History of Hyderabad

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This article is about the history of the fourth largest city in India. For history of the Pakistani city with the same name, see History of Hyderabad, Sindh.

temples, mosques and bazaars. A multitude of influences has shaped the character of the city in the last 400 years.[1]

The city of Hyderabad was founded by the Qutb Shahi sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah in 1591 CE. It was built around the Charminar, which formed the centerpiece of the city. Hyderabad became an important trading centre for diamonds and pearls, and a centre for culture.[2]

After a brief period of Mughal rule, the first Nizam of Hyderabad conquered the city in 1724. The Nizams later signed a subsidiary alliance with the British, and their territory became Hyderabad State, the largest princely state in British India with the city of Hyderabad as its capital. During this period, industry, railways, modern education, and airways developed in Hyderabad.

After India's

annexed Hyderabad in 1948. In 1956, the Hyderabad State[note 1]
was divided on the basis of linguistic differences, and the city of Hyderabad became the capital of Andhra Pradesh.

In 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out from Andhra Pradesh and Hyderabad became its new capital.

Ancient history

Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed

Mahayana Buddhism
who lived in the 2nd century CE, who is believed to have been responsible for the Buddhist activity in the area.

Medieval history

Various Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms ruled the area during the subsequent centuries. The area was ruled by the

Kakatiyas, who were feudal chieftains of Chalukya, declared independence and set up their kingdom around Warangal
.

The Kakatiyas built the

Prataparudra.[4][5]

The fall of Warangal to

Musunuri Nayaks, who defeated the Tughlaqi army occupying Warangal.[6] For the next few decades, the Bahmani Sultanate of the Deccan fought the Musunuri Nayakas on the north and the Vijayanagara Rayas on the south for control of the region.[citation needed] The Golkonda fort was ceded by the Musunuri Kapaya Nayak to the Bahmani Sultanate as part of a treaty in 1364.[7][8] By the middle of the 15th century, the region was under the firm control of the Bahmani Sultanate, which controlled the Deccan north of the Krishna River from coast to of sultanate.[clarification needed
]

Under the Bahmani Sultanate, Golkonda slowly rose to prominence. Sultan

Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk (r. 1487–1543), sent as a governor of Telangana, established it as the seat of his government around 1501. Bahmani rule gradually weakened during this period, and Sultan Quli formally became independent in 1538, establishing the Qutb Shahi dynasty based in Golkonda.[9][10] Over a period of 62 years, the mud fort was expanded by the first three Qutb Shahi sultans into the present structure, a massive fortification of granite extending around 5 km in circumference. It remained the capital of the Qutb Shahi dynasty until 1590 when the capital was shifted to the present city of Hyderabad
.

Time line

Republic of India
(1948-till date).

The Qutb Shahi dynasty (1518–1687)

Main article: Qutb Shahi dynasty
The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad
UNESCO World Heritage status in 2011.[11]

Establishment of the Golconda Sultanate

In 1463, Sultan Muhammad Shah Bahmani II dispatched

Kakatiya hill fortress of Golconda, which he strengthened and expanded considerably. By the end of the century, Quli ruled from Golconda as the subedar (governor) of the Telangana region. Quli enjoyed virtual independence from Bidar
, where the Bahmani sultanate was then based.

In 1518, when the

Bijapur. Sultan Quli declared independence from the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Golconda Sultanate under the title "Sultan Quli Qutub Shah",[12] he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city Muhammad Nagar.[13][14]

The

Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah, the fourth Sultan of the dynasty, in 1563. It was named after Hussain Shah Wali, who helped design it.[15]

Founding of Hyderabad

Portrait of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah

In 1589, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah,[16] the fifth ruler of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, selected the present site of the city and established the city of Hyderabad at the banks of the Musi river to overcome water shortages experienced at Golconda.[17] The Purana Pul (old bridge) enabled quick travel between Golconda and Hyderabad.[18]

There are various theories about the naming of the city. One popular theory suggests that the sultan had named the city "Bhaganagar" or "Bhāgyanagar" after Bhāgmathi, a local nautch (dancing) girl with whom he had fallen in love.[19] She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal.[20] The city was renamed Hyderabad in her honour.[19] According to another source, the city was named after Haidar, the son of Quli Qutb Shah.[21] Historians dismiss the theory of dancing girl as a "figment of the imagination" that lacks a "shred of evidence". According to the Hyderabad-based historian Capt. Panduranga Reddy (retd) who studied the city's origin, "It is all fiction that Hyderabad was ever named Bhagyanagar or that it was named after the lover of Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah. Hyderabad was actually built much later around a small village called Chichulam."[22]

