History of Hong Kong
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The region of
The
Japan occupied Hong Kong from 1941 to 1945 during World War II.[5] By the end of the war in 1945, Hong Kong had been liberated by joint British and Chinese troops and returned to British rule.[6] Hong Kong greatly increased its population from refugees from Mainland China, particularly during the Korean War and the Great Leap Forward. In the 1950s, Hong Kong transformed from a territory of entrepôt trade to one of industry and manufacturing.[7] The Chinese economic reform prompted manufacturers to relocate to China, leading Hong Kong to develop its commercial and financial industry.
In 1984, the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, which incited a wave of emigration from Hong Kong.[8] The Handover of Hong Kong on 1 July 1997, returned Hong Kong to Chinese rule, and it adopted the Hong Kong Basic Law.[9][10]
In the 21st century, Hong Kong has continued to enjoy success as a financial centre. However, civil unrest, dissatisfaction with the government and Chinese influence, in general, has been a central issue.
Prehistoric era
Archaeological findings suggesting human activity in Hong Kong date back over 30,000 years. Stone tools from the
Evidence of an
The Neolithic Era began approximately 7,000 years ago in Hong Kong. The settlers in this area during that time were the
The coming of the
Imperial China era (221 BC – 1841 AD)
The territory that now comprises Hong Kong was loosely part of China during the
Archaeological evidence indicates that the population increased during the
During the
On 10 May 1278, Child
During the Mongol period, Hong Kong saw its first population boom as Chinese refugees entered the area. Most of these refugees were Chinese Song dynasty loyalists fleeing the
Despite the immigration and sparse development of agriculture, the area was hilly and relatively barren. People had to rely on salt, pearl and fishery trades to produce income. Some clans built walled villages to protect themselves from the threat of bandits, rival clans and wild animals. The Qing-dynasty Chinese pirate Cheung Po Tsai became a legend in Hong Kong.
In the mid-17th Century, after the
During the
Before the British government colonised the
When the
Colonial Hong Kong era (1841 – 1930s)
Date | Treaty | Outcome | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
20 January 1841 | Convention of Chuenpi | Preliminary cession of Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom | Included Green Island and Ap Lei Chau. Before the cession of Hong Kong Island, this territory was governed by Xin'an County . |
29 August 1842 | Treaty of Nanking | Cession of Hong Kong Island, founded as a crown colony of the United Kingdom | |
18 October 1860 | Convention of Beijing |
Cession of Kowloon | South of Ngong Shuen Chau. .
Before the cession of Kowloon Peninsula, this territory was governed by Xin'an County |
1 July 1898 | Second Convention of Beijing (Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory) |
Lease of the New Territories | South of the Lantau and outlying islands.
|
By the early 19th century, the British Empire trade was heavily dependent upon the importation of tea, silk, and porcelain from China.[33][34] While the British exported to China luxury items like clocks, watches, there remained an overwhelming imbalance in trade. China developed a strong demand for silver, which was a difficult commodity for the British to come by in large quantities. The counterbalance of trade came with exports to China of opium grown in India. By the late 19th century China grew most of the opium it used.[35] A Chinese commissioner Lin Zexu voiced to Queen Victoria the Qing state's opposition to the opium trade. The First Opium War which ensued lasted from 1839 to 1842. Britain occupied the island of Hong Kong on 25 January 1841 and used it as a military staging point. China was defeated and was forced to cede Hong Kong in the Treaty of Nanking signed on 29 August 1842. The island became a Crown Colony of the British Empire.[36]
Christian missionaries founded many schools and churches in Hong Kong. St Stephen's Anglican Church located in West Point was founded by the
Along with fellow students
In April 1899, the residents of
The
On the outbreak of World War I in 1914, fear of a possible attack on the colony led to an exodus of 60,000 Chinese. However,
In 1937, Hong Kong was
British lease of Kowloon and the New Territories
In 1860, at the end of the Second Opium War, the UK gained a perpetual lease over the Kowloon Peninsula, which is the mainland Chinese area just across the strait from Hong Kong Island. This agreement was part of the Convention of Beijing that ended that conflict.[citation needed]
