History of Kyiv
Rus' Khaganate c.830–882
Kievan Rus' 882–1132
Principality of Kiev 1132–1471
∟ part of the Kievan Rus' from 1132 to 1243
∟ part of Vladimir-Suzdal from 1243 to 1271
∟ part of theKingdom of Rus'from 1271 to 1301
∟ vassal of the Golden Horde from 1301 to 1362
∟ part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1362 to 1471
Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1471–1569
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 1569–1648
∟ part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Cossack Hetmanate 1648–1737
∟ part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1648 to 1667
∟ part of the Tsardom of Russia from 1667 to 1721
∟ part of the Russian Empire from 1721 to 1737
Russian Empire 1737–1917
Ukrainian People's Republic 1917–1918
Ukrainian State 1918
Ukrainian People's Republic 1918–1920
Ukrainian SSR 1919–1941
∟ part of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1941
Reichskommissariat Ukraine 1941–1944
∟ part of German-occupied Europe from 1941 to 1944
Ukrainian SSR 1944–1991
∟ part of the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1991
Ukraine 1991–present
The history of
Legend says that three brothers,
Its political, but not cultural, importance declined drastically in 1169, when the troops of Andrey Bogolyubsky pillaged it; the old town was destroyed, and the capital moved to Vladimir. Numerous sackings of Kyiv by Rus' princes followed and it was completely destroyed in the Mongol invasion of 1240.[2]
In the following centuries, the city was a provincial capital of marginal importance on the outskirts of territories controlled by powerful neighbors: the
Kyiv prospered in the Russian industrial revolution of the late 19th century. In the conflicts and turbulence that followed the
Kievan Rus' to the Mongol invasion
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2022) |
According to legend,
Slavic settlements existed in the area starting from the end of the 5th century, and later developed into the city.[3] Archaeological excavations have suggested seventh or eighth century commercial activity in Kyiv's Podil district, but
Western historians (e.g. Kevin Alan Brook) speculate that the city was founded by Khazars or Magyars. Brook posits an etymology of Kyiv as a Turkic place name (Küi = riverbank + ev = settlement).[5] However, the Primary Chronicle, an important source of information on the early history of the area, says that Slavic Kyivans told Askold and Dir that they had no local ruler and paid tribute to the Khazars - an event attributed to the 9th century. Brook believes that in the 8th and 9th centuries the city was an outpost of the Khazar empire. A hill-fortress called Sambat (Old Turkic for "high place") was built to defend the area.[6]
However it was founded, the city's location made it a node on important ancient trade routes. In the seventh or eighth century the Dnipro came to be the standard
According to the
According to the
From Oleg's seizure of the city until 1169, Kyiv functioned as the capital of
Following the fragmentation of Kievan Rus' polity, the
In 1203, Prince Rurik Rostislavich captured and burned Kyiv. In the 1230s different Rus' princes besieged and ravaged the city several times. Then Mongol-Tatar forces led by Batu Khan besieged and then completely destroyed the city on 6 December 1240. The Mongols had originally planned to take the city unharmed, but upon their arrival, the garrison threw down the bodies of the Mongol diplomats sent to urge them to surrender. In revenge the Mongols broke down the gates and slaughtered much of the population, then razed the city.[16]
Golden Horde
In the period between 1241 and 1362, the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Kyiv became a part of the
At the time of the Lithuanian rule, the core of the city was located in Podil and there was a Lithuanian Kyiv Castle with 18 towers on the Zamkova Hora.[19]
The city was frequently attacked by
Kyiv had a Jewish community of some significance in the early sixteenth century. The tolerant Sigismund II Augustus granted equal rights to Jews in the city, on the grounds that they paid the same taxes as Podil's burghers. Polish sponsorship of Jewish settlement in the city added fuel to the conflict that already existed between the Orthodox and Catholic churches.[20]
Kingdom of Poland
In 1569, under the
In 1648,
Russian Empire
On 31 January 1667 the
In 1834,
