History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)
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Hong Kong (1800s–1930s) oversaw the founding of the new
Territorial establishment
Beginning of trade
China was the main supplier of its native tea to the British, whose annual domestic consumption reached 30,050,000 pounds (13,600,000 kg) in 1830, an average of 1.04 pounds (0.47 kg) per head of population.[3]
From the British economic standpoint, Chinese tea was a crucial item since it provided massive wealth for the
Confrontation
London saw the destruction of British products as an insult and sent the first expeditionary force to the region. The
The island was first used by the British as a staging post during the war, and while the
The Opium War was ostensibly fought to liberalise trade with China. With a base in Hong Kong, British traders, opium dealers, and merchants including
On signature of the 1860
Demographics
Population
When the
Segregation
The establishment of the
Culture
Lifestyle
The east portion of Colonial Hong Kong was mostly dedicated to the British; filled with race courses, parade grounds, barracks,
Education
In 1861, Frederick Stewart would become the founder of Hong Kong education system bringing Western-style pedagogy to the East. Some[who?] have argued that his contribution is the key turning point between the group of Chinese that were able to modernise Hong Kong versus the group that did not in China. The education would bring Western-style[clarification needed] finance, science, history, technology into the culture. The father of modern China, Sun Yat-sen was also educated in Hong Kong's Central School.[14]
Law and order
In 1843 the legislative council was established. The governor of Hong Kong generally served as the British plenipotentiary in the far east in the early years. The Colonial Secretary would also assist in legal matters.
A colonial police force was established in the 1840s to handle the high crime rate in Hong Kong. By China's standards, colonial Hong Kong's code of punishment was considered laughably loose and lenient.
Pandemics and disasters
The Third Pandemic of bubonic plague broke out in China in the 1880s. By the spring of 1894 about 100,000 were reported dead in the mainland. In May 1894 the disease erupted into Hong Kong's overcrowded Chinese quarter of Tai Ping Shan. By the end of the month, an estimated 450 people died of the illness.[1] At its height, the epidemic was killing 100 people per day, and it killed a total of 2,552 people that year. The disease was greatly detrimental to trade and produced a temporary exodus of 100,000 Chinese from the colony. Plague continued to be a problem in the territory for the next 30 years.[1][12]
In the 1870s a typhoon hit Hong Kong one evening, reaching its height by midnight. An estimated 2,000 people lost their lives in a span of just six hours.[1][12]
Economy
Transport
The growth of Hong Kong depended greatly on domestic transport of citizens and cargo across
Hospitals and hospitality
Soon after the British occupied Hong Kong in 1841, Protestant and Catholic missionaries started to provide social service. Italian missionaries began to provide boy-only education to British and Chinese youth in 1843. "The Catholic French Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres" was one of the first orphanage and elderly home was established in 1848.[19]
In 1870 the Tung Wah Hospital became the first official hospital in Hong Kong. It handled much of the social services and was providing free vaccinations in Hong Kong Island and Kwang Tung. After raising funds for the 1877 famine in China, a number of the hospital officials became Tung Wah elites with much authority and power representing the Chinese majority.[20] Some of the booming hotel businesses of the era included the Victoria Hotel, New Victoria Hotel and the King Edward Hotel.[21]
Finance
In 1864 the first large scale modern bank
Resources
In December 1890 the
Politics
One observer summed up the decades as "politics, propaganda, panic, rumour, riot, revolution and refugees".
See also
- Thirteen Factories
- The Hongs
- Tai-Pan (novel)
- Hong Kong Royal Instructions
- Hong Kong Letters Patent
- Hong Kong portal
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wiltshire, Trea. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong – Volume One. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. ISBN Volume One 962-7283-59-2
- ^ "Dent's Fountain, Queen's Road, Hong Kong". Historical Photographs of China. University of Bristol. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ Simmonds, P. L. (1863). "The Progress of the Tea Trade". Journal of the Society of Arts. 11: 770.
- University of Maryland. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ^ "Welcome hkjournal.org - Justhost.com".
- ^ a b c Base closure to end Royal Navy's Far East presence Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, 4 November 1997
- ^ Eric Cavaliero, Harbour bed holds memories Archived 13 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 13 November 1997, quoting P J Melson: White Ensign – Red Dragon: the History of the Royal Navy in Hong Kong 1841 to 1997
- ^ a b "Background Note: Hong Kong". U.S. Department of State. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- )
- ^ a b John Thomson 1837–1921, Chap on Hong Kong, Illustrations of China and Its People (London,1873–1874)
- ^ Info Gov HK. "Hong Kong Gov Info Archived 18 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine." History of Hong Kong. Retrieved on 16 February 2007.
- ^ ISBN 1-84753-966-1
- ^ Race War!: White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire by Gerald Horne, New York University Press, 2003
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiltshire, Trea. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong – Volume Two. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. ISBN Volume Two 962-7283-60-6
- ISBN 0-674-01701-3
- ^ a b Lim, Patricia. [2002] (2002). Discovering Hong Hong's Cultural Heritage. Central, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. ISBN Volume One 0-19-592723-0
- ^ "China". The Morning Post. British Newspaper Archive. 5 June 1844. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
- ISBN 962-209-574-7
- ISBN 1-4020-3405-9
- ISBN 0-231-07933-8
- ISBN 962-209-473-2
- OCLC 4491093
- ^ Ambrose Yeo-Chi King 金耀基, "Administrative Absorption of Politics 行政吸納政治: 香港的政治模式", in Ambrose Yeo-Chi King, Chinese Politics and Culture 中國政治與文化 (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 2013), 229-254.