During the second half of the 19th century, the British became increasingly wary of the Chinese-controlled islands surrounding their newly bought port. After the Second Opium War (1898, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory) the British negotiated a lease of the "New Territories" in which the British would receive newer outlying islands for 99 years.[42]
On 19 December 1984, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which Britain agreed to return not only the New Territories but also Kowloon and Hong Kong itself when the lease term expired. China promised to implement a "One Country, Two Systems" regime, under which for fifty years Hong Kong citizens could continue to practice capitalism and political freedoms forbidden on the mainland.[43]
On 1 July 1997citation needed][44]
, the lease ended, and the United Kingdom transferred control of Hong Kong and surrounding territories to the People's Republic of China.[Japanese occupation era (1940s)
Hong Kong was occupied by Japan from 23 December 1941 to 15 August 1945. The period, called '3 years and 8 months' halted the economy. The British, Canadians, Indians and the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Forces resisted the Japanese invasion commanded by
On 25 December 1941, referred to as Black Christmas by locals, British colonial officials headed by the
During the Japanese occupation,
By the end of the war in 1945, Hong Kong had been liberated by joint British and Chinese troops. The population of Hong Kong had shrunk to 600,000; less than half of the pre-war population of 1.6 million due to scarcity of food and emigration. The
Post Japanese occupation
After the Second World War, the trend of decolonization swept across the world. Still, Britain chose to keep Hong Kong for strategic reasons. In order to consolidate its rule, constitutional changes, the Young Plan, were proposed in response to the trend of decolonization so as to meet the needs of the people. The political and institutional system made only minimal changes due to the political instability in Mainland China at that time (aforementioned) which caused an influx of mainland residents to Hong Kong.
Modern Hong Kong
Modern Hong Kong under British rule (1950s–1997)
1950s
Skills and capital brought by refugees of Mainland China, especially from Shanghai, along with a vast pool of cheap labour helped revive the economy. At the same time, many foreign firms relocated their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong. Enjoying unprecedented growth, Hong Kong transformed from a territory of
.Large squatter camps developed throughout the territory providing homes for the massive and growing number of immigrants. The camps, however, posed a fire and health hazard, leading to disasters like the
1960s
The manufacturing industry opened a new decade employing large sections of the population. The period is considered a turning point for Hong Kong's economy. The construction business was also revamped with new detailed guidelines for the first time since World War II. While Hong Kong started out with a low
Family values and Chinese tradition were challenged as people spent more time in the factories than at home. Other features of the period included water shortages, long working hours coupled with extremely low wages. The
1970s
The 1970s saw the extension of
The opening of the mainland Chinese market and rising salaries drove many manufacturers north. Hong Kong consolidated its position as a commercial and tourism centre in Asia. High
In 1974,
The early 1970s saw legislation requiring equal pay and benefits for equal work by men and women, including the right for married women to be permanent employees.[50][51][52]
1980s
In 1982, the British Prime Minister,
Hong Kong's Cinema enjoyed one paramount run that put it on the international map. Some of the biggest names included Jackie Chan and Chow Yun-fat. The music world also saw a new group of cantopop stars like Anita Mui and Leslie Cheung.
1990s until 1997
On 4 April 1990, the
Unchanged after 1997 | Changed after 1997 |
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Chinese special administrative region (1997–Ongoing)
This section needs to be updated.(February 2024) |
Chinese communists portrayed the return of Hong Kong as key moment in the PRC's rise to great power status.[56]: 51
The new millennium signalled a series of events. A sizeable portion of the population that was previously against the handover found itself living with the adjustments.