Even after Kyiv and the surrounding region ceased being a part of Poland, Poles continued to play an important role. In 1812 there were over 43,000 Polish noblemen in Kyiv province, compared to only approximately 1,000 Russian nobles. Typically the nobles spent their winters in the city, where they held Polish balls and fairs.[32] Until the mid-18th century Kyiv was Polish in culture.[33] although Poles made up no more than ten percent of the city's population and 25% of its voters. During the 1830s Polish was the language of Kyiv's educational system, and until Polish enrollment in the university of St. Vladimir was restricted in the 1860s they made up the majority of that school's student body. The Russian government's cancellation of the city's autonomy and its placement under the rule of bureaucrats appointed from St. Petersburg was largely motivated by fear of Polish insurrection in the city.[32] Warsaw factories and fine Warsaw shops had branches in Kyiv. Józef Zawadzki, founder of Kyiv's stock exchange, served as the city's mayor in the 1890s. Poles living in the city tended to be friendly towards the Ukrainian national movement in the city, and some took part in Ukrainian organizations.[34] Indeed, many of the poorer Polish nobles became Ukrainianized in language and culture and these Ukrainians of Polish descent constituted an important element of the growing Ukrainian national movement. Kyiv served as a meeting point where such activists came together with the pro-Ukrainian descendants of Cossack officers from the left bank. Many of them would leave the city for the surrounding countryside in order to try to spread Ukrainian ideas among the peasants.[33]
According to the Russian census of 1874, of 127,251 people living in Kyiv, 38,553 (39%) spoke "Little Russian" (the Ukrainian language), 12,917 (11%) spoke Yiddish, 9,736 (10 percent) spoke Great Russian, 7,863 (6 percent) spoke Polish, and 2,583 (2 percent) spoke German. 48,437 (or 49%) of the city's residents were listed as speaking "generally Russian speech (obshcherusskoe narechie)." Such people were typically Ukrainians and Poles who could speak enough Russian to be counted as Russian-speaking.[35]
From the late 18th century until the late 19th century, city life was increasingly dominated by Russian military and ecclesiastical concerns.
Following the gradual loss of Ukraine's
During the
At that time, a large Jewish community emerged in the city, developing its own ethnic culture and business interests. This was stimulated by the prohibition of Jewish settlement in Russia proper (Moscow and Saint Petersburg) — as well as further eastwards. Expelled from Kyiv in 1654, Jews probably were not able to settle in the city again until the early 1790s. On 2 December 1827 Nicholas I of Russia expelled seven hundred Jews from the city. In 1836, the Pale of Settlement banned Jews from Kyiv as well, fencing off the city's districts from the Jewish population. Thus, at mid-century Jewish merchants who came to fairs in the city could stay for up to six months. In 1881 and 1905, notorious pogroms in the city resulted in the death of about 100 Jews.
The development of aviation (both military and amateur) became another notable mark of distinction of Kyiv in the early 20th century. Prominent aviation figures of that period include
Independence and Civil War
In 1917, the
On 7 November 1917, it was transformed into an
Later the city became a war zone in the lasting and bloody struggle between Ukrainian, Polish and Russian
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
After the "
With the withdrawal of German troops after the end of
It was then briefly occupied by the
After the
1930s
In the 1930s, the city suffered terribly from famine and from Stalinization. In 1932–33, the city population, like most of the other Ukrainian territories, suffered from the Holodomor. In Kyiv, bread and other food products were distributed to workers by food cards according to daily norm, but even with cards, bread was in limited supply, and citizens were standing overnight in lines to obtain it.[43]
In 1934 the capital of Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kyiv. The goal was to fashion a new proletariat utopia based on Stalin's blueprints. The city's architecture was made over, but a much greater impact on the population was Soviet social policy, which involved large-scale purges, coercion, and rapid movement toward totalitarianism in which dissent and non-communist organizations were not tolerated.[44]
In the 1930s the process of destruction of churches and monuments, which started in the 1920s, reached the most dramatic turn. Churches and structures that were hundreds of years old, such as
In the 1930s, the city inhabitants also suffered from the controversial Soviet political policy of that time. While encouraging lower-class Ukrainians to pursue careers and develop their culture (see Ukrainization), the Communist regime soon began harsh oppression of Ukraine's political freedom, autonomy and religion. Recurring political trials were organized in the city to purge "Ukrainian nationalists", "Western spies" and opponents of Joseph Stalin inside the Bolshevik party. During this time, numerous historic churches were destroyed or vandalized and the clergy repressed.
