroek Canal), which connects Brussels to Antwerp via the Scheldt. Ships and large barges up to 4,500 t (9,900,000 lb) can penetrate deep into the country, avoiding break-ups and load transfers between Antwerp and the centre of Brussels, hence reducing the cost for companies using the canal, and thus offering a competitive advantage.
Moreover, the connection of the Willebroek Canal with the
The importance of river traffic in Brussels makes it possible to avoid the road equivalent of 740,000 trucks per year—almost 2,000 per day—which, in addition to easing traffic problems, represents an estimated carbon dioxide saving of 51,545 t (113,637,000 lb) per year.[305]
Train
The Brussels-Capital Region has three main train stations: Brussels-South, Brussels-Central and Brussels-North, which are also the busiest of the country.[41] Brussels-South is also served by direct high-speed rail links: to London by Eurostar trains via the Channel Tunnel (1hr 51min); to Amsterdam[306] by Thalys and InterCity connections; to Amsterdam, Paris (1hr 50min and 1hr 25min respectively as of 6 April 2015[update]), and Cologne by Thalys; and to Cologne (1hr 50min) and Frankfurt (2hr 57min) by the German ICE.
The train rails in Brussels go underground, near the centre, through the North–South connection, with Brussels Central Station also being largely underground. The tunnel itself is only six tracks wide at its narrowest point, which often causes congestion and delays due to heavy use of the route.
The
.Public transport
The
Metro, trams and buses
The
A comprehensive
Since April 2007, STIB/MIVB has also been operating a night bus network called Noctis on Friday and Saturday nights from midnight until 3 a.m.[310] The service consists of 11 routes (N04, N05, N06, N08, N09, N10, N11, N12, N13, N16 and N18).[311] The fare on these night buses is the same as during the day. All the lines leave from the Place de la Bourse/Beursplein in the city centre at 30 minutes intervals and cover all the main streets in the capital, as they radiate outwards to the suburbs.[312] Noctis services returned from 2 July 2021 after over a year of disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium.[310]
Ticketing
MoBIB is the STIB/MIVB electronic smart card, introduced in 2007, replacing the discontinued paper tickets. The hourly travel fare includes all means of transport (metro, tram and bus) operated by STIB/MIVB. Each trip has a different cost depending on the type of support purchased. Passengers can purchase monthly passes, yearly passes, 1 and 10-trip tickets and daily and 3-day passes. These can be bought over the Internet, but require customers to have a smart card reader. GO vending machines accept coins, local and international chip and PIN credit and debit cards.
Moreover, a complimentary interticketing system means that a combined STIB/MIVB ticket holder can, depending on the option, also use the train network operated by NMBS/SNCB and/or long-distance buses and commuter services operated by De Lijn or TEC. With this ticket, a single journey can include multiple stages across the different modes of transport and networks.
Other public transport
Since 2003, Brussels has had a car-sharing service operated by the
Road network
In medieval times, Brussels stood at the intersection of routes running north–south (the modern Rue Haute/Hoogstraat) and east–west (Chaussée de Gand/Gentsesteenweg–Rue du Marché aux Herbes/Grasmarkt–Rue de Namur/Naamsestraat). The ancient pattern of streets, radiating from the Grand-Place, in large part remains, but has been overlaid by boulevards built over the river Senne, over the city walls and over the railway connection between the North and South Stations. Nowadays, Brussels has the most congested traffic in North America and Europe, according to US traffic information platform INRIX.[316]
Brussels is the hub of a range of national roads, the main ones being clockwise: the
The city centre, sometimes known as the
On the eastern side of the region, the R21 or
Security and emergency services
Police
The Brussels local police, supported by the federal police, is responsible for law enforcement in Brussels. The 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region are divided into six police zones,[319] all bilingual (French and Dutch):
- 5339 Brussels Capital Ixelles: the City of Brussels and Ixelles
- 5340 Brussels West:
- 5341 South: Anderlecht, Forest and Saint-Gilles
- 5342 Uccle/Watermael-Boitsfort/Auderghem: Auderghem, Uccle and Watermael-Boitsfort
- 5343 Montgomery: Etterbeek, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert and Woluwe-Saint-Pierre
- 5344 Polbruno: Evere, Saint-Josse-ten-Noode and Schaerbeek
Fire department
The Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Care Service, commonly known by its acronym SIAMU (DBDMH), operates in the 19 municipalities of Brussels.[320] It is a class X fire department and the largest fire service in Belgium in terms of annual operations, equipment, and personnel. It has 9 fire stations, spread over the entire Brussels-Capital Region, and employs about 1,000 professional firefighters. As well as preventing and fighting fires, SIAMU also provides emergency medical care services in Brussels via its centralised 100 number (and the single 112 emergency number for the 27 countries of the European Union). It is bilingual (French–Dutch).