Hong Kong's skylines have continued to evolve, with three new skyscrapers dominating, each in
Occupy Central with Love and Peace (OCLP; 讓愛與和平佔領中環 or 和平佔中) was a single-purpose Hong Kong civil disobedience campaign convened by Reverend Chu Yiu-ming, Dr Benny Tai Yiu-ting, and Chan Kin-man on 27 March 2013. Its aim was to pressure the PRC Government into reforming the systems for election of the Hong Kong Chief Executive and Legislative Council so as to satisfy "international standards in relation to universal suffrage" as promised in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration and Article 45 of the 1997 Hong Kong Basic Law. Its manifesto called for occupation of the region's central business district if such reforms were not made. Upstaged by the Hong Kong Federation of Students (HKFS) and Scholarism in September 2014, its leaders joined in the Occupy Central protests.[citation needed]
The number of impoverished Hongkongers hit a record high in 2016 with one in five people living below the poverty line.
The
The COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong is part of the
Hong Kong was relatively unscathed by the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak and had a flatter epidemic curve than most other places, which observers consider remarkable given its status as an international transport hub. Furthermore, its proximity to China and its millions of mainland visitors annually would make it vulnerable.[60] Some experts now believe the habit of wearing masks in public since the SARS epidemic of 2003 may have helped keep its confirmed infections at 845, with four deaths, by the beginning of April.[60] In a study published in April 2020 in the Lancet, the authors expressed their belief that border restrictions, quarantine and isolation, social distancing, and behavioural changes such as wearing masks likely all played a part in the containment of the disease up to the end of March.[61] Others attributed the success to critical thinking of citizens who have become accustomed to distrusting the competence and political motivations of the government, the World Health Organization, and the Chinese Communist Party.[62]
After a much smaller second wave in late March and April 2020 caused by overseas returnees rushing to beat mandatory quarantine,[63] Hong Kong saw a substantial uptick in COVID cases in July, with more than a hundred cases being reported several days in a row until early August. Experts attributed this third wave to imported cases – sea crew, aircrew members, and domestic helpers made up the majority of 3rd wave infections.[64] In late November 2020 the city entered a fourth wave, called "severe" by Chief Executive Carrie Lam. The initial driver behind the fourth wave was a group of dance clubs in which wealthy, predominantly female Hong Kongers danced together and had dance lessons with mostly younger male dance instructors.[65] Measures taken in response included a suspension of school classroom teaching until the end of the year, and an order for restaurants to seat only two persons per table and close at 10:00 p.m. taking effect on 2 December;[66] a further tightening of restrictions saw, among other measures, a 6 pm closing time of restaurants starting from 10 December, and a mandate for authorities to order partial lockdowns in locations with multiple cases of COVID-19 until all residents were tested.[67] From late January 2021, the government pursued repeatedly locked down residential buildings to conduct mass testing. A free mass vaccination program with the Sinovac vaccine and Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine was launched on 26 February. The government sought to counter the vaccine hesitancy by material incentives, which led to an acceleration of vaccinations in June.[68]
Hong Kong was one of few countries and territories to pursue a "
On the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress established the Hong Kong National Security Law which came into effect on 1 July 2020. In November 2020 the National People's Congress authorised the dismissal of any Legco members who are perceived to ask for help from foreign countries and who "refuse to recognise China's sovereignty over Hong Kong." After multiple pro-Democracy members of Legco resigned, the Government of the United Kingdom stated that the PRC was not upholding the Sino-British treaty.[73]
On 27 January 2021, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping said that Hong Kong could only maintain its long-term stability and security by ensuring "patriots governing Hong Kong" when he heard a work report delivered by Carrie Lam.[74] On 1 March, HKMAO director Xia Baolong in the seminar of "patriots governing Hong Kong" stated that Hong Kong must establish a "democratic electoral system with Hong Kong characteristics."[75]
A "