The architectural historian Pushkar Sohoni theorised the foundation of several cities in the Deccan in this period.[23] According to him, Hyderabad was founded in 1591 to decongest Golconda, which was growing rapidly. In addition, the changing nature of economic organisation and warfare technology required mercantile and civilian settlements to be disaggregated from the fortified military and political centres.[24] Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic architecture, says the city was originally called Baghnagar (city of gardens).[25]

He ordered the construction of the Charminar in 1591. The construction of the nearby Makkah Masjid was also started during his reign, but would not be completed for a hundred years.[26][11] Mir Momin Astarabadi, the prime minister in the Qutub Shahi period, developed the plan of the city of Hyderabad, including the location of the Charminar and Char Kaman.[27][28][29]

Growth of the new city, Hyderabad

The early history of Hyderabad is inextricably intertwined and fortune rose during the 16th and early 17th centuries, Hyderabad became a center of a vibrant diamond trade. All eight Qutb Shahi sultans were patrons of learning and were great builders. They contributed to the growth and development of

pearls, steel, arms, and also printed fabric. In the 16th century, the city grew to accommodate the surplus population of Golconda
and eventually became the capital of the Qutb Shahi rulers. Hyderabad became known for its baghs (gardens) and its comfortable weather.

Mughal conquest and rule (1687–1724)

Main article: Hyderabad Subah
Aurangzeb during the Siege of Golconda, 1687

By the mid-17th century, politics in the Deccan were ready for yet another tectonic shift.

Golconda.[30]

Khwaja Abid Siddiqi died in these war and was buried at Kismatpur near Attapur
, Hyderabad. Local legend has it that the fortress held on, but the gates were opened at night by a saboteur Abdullah Khan Pani who was bribed by Aurangzeb. Hyderabad's independence was eclipsed.

On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort.[32][33] The annexed city "Hyderabad" was renamed Darul Jihad (House of War),[34] and the main territories of the Golconda Sultanate were made into the province Hyderabad Subah.[35]

Mubariz Khan was appointed as the Governor of the Deccan province.[36] Aurangzeb's efforts would turn out largely in vain, with Hyderabad remaining under Mughal rule for less than four decades. During this period, the construction of the Makkah Masjid (which had started in the 16th century) and city wall of Hyderabad with 12 gateways[37] was completed.

For a few decades, Hyderabad declined, and its vibrant diamond trade was all but destroyed. Aurangzeb's attention moved away quickly to other parts of the Deccan, with the Maratha Empire gaining ground against the Mughals.

The Nizams of Hyderabad (1724–1948)

Main articles: Hyderabad State and Nizam of Hyderabad

Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan, the first Nizam of Hyderabad

Asaf Jah I

With the emaciation of the Mughal Empire after

grandfather who were commanders during the siege of Golconda
.

In 1724, he defeated Mubariz Khan to establish control over Hyderabad.[41] He received the title of Asaf Jah from Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah in the following year. Thus began the Asaf Jahi dynasty that would rule Hyderabad until a year after India's independence from Britain.[31][42]

Successors of Asaf Jah I

The death of

Treaty of Machilipatnam, surrendering the coastal region to the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent.[43]

Throne of the Nizam of Hyderabad at Chowmahalla Palace

In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams.

Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.[43]

When the British and the French spread their hold over the country, successive Nizams won their friendship without bequeathing their power. The Nizams allied themselves with each side at different times, playing a significant role in the Anglo-Mysore Wars.

During the reign of the third Nizam,

Resident at Hyderabad and their own troops at Secunderabad, but the state continued to be ruled by the Nizam. Maintenance of British forces, which was part of subsidiary alliance with British, put heavy burden on Hyderabad state and bankrupted it in the early 19th century.[46]

Asaf Jah V

Main article:
Asaf Jah V

Salar Jung I, included the establishment of a governmental central treasury in 1855. He reformed the Hyderabad revenue and judicial systems, instituted a postal service and constructed the first rail and telegraph networks. The first higher educational institution of Hyderabad known as Dar-ul-Uloom was established during his reign.[47][48]

As news of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 reached Hyderabad, Turrebaz Khan and Maulvi Allauddin led rebellions of about 5,000 people and attacked the British Residency. However, this was no match for the superior British troops and the rebellion was quickly crushed.[49][50][51]

Qutb Shahi era[53]
Photographs of Hyderabad taken by Lala Deen Dayal in the 1880s.[52]

Asaf Jah VI

Main article:
Asaf Jah VII

Asaf Jah VI Mir Mahbub Ali Khan was the sixth Nizam of Hyderabad. He ruled the state from 1866 till his death in 1911.[54][55] He inherited the throne at the age of three, and the state was ruled by his regents Salar Jung I and Shams-ul-Umra III.[56] The Nizam assumed full rule at the age of eighteen.[57][58]