In the late 1930s, clandestine mass executions began in Kyiv. Thousands of city residents (mostly intellectuals and party activists) were arrested in the night, hurriedly court-martialed, shot and buried in mass graves. The main execution sites were
World War II
During the
Before the evacuation, the Red Army planted more than ten thousand mines throughout the city, controlled by wireless detonators. On 24 September, when the German invaders had settled into the city, the mines were detonated, causing many of the major buildings to collapse, and setting the city ablaze for five days. More than a thousand Germans were killed.[46]
In the "Hunger Plan" prepared ahead of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, with the aim of ensuring that Germans were given priority over food supplies at the expense of everyone else, the inhabitants of the city were defined as "superfluous eaters" who were to be "gotten rid of" by the cutting off of all food supplies to the city – the food to be diverted to feeding the Wehrmacht troops and Germany's own population.[citation needed] Luckily for city inhabitants, this part of the "Hunger Plan" was never fully implemented.
An underground resistance quickly established by local patriots was active until the liberation from Nazi occupation. During the war, the city was heavily bombarded, especially in the beginning of the war and the city was largely destroyed including many of its architectural landmarks (only one building remained standing on the
While the whole of Ukraine was a '
The city was liberated by the Red Army on 6 November 1943. For its role during the War the city was later awarded the title Hero City.
Postwar Ukrainian SSR
Despite the end of the war, on 4–7 September 1945 an
1950s–1990s
The postwar period in Kyiv was one of rapid socio-economic growth and political pacification. The arms race of the Cold War caused the establishment of a powerful technological complex in the city (both research and development and production), specializing in aerospace, microelectronics and precision optics. Dozens of industrial companies were created employing highly skilled personnel. Sciences and technology became the main issues of the city's intellectual life. Dozens of research institutes in various fields formed the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.
The city also became an important military center of the Soviet Union. More than a dozen military schools and academies were established here, also specializing in high-tech warfare (see also
The city grew tremendously in the 1950s through 1980s. Some significant urban achievements of this period include establishment of the
Systematic oppression of pro-Ukrainian intellectuals, dubbed as "nationalists", was carried under the propaganda campaign against Ukrainian nationalism threatening the Soviet way of life. In cultural sense it marked a new wave of Russification in the 1970s, when universities and research facilities were gradually and secretly discouraged from using Ukrainian. Switching to Russian, as well as choosing to send children to Russian schools was expedient for educational and career advancement.
Thus the city underwent another cycle of gradual Russification[citation needed].
Every attempt to dispute Soviet rule was harshly oppressed, especially concerning democracy, Ukrainian SSR's self-government, and ethnic-religious problems. Campaigns against "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism" and "Western influence" in Kyiv's educational and scientific institutions were mounted repeatedly. Due to limited career prospects in Kyiv, Moscow became a preferable life destination for many Kyivans (and Ukrainians as a whole), especially for artists and other creative intellectuals. Dozens of show-business celebrities in modern Russia were born in Kyiv.
In the 1970s and later 1980s–1990s, given special permission from the Soviet government, a significant part of the city's Jews migrated to Israel and the West.
The
Independent Ukraine
Capital of an independent nation
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011) |
After 57 years as the capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union, the city became the capital of independent Ukraine in 1991.
The city was the site of mass protests over the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election by supporters of opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko beginning on 22 November 2004 at Independence Square. Much smaller counter-protests in favor of Viktor Yanukovych also took place.
The city hosted the
In February 2014, the city was the site of the Revolution of Dignity, also known as the Maidan Revolution.
In 2014, Vitali Klitschko, former professional boxer, became the city's mayor.[50]
2022 Russian invasion
This section needs to be updated.(March 2024) |
In 2022, during the
Major air strikes include:
- The mass missile strike, which hit the city on 10 October 2022, killing 8.[53]
- The attack on 16 May 2023, when Kyiv was showered by 18 different Russian missiles and 3 attack drones.[54]
- The drone attack on 2 January 2023, when 60 drones entered Kyiv, killing a person.[55]
- The 26 February 2022 air strike, when Russian artillery shelled the city for over 30 minutes.[56]
- The 1 March 2022 missile strike, when 2 missiles destroyed part of the Kyiv TV tower, disabling some forms of communication, and killing 5 people.[57]
See also
References
- ^ Khvoyka, Vikentiy (2015-12-28). "Kiew-Kyrill-Wohnplatz settlement Cyril Park". pamyatky.kiev.ua.
