History of Karnataka

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The History of

Manyakheta,[note 1] Chalukyas of Vengi,[2] Yadava Dynasty of Devagiri were all of Kannada origin[3]
who later took to encouraging local languages.

In the medieval and early modern periods, the Vijayanagara Empire and the Bahmani Sultanate became the major powers in Karnataka. The latter disintegrated to form five Deccan Sultanates. The Deccan Sultanates defeated the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the

Southern Karnataka
.

After the Anglo-Mysore Wars, where the East India Company defeated the forces of Tipu Sultan, Company Rule began in India. Karnataka was divided between the Bombay Presidency, the Kingdom of Mysore and the Nizam of Hyderabad.

India became Independent in 1947, and according to the States Reorganization Act, 1956, the Kannada-speaking areas of Hyderabad State, Madras State were unified with Mysore State. The state was renamed as Karnataka in 1973.

Prehistory

Main articles:
Chronology of Karnataka

The credit for doing early extensive study of prehistoric Karnataka goes to Robert Bruce-Foote and this work was later continued by many other scholars.

Megalithic age, people in Karnataka began to use long swords, sickles, axes, hammers, spikes, chisels and arrows, all made of iron.[9]

Influences from the Indus Valley Civilization

Scholarly hypothesis postulates contacts between the

Indus Valley cities of Harappa and Lothal, citing the discovery of gold found in the Harappan sites that was imported from mines in Karnataka.[10][11][12]

Evidence of

Indus Valley city of Harappa in 3000 BCE, citing the discovery of gold found in the Harappan sites that was imported from mines in Karnataka.[14][15][16][17]

Classical period

Main articles:
Kadambas

Karnataka was the part of the

Hassan District around 298 BCE where he spent last days of his life as Jain ascetic.[18]

Around 239 BCE, the

Kadambas, with Kannada script inscription on it, further proves the usage of Kannada at an official level.[29]

Middle Kingdoms (230 BCE – 1206 CE)

One of the Badami cave temples, built by the Chalukya dynasty
A map of the Chalukya Empire's territories
A map of the Rashtrakuta Empire's territories

They were followed by large imperial empires, the

Rashtrakuta Dynasty and Western Chalukya Empire, who had their regal capitals in modern Karnataka region and patronized Kannada language and literature.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

Badami Chalukyas

Main article:
Badami Chalukyas

The Badami Chalukyas ruled between the 6th and the 8th centuries.[37]

Rashtrakutas

Main article: Rashtrakuta Empire

The Rashtrakutas were originally vassals of the Badami Chalukyas.

Rashtrakuta dynasty
.

During this period, important contributions were made in the field of literature, arts, and mathematics.

Mahaviracharya
.

Western Chalukyas

Main article:
Western Chalukyas

The Western Chalukyas ruled Karnataka between 973 and 1189 CE.

Western Gangas

Main article:
Western Ganga Kingdom

The

Rashtrakutas, and Western Chalukyas. Their rule came to an end after the disintegration of the Western Chalukyas
in 1000 CE.

Shravanbelagola was built during the 10th century CE by the Western Ganga Kingdom
.

Though a small kingdom, the Western Ganga contribution to

Kambadahalli. The kings of this dynasty encouraged the fine arts due to which literature in Kannada and Sanskrit
flourished.

Hoysala Empire

Hoysala Empire.[38]
Main article:
Hoysala Empire

Natives of the

Hoysala Empire at the turn of the first millennium. Art and architecture flourished in the region during this time resulting in distinctive Kannada literary metres and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture.[34][39][40][41][42] The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought large parts of modern Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu under their rule.[43][44][45][46]

Other Kingdoms

The Seuna dynasty, Kadamba dynasty, and Chola Empire ruled parts of Karnataka.[47]

Vijayanagara Era (1336–1565)

Main article: Vijayanagara Empire
A map depicting the territories of the Vijayanagara Empire
Deccan Sultanates during the Battle of Talikota in 1565.[48]

In the early 14th century, the Vijayanagara Empire with its capital at Hosapattana (later to be called Vijayanagara) rose to successfully challenge the Muslim invasions into the South. This empire was established by Harihara I and Bukka Raya who many historians claim were commanders of the last Hoysala King Veera Ballala III and the empire prospered for over two centuries.[49][50]

The Vijayanagara rulers patronized culture, and a distinct form of literature and architecture evolved during this period. The best example of Vijayanagara architecture is seen in the ruined city of Hampi.[48]

Battle of Talikota

Main article: Battle of Talikota

The main rivals of the Vijayanagara empire were the five Deccan Sultanates, who defeated the empire in 1565 at the Battle of Talikota.

Two generals of the Vijayanagara army switched sides and turned their loyalty to the united Sultanates. They captured

Rama Raya created confusion and havoc and in the still loyal portions of the Vijayanagara army, which were then completely routed. The Sultanates' army plundered Hampi and reduced it into ruins.[48]

Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates

Main articles:
Deccan Sultanates
Gol Gumbaz, tomb of Mohammed Adil Shah, seventh Sultan of Bijapur

The

Bijapur Sultanate and Bidar Sultanate took their place in the dynastic struggle for control of the southern India.[52]

A Bidriware water-pipe. Bidriware was developed in Bidar in the 14th century C.E. during the rule of the Bahmani Sultanate.

