History of Central Africa
The history of Central Africa has been divided into its prehistory, its ancient history, the major polities flourishing, the colonial period, and the post-colonial period, in which the current nations were formed.
Geography
The area located at the south of the desert is a
Climate
In 15,000 BP, the
Prehistory
By at least 2,000,000 BP, Central Africa (e.g.,
In 90,000 BP, the oldest fishing-related bone tools (e.g., barbed
Between 25,000 BP and 20,000 BP, hunter-fisher-gatherer peoples in Central Africa (e.g., Ishango, Democratic Republic of Congo) utilized
Iron Age
- Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details
- Iron Age
Ancient history
Rock art in Central Africa is generally located between the
The engraved rock art (e.g., circular marks, concentric circles, cupules, petals) of Bidzar, Cameroon, which was likely engraved using a hammer, is likely no older than the Early Iron Age (2500 BP - 1500 BP).[10]
Bantu expansion
Between 2500 BP and 1800 BP, amid the
Sao civilization
Sao civilisation began as early as the 6th century BCE or the 4th century BCE, and by the end of the 1st millennium BCE, their presence was well established around Lake Chad and near the Chari River.[11] The city states of the Sao reached their apex at some point between the 9th century CE and 15th CE.[11][12]
Although some scholars estimate that the Sao civilization south of Lake Chad lasted until the 14th century CE or the 15th century CE, the predominant consensus is that it ceased to exist as a separate culture sometime in the 16th century CE subsequently to the expansion of the
Post-classical history
Kanem Empire
In the 8th century CE,
Bornu Empire
By the end of the 14th century CE, internal struggles and external attacks had torn Kanem apart. War with the
But even in Bornu, the Sayfawa Dynasty's troubles persisted. During the first three-quarters of the 15th century CE, for example, fifteen Mais occupied the throne. Then, around 1460 CE Ali Gazi (1473 CE – 1507 CE) defeated his rivals and began the consolidation of Bornu. He built a fortified capital at Ngazargamu, to the west of Lake Chad (in present-day Nigeria), the first permanent home a Sayfawa mai had enjoyed in a century. So successful was the Sayfawa rejuvenation that by the early 16th century CE Mai Idris Katakarmabe (1507 CE – 1529 CE) was able to defeat the Bulala and retake Njimi, the former capital. The empire's leaders, however, remained at Ngazargamu because its lands were more productive agriculturally and better suited to the raising of cattle. Ali Gaji was the first ruler of the empire to assume the title of Caliph.[23][24]: 159 [25]: 73 [19]: 180–182, 205 [20]: 94, 222–228
Kongo Kingdom
The first king of the Kingdom of Kongo, Dya Ntotila, was Nimi a Nzima and Luqueni Luansanze's son Lukeni lua Nimi[26] (c. 1380 CE – 1420 CE). After the death of Nimi a Lukeni, his brother, Mbokani Mavinga, took over the throne and ruled until approximately 1467 CE.[27] The Kilukeni Kanda — or "house", as it was recorded in Portuguese documents — ruled Kongo unopposed until 1567 CE.[28]
Shilluk Kingdom
According to Shilluk legends, the kingdom was founded in 1490 CE. Its legendary first ruler ("Reth") was the hero known as Nyikang who claimed to be half-crocodile and possessed power over the rain.[29] Nyikang was the son of a king, Okwa, who ruled a country located "far south near a large lake". This may be Lake Albert, where the Acholi live. After Okwa's death, Nyikang went to war with his brother Duwadh, the legitimate successor to the throne. Facing defeat, Nyikang left his homeland with his retinue and migrated northeast to Wau (near the Bahr el Ghazal, "river of gazelles" in Arabic). Here (known by the Shilluk as the Pothe Thuro) Nyikang married the daughter of Dimo, the local magician. After a conflict with Dimo Nyikang migrated north (crossing the Bahr el Ghazal) to Acietagwok (a Shilluk village about 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of the village of Tonga) around 1550 CE. Nyikang then traveled to Nyilual, an uninhabited region west of the present town of Malakal.[30] In the end, legends claim that Nyikang vanished in a whirlwind in the middle of a battle.[31]
Modern history
Sultanate of Bagirmi
The
Kingdom of Luba
Archaeological research shows that the Upemba depression had been occupied continuously since at least the 4th century CE. In the 4th century CE, the region was occupied by iron-working farmers. Over the centuries, the people of the region learned to use nets, harpoons, make dugout canoes, and clear canals through swamps.[35] They had also learned techniques for drying fish, which were an important source of protein;[35] they began trading the dried fish with the inhabitants of the protein-starved savanna.[36]
By the 6th century CE, fishing people lived on lakeshores, worked iron, and traded palm oil.[36]
By the 10th century CE, the people of Upemba had diversified their economy,
By the 14th century CE, the people of the region were organized into various successful farming and trading communities — the gradual process of the communities merging began. Some communities began to merge into larger, more centralized ones; the reason for this is likely because of competition for increasingly limited resources.[35]
Kingdom of Ndongo
The Kingdom of Ndongo was a tributary to the
Anziku Kingdom
The word Anziku comes from the
In the early 17th century CE, the Anziku population controlled the copper mines around Kongo's northeast border and may have been there specifically as a buffer. When the Anziku groups consolidated to form their own independent kingdom, Kongo proceeded to take over the mines. This process was complete by the 1620s CE. There was, however, fighting between the two states over the region throughout the 17th century CE.