- ^ "У 1240 році хан Батий захопив і зруйнував Київ. А коли його збудували? Скільки брам було? Усіх князів памʼятаєте? Тест «Бабеля» про історію міста". babel.ua (in Ukrainian). 6 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
- ^ Tolochko P. P., Ivakin G. Y., Vermenych Y.V. Kyiv. in Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History (Енциклопедія історії України). — Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 2007. — vol. 4. — P. 201-218.
- ^ http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s5285.pdf.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Brook, Kevin Alan (2014) [First published 1996]. "An Introduction to the History of Khazaria". Archived from the original on 24 December 2014.
- ^
Brook, Kevin Alan (2018). Jews of Khazaria (third ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 28, note 53. ISBN 978-1-5381-0342-5.
- ISBN 978-1-932650-03-7
- ^ DNA Testing of the Rurikid and Gediminid Princes [unreliable source?]
- ISBN 0-7425-2063-3
- ISBN 978-0-300-00247-8.
- ISBN 978-0521859165.
- ISBN 9780521864039. Archived from the original(PDF) on 29 March 2017.
- ISBN 9780521548113.
- ^ Janet Martin, Medieval Russia:980–1584, (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 100.
- JSTOR 41036344.
- ^ "У 1240 році хан Батий захопив і зруйнував Київ. А коли його збудували? Скільки брам було? Усіх князів памʼятаєте? Тест «Бабеля» про історію міста". babel.ua (in Ukrainian). 6 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
- ISBN 966-02-1683-1(in Ukrainian)
- ISBN 0-521-45011-X
- ^ ""Ukraina: Lietuvos epocha, 1320–1569"". Bernardinai.lt (in Lithuanian). 3 May 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
(...) LDK laikais Kijevas atsikūrė Podile, t. y. Žemutiniame mieste, virš kurio buvo iškilusi Lietuvių pilis su 18 bokštų. Kito Kijevo branduolio ilgai ir nebuvo, visas Lietuvos epochos Kijevas ir buvo Podilas.
- ISBN 0-691-03253-X
- ISBN 0-521-54402-5
- ^ A letter of Bohdan Khmelnytsky to the Tsar Alexis, 1656
- ^ a b Т.Г. Таирова-Яковлева Иван Выговский // Единорогъ. Материалы по военной истории Восточной Европы эпохи Средних веков и Раннего Нового времени, вып.1, М., 2009: Под влиянием польской общественности и сильного диктата Ватикана сейм в мае 1659 г. принял Гадячский договор в более чем урезанном виде. Идея Княжества Руського вообще была уничтожена, равно как и положение о сохранении союза с Москвой. Отменялась и ликвидация унии, равно как и целый ряд других позитивных статей.
- ^ "Approbacya komisyi Hadyackiey. Warszawa 1659". Archived from the original on 2010-03-05. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
- ISBN 0-19-924739-0
- ISBN 83-01-00423-1
- ISBN 0-295-98093-1
- ^ Halecki, Oskar, F. Reddaway, J.H. Penson, Dyboski R. (1950). The Cambridge History of Poland, Volume I:From the Origins to Sobieski (to 1686), p. 526. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
- ISBN 0-19-925340-4.
- ISBN 0-8020-8390-0
- ^ Eugeniusz Romer, O wschodniej granicy Polski z przed 1772 r., w: Księga Pamiątkowa ku czci Oswalda Balzera, t. II, Lwów 1925, s. [358].
- ^ a b Michael F. Hamm. (1995). Kiev: A Portrait, 1800–1917. Princeton: Princeton University Press pg. 225
- ^ a b Timothy Snyder. (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 120–122
- ^ Michael F. Hamm. (1995). Kiev: A Portrait, 1800–1917. Princeton: Princeton University Press pp. 54–55
- ^ a b Michael F. Hamm. (1995). Kiev: A Portrait, 1800–1917. Princeton: Princeton University Press pg. 103
- ISBN 83-85854-50-9
- OCLC 1055418938.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ "Становлення українського театрального мистецтва у часи Гетьманату". Matrix-info (in Ukrainian). 2018-09-03. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
- ^ "Що встиг Скоропадський?". Історична правда. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
- ^ The Times, Bolshevists Against The Church, 7 February 1918.
