History of Italian culture (1700s)

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The 1700s refers to a period in Italian history and culture which occurred during the 18th century (1700–1799): the Settecento.

Goldoni
.

Characteristics

The Settecento is a word today commonly used to describe this period Italy.

The first decades of the Settecento saw the ultimate end of the Renaissance movement in Italy, and the last development of the Counter-Reformation and Baroque era, and also the beginning of the Italian Enlightenment.

In the 18th century, the political and socio-cultural condition of Italy began to improve, under Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, and his successors. These princes were influenced by philosophers, who in their turn felt the influence of a general movement of ideas at large in many parts of Europe, sometimes called the Enlightenment. All this led to a cultural revival in the 18th century's second half: the Age of Reason and Reform.

Politically Italy suffered mainly because of the crisis of the Republic of Venice, but in the last years of Settecento Napoleon Bonaparte brought the French Revolution ideals to Italy and created in 1797 the first unitarian state in the peninsula since the early Middle Ages: the Cisalpine Republic, that in 1804 became the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.

Architecture

See also: Category:18th-century Italian architects

The 18th century saw the capital of Europe's architectural world transferred from

Borromini. Notable architects active in Rome were Francesco de Sanctis (Spanish Steps, 1723) and Filippo Raguzzini (Piazza Sant'Ignazio, 1727), while about the Sicilian Baroque, notable architects were Giovanni Battista Vaccarini, Andrea Palma
.

Palace of Caserta at the request of Charles VII of Naples and worked on many other palaces and buildings like the Royal Palace of Naples the Royal Palace of Milan and the Basilica of Santissima Annunziata Maggiore
.

  • Caserta Palace
    Caserta Palace
  • Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi
    Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi
  • Basilica of Superga
    Basilica of Superga
  • Royal Villa of Monza
    Royal Villa of Monza
  • The Trevi fountain in Rome
    The
    Trevi fountain
    in Rome

Sculpture

In the 18th century much sculpture continued on Baroque lines: the Trevi Fountain was only completed in 1762 after 30 years. Rococo style was better suited to smaller works, and arguably found its ideal sculptural form in early European porcelain, and interior decorative schemes in wood or plaster.

Music

Antonio Vivaldi was the most important composer in Italy at the end of the Baroque period. He wrote more than 400 concertos for various instruments, especially for the violin. The scores of 21 operas, including his first and last, are still intact. His best known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons.

Johann Sebastian Bach was deeply influenced by Vivaldi's concertos and arias (recalled in his St John Passion, St Matthew Passion, and cantatas). Bach transcribed six of Vivaldi's concerti for solo keyboard, three for organ, and one for four harpsichords, strings, and basso continuo based upon the concerto for four violins, two violas, cello, and basso continuo.

Literature

Lodovico Muratori were the most notable Italian historians of this century, while the leading figure of the literary revival in poetry was Giuseppe Parini
.

Count

dramatist and poet, considered the "founder of Italian tragedy."[2] Alfieri is often indicated as one of the precursors of the Romanticism
in Europe.

Philosophy

death penalty
.

Italy was affected during the Settecento by the "enlightenment", a movement which was a consequence of the Renaissance and changed the road of Italian philosophy.[3] Followers of the group often met to discuss in private salons and coffeehouses, notably in the cities of Milan, Rome and Venice.

Cities with important universities such as Padua, Bologna and Naples, however, also remained great centres of scholarship and the intellect, with several philosophers such as Giambattista Vico (1668–1744) (who is widely regarded as being the founder of modern Italian philosophy)[4] and Antonio Genovesi.[3] Italian society also dramatically changed during the Italian Enlightenment. The church's power was significantly reduced, and it was a period of great thought and invention, with scientists such as Alessandro Volta and Luigi Galvani discovering new things and greatly contributing to Western science.[3]

death penalty. His treatise was also the first full work of penology
, advocating reform of the criminal law system. The book was the first full-scale work to tackle criminal reform and to suggest that criminal justice should conform to rational principles.

As a consequence in Italy, the first pre-unitarian state to abolish the

Pietro Leopoldo, later Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II. So Tuscany was the first civil state in the world to do away with torture and capital punishment. In 2000, Tuscany's regional authorities instituted an annual holiday on 30 November to commemorate the event. The event is commemorated on this day by 300 cities around the world celebrating Cities for Life Day
.

See also

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

References

  1. ^ "Italiano - Il Settecento ~ Il secolo dei Lumi - Tesina di S. Pelligra". www.wikisicily.com.
  2. ^ Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Alfieri" . The New Student's Reference Work . Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
  3. ^ a b c d "The Enlightenment throughout Europe". history-world.org. Archived from the original on 2013-01-23. Retrieved 2013-10-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. ^ "History of Philosophy 70". maritain.nd.edu.
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