After the defeat and disintegration of the Vijayanagara Empire in battle at Talikota in 1565 to a confederacy of Sultanates, the Bijapur Sultanate rose as the main power in the Deccan before their defeat to the

Mughal Empire in late 17th century.[53][54] Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb gave the order to besiege Bijapur and after a 15-month-long siege, the Mughal army emerged victorious and the Adil Shahi dynasty
came to an end.

The Bahmani and Bijapur rulers encouraged Urdu and Persian literature and Indo Islamic architecture, the Gol Gumbaz being one of the high points of this contribution.[55] Bidriware and Deccan painting developed during this period. The Madrasa Mahmud Gawan was a university built during the reign of the Bahmani Sultanate, one of the few centers of higher learning in medieval India.[56]

Maratha Era (1674–1818)

Most of Karnataka was conquered by the Maratha Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries. The first expeditions were led by

war of 27 years
was fought in the Deccan, including Karnataka. The Mughals raided the region several times but struggled in conquering the territory. The Maratha Empire continued to rule over the majority of Karnataka until the rise of Mysore in the 1760s and 1770s decades. Even after the Mysore-Maratha wars, the Marathas held onto the majority of Northern Karnataka until 1818.

The Rise of Mysore

Main articles: Anglo-Mysore Wars and Tipu Sultan
General Lord Cornwallis receiving Tipu Sultan's sons as hostages after the third Anglo-Mysore War, by Robert Home, c. 1793 CE

The

Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, assumed control over the region, until the rule of the kingdom was passed to Tipu Sultan, after Haider Ali's death. In attempting to contain European expansion in South India, Tipu Sultan, known as the Tiger of Mysore fought four significant Anglo-Mysore Wars, the last of which resulted in his death and the incorporation of Mysore into a princely state of the British Raj
.

Following Tipu's fall, a part of the kingdom of Mysore was annexed and divided between the Madras Presidency and the Nizam. The remaining territory was transformed into a princely state; the five-year-old scion of the Wodeyar family, Krishnaraja III, was installed on the throne with chief minister (Diwan) Purnaiah.

The Mysore State and Hyderabad State, which ruled most of Karnataka by the mid-nineteenth century, were allied with the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Illustrated London News
. (20 October 1877)

British Protectorate

Mysore Palace, completed in 1912, was the residence of the Wadiyar dynasty which ruled the Kingdom of Mysore.

In 1799, the Kingdom of Mysore signed a Protectorate treaty with the British Empire. The British then helped the Wadiyar dynasty come back to power after 2 generations of Islamic rule. During this time, railways and airways, as well as modern universities were introduced in the Kingdom of Mysore, which was ruled by the Wadiyar dynasty. The Kingdom of Mysore became a princely state by this time. The Indian Institute of Science (1909) and University of Mysore (1916) were the first educational institutions established in Karnataka.

Independence movement

Though the British assisted the Kingdom of Mysore, the British period was a time of racial discrimination, economic exploitation, and numerous preventable famines, most notably in the areas directly administered by the British, which was known then as British India.

By the late 19th century, the independence movement had gained momentum;

Aluru Venkata Raya, S. Nijalingappa, Kengal Hanumanthaiah, Nittoor Srinivasa Rau
and others carried on the struggle into the early 20th century. Strong independence movements erupted across the regions of Karnataka under British direct rule.

Post-independence (1947–present)

Territories before unification

Unification of Karnataka

Main article: Unification of Karnataka
Jayachamaraja Wodeyar, the last ruling Maharaja of Mysore
.

After Indian independence, the

Kannada Rajyotsava / Karnataka Rajyotsava
.

Post-unification

The

1957 elections saw the Indian National Congress win 150 seats out of 208, and S. Nijalingappa
was retained as Chief Minister.

The Congress retained its power in Karnataka till 1983, when the Janata Party formed the first non-Congress government in Karnataka with the support of other smaller parties. Subsequent elections have seen power switch between the Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party, and other parties.

Timeline

KarnatakaWodeyar dynastyKalyani ChalukyasBritish RajNayakas of KeladiBahmaniWestern GangasKingdom of MysoreVijaynagarSeuna Yadavas of DevagiriRastrakutasKadamba DynastyWodeyar dynastyWodeyar dynastyAdil Shahi dynastyHoysalasChalukyasSatavahana dynastyKannadaKannadaHalegannadaKannadaKannada

References

Notes

  1. ^ Dr. D.R. Bhandarkar argues that even the viceroys (Dandanayaka) of the Gujarat line hailing from the Rashtrakuta family signed their Sanskrit records in Kannada, examples of which are the Navasari and Baroda plates of Karka I and the Baroda records of Dhruva II. The Gujarat Rashtrakuta princes used Kannada signatures as this was the mode of writing in their native country, meaning Kannada country says Dr. Bhandarkar, A Concise History of Karnataka, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath

Citations

  1. ^ Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnatakakaushik, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002)
  2. ^ Dr. Suryanath Kamath, Prof. K.A.N. Sastri, Arthikaje
  3. Seuna
    or Yadava ruled from Devagiri (850-1315), literature in Kannada was prolific in their kingdom along with Sanskrit, coinage with Kannada legends have been discovered and most of their inscriptions are in Kannada, indicating that they were Kannadaigas who migrated north due to political situation. Marathi literature started from around 1190 C.E., Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002)
  4. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ^ Scholars such as R.V.Joshi, S.Nagaraju, A.Sundara etc. (Kamath 2001, p15)
  6. ^ Discovered by Dr. K. Paddayya in 1974 (Kamath 2001, pp15-16)
  7. ^ The hand axe was discovered by Primrose (Kamath 2001, p15)
  8. ^ "First-ever celt was found near Madikeri". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 10 January 2005. Archived from the original on 22 January 2005. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
  9. ^ Kamath (2001), p18
  10. ^ S. Ranganathan. "THE GOLDEN HERITAGE OF KARNATAKA". Online webpage of the Department of Metallurgy. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Archived from the original on 21 January 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
  11. ^ "Prehistoric culture of Karnataka". ourkarnataka.com. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
  12. The British Museum
    . Retrieved 6 May 2007.
  13. ^ a b "First-ever celt was found near Madikeri". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 10 January 2005. Archived from the original on 22 January 2005.
  14. ^ "The Golden Heritage of Karnataka". Archived from the original on 21 January 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
  15. ^ "WebHost4Life - Web Hosting, Unix Hosting, E-Mail, Web Design". www.ourkarnataka.com. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  16. ^ "Ancient India - Staff Room". www.ancientindia.co.uk. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  17. ^ "Metal artefacts, links with Mesopotamia". Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
  18. ^ Planet, Lonely. "Best Escape: Shravanabelagola, Karnataka". Lonely Planet India. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  19. ^ From the Talagunda inscription (Dr. B. L. Rice in Kamath, 2001, p30)
  20. ^ Moares (1931), p10
  21. ^ From the Talagunda inscription of 450 Kamath, (2001), pp 30-31
  22. ^ Ramesh (1984), p6
  23. ^ Arthikaje, Mangalore. "History of Karnataka-Kadambas of Banavasi". 1998-2000 OurKarnataka.Com,Inc. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
  24. ^ Dr. Jyotsna Kamat. "Kadambas of Banavasi". 1996-2006 Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
  25. ^ Adiga and Sheik Ali in Adiga (2006), p89
  26. ^ The Gangas were sons of the Soil - R. S. Panchamukhi and Lakshminarayana Rao Arthikaje, Mangalore. "Gangas of Talkad". 1998-2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
  27. ^ From the Halmidi inscription (Ramesh 1984, pp10–11)
  28. ^ Kamath (2001), p10
  29. ^ "5th century copper coin discovered at Banavasi". Deccan Herald. 7 February 2006. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
  30. ^ Considerable number of their records are in Kannada (Kamath 2001, p67, p73, pp88-89, p114)
  31. ^ 7th century Badami Chalukya inscriptions call Kannada the natural language (Thapar 2003, p345)
  32. ^ Altekar (1934), pp411–413
  33. ^ Even royalty of the Rashtrakuta empire took part in poetic and literary activities (Thapar 2003, p334)
  34. ^ a b Narasimhacharya (1988), p68, p17–21
  35. ^ Reu (1933), pp37–38
  36. ^ More inscriptions in Kannada are attributed to the Chalukya King Vikramaditya VI than to any other king prior to the 12th century, Kamat, Jyotsna. "Chalukyas of Kalyana". 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 24 December 2006.
  37. ^ "Group of Monuments at Pattadakal". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  38. ^ "Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  39. ^ Kamath (2001), pp. 132–134
  40. ^ Sastri (1955), pp. 359, 361
  41. ^ Foekema (1996), p. 14
  42. ^ Kamath (2001), p. 124
  43. South Indian
    politics and took up the leadership role (B.S.K. Iyengar in Kamath (2001), p. 126
  44. ^ Keay (2000), p. 252
  45. ^ Sastri (1955), p. 195
  46. ^ The Hoysalas dominated of Southern Deccan as a single empire, (Thapar 2003, p. 368
  47. ^ A Brief History of India by Alain Daniélou p. 177
  48. ^ a b c "Group of Monuments at Hampi". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  49. B.A. Saletore
    (Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire, 1930), G.S. Gai (Archaeological Survey of India), William Coelho (The Hoysala Vamsa, 1955) and Kamath ( Kamath 2001, pp. 157–160)
  50. ^ Karmarkar 1947, p. 30
  51. ^ Kamath (2001), pp190-191
  52. ^ Kamath (2001), p. 200
  53. ^ Kamath (2001), p. 201
  54. ^ Kamath (2001), p. 202
  55. ^ Kamath (2001), p. 207
  56. ^ Yazdani, 1995, pp. 91–93.
  57. ^ "On the history trail: Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj tortured to death in the most barbaric way ever seen by Aurangzeb". 6 May 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.

Bibliography

External links

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