- ^ The Times, The Central Asian Menace, 21 March 1918
- ^ “Kyiv,” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2020-01-03
- ISBN 0-19-505180-7
- ^ Serhy Yekelchyk, "The Making of a 'Proletarian Capital': Patterns of Stalinist Social Policy in Kiev in the mid-1930s," Europe-Asia Studies, November 1998, Vol. 50, Issue 7, pages 1229–1244.
- ^ Mykola Lysenko. Bukivnia: A crime without repentance Archived 2007-05-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Conot, Robert E., Justice at Nuremberg, Carroll & Graf, 1983. p. 225
- ^ Nicholas G. Bohatiuk, "The Economy of Kiev under Foreign Conquerors, 1941–1944," Ukrainian Quarterly, March 1986, Vol. 42 Issue 1/2, pp 35–58 contains statistical detail on demography, religion, income, food supply, and the cost of living during the German occupation.
- ^ "State-sponsored Anti-Semitism in Postwar USSR. Studies and Research Perspectives; Antonella Salomoni". Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History / Questioni di storia ebraica contemporanea. 2 April 2010. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
- ^ Amir Weiner. Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution. Princeton University Press. 2008. p. 192.
- ^ "Кличка оголосили новим мером Києва". Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-01-18.
- ^ "Враг пошел на прорыв границы в Киевской области". Украинская правда (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-10-25.
- ^ "Ukraine-Russia invasion: Europe prepares for wave of refugees". BBC. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Collier, Ian (10 October 2022). "Ukraine war: Dozens of missiles hit Kyiv and at least eight people killed". Sky News. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
- ^ "Ukraine carries out one of the deadliest attacks against Russian forces since war began". PBS NewsHour. 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
- ^ "Blasts heard in Kyiv as Russian forces close in". Washington Post. 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
Further reading
- Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian. Kyiv, Ukraine: the city of domes and demons from the collapse of socialism to the mass uprising of 2013–2014 (Amsterdam UP, 2016) online.
- Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian. "Whose city? Kyiv and its river after socialism." Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 98.4 (2016): 367–379.
- Estraikh, Gennady. "From Yehupets Jargonists to Kyiv modernists: The rise of a Yiddish literary Centre, 1880s‐1914." East European Jewish Affairs 30.1 (2000): 17–38.
- Hamm, Michael F (1993). Kiev: a portrait, 1800–1917. ISBN 0-691-03253-X. online review
- Luckyj, George Stephen Nestor. Young Ukraine: The Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Kiev, 1845–1847 (University of Ottawa Press, 1991).
- Meir, Natan M. Kiev: Jewish Metropolis, a History, 1859–1914 (Indiana UP, 2010) 403pp Examines political, religious, demographic, cultural, and other aspects of Kyiv's Jews, from the official readmission of Jews to the city to the beginning of World War I.
- Meir, Natan M. "Jews, Ukrainians, and Russians in Kiev: Intergroup relations in late imperial associational life." Slavic Review (2006): 475–501. online
- Pavlychko, Solomea. Letters from Kiev (1992).
- Surh, Gerald. "The Role of Civil and Military Commanders During the 1905 Pogroms in Odessa and Kiev." Jewish Social Studies: History, Culture, and Society 15.3 (2009): 39–55 online.
Other languages
- (in Russian) History of Kyiv (История Киева), three volumes. Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 1982–1986.
- (in Ukrainian) F.Berlynskyi. History of Kyiv (Історія міста Києва). Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 1991.
- (in Ukrainian) History of Kyiv (Історія міста Києва). Kyiv: Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR, 1960.
External links
- Ancient Kyiv: rapid development and dramatic decay - BEST KYIV GUIDE
- Gorod Kiev – Kiev historical website
- Kyiv History Site – All Kyiv history
- History of Kyiv – KievGid.Net portal