On 23 June 2021, The pro-democracy tabloid Apple Daily announces that its final edition will be released on Thursday and that it will later cease activities after five top executives were arrested under the national security law and the tabloid's assets were frozen. Apple Daily founder, Jimmy Lai is already imprisoned and awaits trial, along with 46 others, on subversion charges. In the year 2021, it was announced that the library named "Ocean Sea Public Library," the largest library in Asia, would open in Hong Kong.[78]
In late 2022, it is announced that the species[clarification needed] would be reintroduced to Hong Kong, furthermore known as rewilding. The forest on Hong Kong contains the air that is just thick with the buzzing of insects, singing of birds, chattering monkeys, and especially myriad other animals. This forest in Hong Kong is almost completely silent. That has argued that it surprises people to finally discover the considered verdant landscape being an contemporary addition in over the history, since of its started removal in industrial scale in order to create space for agriculture and to advance the fuel of those ceramics industry. Despite the growth, there were fewer animals to fill the emerging forests. The 200 kilometers of urban land between here and there have created an insurmountable barrier to wildlife migration. Similar to this city, mainland China has successful reintroductions of species, such as Pere David’s deer that became extinct in start of 20th century. It has been proposed that supporting the natural regeneration of forests offers a benefit, such as simplest tools in climate catastrophe. The government of Hong Kong is committed to promoting local biodiversity and helping to mitigate climate emergencies, as outlined in the Strategic Biodiversity Action Plan each time.[79]
See also
- History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)
- British nationality law and Hong Kong
- Secretary of State for War and the Colonies (1801–1854)
- Secretary of State for the Colonies (1768–1782 and 1854–1966)
- Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs (1966–1968)
- Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs(since 1968)
- Governor of Hong Kong
- Declared monuments of Hong Kong
- Heritage conservation in Hong Kong
- List of museums in Hong Kong
- History of Macau
- Timeline of Hong Kong History
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Further reading
- Butenhoff, Linda. Social movements and political reform in Hong Kong, Westport: Praeger 1999, ISBN 0-275-96293-8
- Carroll, John M. (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong.
- Chan, Ming K. "The legacy of the British administration of Hong Kong: a view from Hong Kong." The China Quarterly 151 (1997): 567-582. online
- Clayton, Adam. Hong Kong since 1945: An Economic and Social History (2003)
- Eitel, Ernest John (1895). Wikisource. [scan ] . London and Hong Kong: Luzac & Co.; Kelly & Walsh – via
- Garver, John W. China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic (2nd ed. 2016) pp 578–606. excerpt
- Hayes, James (1984). "Hong Kong Island Before 1841". Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 24: 105–142.
- Lim, Louisa (2022). ISBN 978-0593191811.
- Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1990). Forts and Pirates – A History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong History Society. p. 114. ISBN 962-7489-01-8.
- Liu, Shuyong; Wang, Wenjiong; Chang, Mingyu (1997). An Outline History of Hong Kong. Foreign Languages Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-7-119-01946-8.
- Ngo, Tak-Wing (1 August 1999). Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-415-20868-0.
- Siu-Kai, Lau. "The Hong Kong Policy of the People's Republic of China, 1949-1997." Journal of Contemporary China 9.23 (2000): 77–93.
- Snow, Philip. The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China, and the Japanese Occupation (2004) excerpt and text search
- Tsang, Steve (2007). A Modern History of Hong Kong. I. B. Tauris.
- Welsh, Frank (1993). A Borrowed place: the history of Hong Kong. Kodansha International. p. 624. ISBN 978-1-56836-002-7.
- Wong, Kam C. Policing in Hong Kong: History and Reform (CRC: Taylor and Francis, 2015)
Primary sources
- OCLC 632495979.
- Tsang, Steve (1995). Government and Politics: A Documentary History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 312. ISBN 962-209-392-2.
External links
- Hong Kong Museum of History website
- A speech script on history of Hong Kong
- Bibliography of Hong Kong Archaeology on the University of Hong Kong website
- "Story of the Stanford family and the effect of the fall of Hong Kong in 1941."
- Basic Law Drafting History Online -University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives
- Historical Laws of Hong Kong Online - University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives
- Sidney C. H. Cheung, Martyrs, Mystery and Memory Behind the Colonial Shift - Anti-British resistance movement in 1899
- Dr Howard M Scott "Images of Hong Kong - Journal"
- Historical and statistical abstract of the colony of Hongkong (1907)