The

Secunderabad Railway Station. After independence, it was integrated into the Indian Railways. The introduction of railways also marked the beginning of industry in Hyderabad, and four factories were built to the south and east of the Hussain Sagar lake.[59]

The population of Hyderabad city reached 448,000 in 1901, making it the fourth most populous in British India. The surrounding Hyderabad State had a population of 11 million.[60]

The Great Musi Flood of 1908 ravaged the city during his reign, killing an estimated 15,000 people and affecting at least 200,000.[61][62][63] All the bridges over the River Musi were destroyed, except for the Purana Pul. The Nizam threw open his palace Purani Haveli for the flood victims.[64]

To my horror, I found that three leaks had started and were rapidly extending. The breach of this dam would precipitate an enormous volume of water into the still greater Hosain Sagar Lake, probably cause the dam to burst and thus complete the destruction of Hyderabad city,

— Michael O'Dwyer, British Resident

The flood necessitated planned development of the city. The Nizam invited Sir M. Visvesvaraya to design the flood prevention system of modern Hyderabad.[65]

The Nizam died in 1911 at the age of 45.[66]

Asaf Jah VII

Main article:
Asaf Jah VII
Students leaving the Osmania University, c. 1939–1945

The seventh and last Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan ascended the throne in 1911.[66]

He founded numerous institutions and public buildings in the city, including the

Deccan Airways.[70][71]

Two large reservoirs, namely the Osman Sagar and the Himayat Sagar were constructed a few kilometers west of Hyderabad to prevent another flood in the city, on the advice of Sir M. Visvesvaraya.[72][73]

He was known for his immense wealth, and

Golconda Diamonds
Map of Hyderabad, 1914

Various industries emerged in pre-independence Hyderabad during the rule of Asaf Jah VII. The major industries that were established in various parts of Hyderabad, and surrounding areas are:[75][76][77]

Industries formed during the rule of Asaf Jah VII
Company Year
Karkhana Zinda Tilismat
 1920
Singareni Collieries 1921
Vazir Sultan Tobacco Company,Charminar cigarette factory 1930
Azam Jahi Mills Warangal
 1934
Nizam Sugar Factory 1937
Allwyn Metal Works 1942
Praga Tools 1943
Deccan Airways Limited
 1945
Hyderabad Asbestos
 1946
Sirsilk 1946

Post-Independence (1948–present)

Integration into the Indian Union

See also: Telangana Rebellion

When India gained independence in 1947, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent, either as a sovereign ruler or by acquiring

Operation Polo.[78][79]

On 16 September 1948, the Indian Army moved into Hyderabad State from five fronts. Four days later, the Hyderabad forces surrendered. The number of dead was a little over 800. The Police Action achieved success within a matter of days. The Nizam finally surrendered and signed the

state
.

Hyderabad State

Main article:
Hyderabad State (1948–56)

The state got its first democratic government and the representatives of its 18 million people were admitted to the

Hyderabad State continued as a separate state within the Union, with its capital Hyderabad.

The Buddha Statue of Hyderabad at Hussain Sagar
lake was constructed in the 1980s.

Demand for Second capital of India

In 1955, in a report Thoughts on Linguistic States,

second capital of India after Delhi. As Hyderabad constitute a strategic central location, infrastructure and amenities.[80] He expressed: "Hyderabad has all the amenities which Delhi has and it is a far better city than Delhi. It has all the grandeur which Delhi has. Buildings are going cheap and they are really beautiful buildings, far superior to those in Delhi. The only thing that is wanting is a Parliament House which the Government of India can easily build."[81] In 2014, the demand resurfaced during the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh,[82] and in 2019, during the reorganisation of Jammu and Kashmir.[83]

1956–present

On 1 November 1956, the states of India were reorganized on

annexed into India, and later to Andhra Pradesh based on Telugu linguistic majority, and Hyderabad became the capital of the new state of Andhra Pradesh. Since 1956, Rashtrapati Nilayam, Hyderabad has been the second official residence and business office of the President of India.[84]

HCL have offices in HITEC City, and the surrounding localities of Gachibowli and Madhapur. In 2005, construction began for the Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, which was completed and opened in 2008, to replace the old Begumpet Airport.[85] It is one of the busiest airports in India.

Hyderabad Metro was inaugurated in 2017.

The city saw terrorist bomb blasts in May 2007, August 2007 and February 2013.[86]

Hyderabad also hosted the

2009 World Badminton Championships.[87]

By the

Chief Minister of Telangana. Hyderabad would also remain the de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh
for a period of ten years.

The

Hyderabad Metro Rail began operations in 2017, five years after its groundbreaking in 2012. Many of the routes are still under construction.[89]

Gallery

See also

References

Notes

  1. Hyderabad State (1948–1956). The former was a princely state ruled by the Nizams
    , and the latter was a state of the Republic of India

Citations

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Further reading

External links

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