Parks and green spaces
Brussels is one of the greenest capitals in Europe, with over 8,000 hectares of green spaces.[321] Vegetation cover and natural areas are higher in the outskirts, where they have limited the peri-urbanisation of the capital, but they decrease sharply towards the centre of Brussels; 10% in the central Pentagon, 30% of the municipalities in the first ring, and 71% of the municipalities in the second ring are occupied by green spaces.
Many parks and gardens, both public and privately owned, are scattered throughout the city. In addition to this, the
-
Forest Park
Notable people
Twin towns – sister cities
Brussels is twinned with the following cities:[323]
- Atlanta, United States
- Beijing, China
- Berlin, Germany
- Breda, Netherlands
- Casablanca, Morocco
- Kinshasa, Congo
- Kyiv, Ukraine
- Macao, China
- Madrid, Spain
- Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Prague, Czech Republic
- Washington, D.C., United States
See also
- Bourgeois of Brussels
- Seven Noble Houses of Brussels
- Sculpture in Brussels
- Brussels Regional Investment Company
- List of urban areas in the European Union
References
Footnotes
- ^ French pronunciation: [ʁeʒjɔ̃ də bʁysɛl kapital] ⓘ.
- ^ Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbrʏsəls ˌɦoːftˈsteːdələk xəˈʋɛst] ⓘ. Gewest in isolation is pronounced [ɣəˈʋɛst] ⓘ.
- ^ Brussels is not formally declared capital of the EU, though its position is spelled out in the Treaty of Amsterdam. See the section dedicated to this issue.
- ^ The six municipalities with language facilities around Brussels are Wemmel, Kraainem, Wezembeek-Oppem, Sint-Genesius-Rode, Linkebeek and Drogenbos.
Citations
- ^ a b c Herbez, Ariel (30 May 2009). "Bruxelles, capitale de la BD". Le Temps (in French). Switzerland. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
Plus que jamais, Bruxelles mérite son statut de capitale de la bande dessinée.
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- ^ "Mini-Bru | IBSA". ibsa.brussels. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ "Population-Bevolking-20230101" (PDF) (in Dutch). Statbel. 4 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
- ^ a b Michèle Tribalat, Population d'origine étrangère en Belgique en 2020 Archived 2 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine, 8 February 2021
- ^ "EU regions by GDP, Eurostat". Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
- ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
- ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ a b The Belgian Constitution (PDF). Brussels: Belgian House of Representatives. May 2014. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
Article 3: Belgium comprises three Regions: the Flemish Region, the Walloon Region and the Brussels Region. Article 4: Belgium comprises four linguistic regions: the Dutch-speaking region, the French-speaking region, the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital and the German-speaking region.
- ^ a b "Brussels-Capital Region / Creation". Centre d'Informatique pour la Région Bruxelloise [Brussels Regional Informatics Center]. 2009. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
Since 18 June 1989, the date of the first regional elections, the Brussels-Capital Region has been an autonomous region comparable to the Flemish and Walloon Regions.
(All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) - ^ a b The Belgian Constitution (PDF). Brussels, Belgium: Belgian House of Representatives. May 2014. p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
Article 194: The city of Brussels is the capital of Belgium and the seat of the Federal Government.
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External links
- Brussels-Capital Region (in French, Dutch, and English)
- Official tourism website (in French, Dutch, English, German, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese)
- Interactive map