Kasanje Kingdom
The Kasanje Kingdom, also known as the Jaga Kingdom, (1620 CE – 1910 CE) was a pre-colonial Central African state. It was formed in 1620 CE by a mercenary band of Imbangala, which had deserted the Portuguese ranks. The state gets its name from the leader of the band, Kasanje, who settled his followers on the upper Kwango River. The Kasanje people were ruled by the Jaga, a king who was elected from among the three clans who founded the kingdom.[37]
Kingdom of Matamba
The first documentary mention of the Kingdom of Matamba is a reference to it giving tribute to the King of
During the mid-16th century CE, Matamba was ruled by queen Njinga, who received missionaries from Kongo, then a Christian kingdom, dispatched by King Diogo I (1545 CE – 1561 CE). Though this queen received the missionaries and perhaps allowed them to preach, there is no indication that the kingdom converted to Christianity.
Wadai Empire
Prior to the 1630s CE, Wadai, also known as Burgu to the people of
Kingdom of Lunda
Initially, the core of what would become the Lunda confederation was a commune called a N'Gaange in the kiLunda (kiyaka-kipunu) language. It was ruled over by a monarch called the Mwane-a- n'Gaange. One of these rulers,
Kuba Kingdom
The kingdom began as a conglomeration of several chiefdoms of various
Mbunda Kingdom
The kingdom was ultimately conquered in a war with Portugal in 1914 CE, called the Kolongongo War.[39]
Adamawa Emirate
The Fula first settled in the area in the 14th century CE.[40]
Yeke Kingdom
The Yeke Kingdom (also called the Garanganze or Garenganze kingdom) of the
Slave trade
Colonial period
Scramble for Africa
Between October 26, 1917 CE and May 18, 1919 CE, René Grauwet found a metal
Post-colonial period
History of Central African Architecture
Further information in the sections of Architecture of Africa:
History of science and technology in Central Africa
Further information in the sections of History of science and technology in Africa:
Military history of Central Africa
Genetic history of Central Africa
Archaic Human DNA
Archaic traits found in human fossils of
Ancient DNA
In 4000 BP, there may have been a population that traversed from
Cameroon
Democratic Republic of Congo
At Kindoki, in the
At Ngongo Mbata, in the
At Matangai Turu Northwest, in the
Y-Chromosomal DNA
Haplogroup R-V88 may have originated in western Central Africa (e.g., Equatorial Guinea), and, in the middle of the Holocene, arrived in North Africa through population migration.[49]
Mitochondrial DNA
In 150,000 BP, Africans (e.g.,
Mitochondrial
Autosomal DNA
Genetically,
Medical DNA
Evidence suggests that, when compared to other
The genomes of Africans commonly found to undergo
Timeline of archaeological cultures and sites
- Leba Cave (500,000 BP – 40,000 BP)[60]
- Lupemban culture (270,000 BP – 170,000 BP)[61]
- Mousteroid (80,000 BP – 50,000 BP)[62][63]
- Mount Hoyo (40,700 BP)[64]
- Matupi Cave (40,000 BP – 3000 BP)[65]
- Mosumu (30,300 BP)[66]
- Shum Laka (30,000 BP)[67]
- Lope (Ogooue-Ivindo province) (7670 BP)[68]
- Ndende (Ngounie province) (6450 BP)[68]
- Ndtoua (4460 BCE – 4225 BCE)[69]
- Leiterband Complex (4th millennium BCE – 3rd millennium BCE)[70]
- Denis River (5000 BP – 3000 BP)[68]
- Mban I (1610 BCE – 1250 BCE)[69]
- Bissiang (1105 BCE – 805 BCE)[69]
- Boso-Njafo (1st millennium BCE)[71]
- Zili (940 BCE – 530 BCE)[69]
- Dombe (815 BCE – 420 BCE)[69]
- Meyang (800 BCE – 350 BCE)[69]
- Ezezang (774 BCE – 385 BCE)[69]
- Ongot (550 BCE – 1 CE)[69]
- Kango (Estuaire province) (2460 BP)[68]
- Makouré (395 BCE – 100 BCE)[69]
- Nanga (390 BCE – 90 BCE)[69]
- Djaoro Mbama (170 BCE – 115 CE)[69]
- Ndjore (50 BCE – 240 CE)[69]
- Koukony (50 BCE – 250 CE)[69]
- Mayongo (50 CE – 240 CE)[69]
- Madingo Kayes (74 CE – 352 CE)[72]
- Karmankass (130 CE – 670 CE)[69]
- Binguela II (230 CE – 545 CE)[69]
- Bidjouka (320 CE – 640 CE)[69]
- Sao civilization (1500 BP)[73]
- Missi Madji (685 CE – 890 CE)[69]
- Nana-Mode village (7th century CE – 8th century CE)[74]
- Begon II (890 CE – 1030 CE)[69]
- Kolle (890 CE – 1220 CE)[69]
- Sokorta Manga (960 CE – 1040 CE)[69]
- Bekia (970 CE – 1160 CE)[69]
- Bedia (980 CE – 1170 CE)[69]
- Badila (1020 CE – 1270 CE)[69]
- Beka Petel (1025 CE – 1275 CE)[69]
- Dodang (1280 CE – 1420 CE)[69]
- Diy-Gid-Biy (13th century CE – 15th century CE)[75]
- Kakongo (pre-1500 CE)[76]
- Ngoyo (15th century CE)[77]
- Beboura (1660 CE – 1950 CE)[69]
- Bemboyo (1660 CE – 1950 CE)[69]
- Ngon Mbang (1660 CE – 1950 CE)[69]
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