History of Manchester

The history of Manchester encompasses its change from a minor

Manchester has been on a provisional list for UNESCO World Heritage City on numerous occasions. However, since the 1996 bombing, local authorities have persisted on a course of economic evolution rather than prioritising the past. This economic evolution is perhaps best illustrated with the 558-foot (170-metre) Beetham Tower which instantly "torpedoed" any possibility of World Heritage City status according to one author.^[4] Despite this, areas perceived as internationally important in the Industrial Revolution, such as Castlefield and Ancoats, have been sympathetically redeveloped.

Etymology

The name Manchester originates from the

The Latin name for Manchester is often given as Mancuniun. This is most likely a neologism coined in Victorian times, similar to the widespread Latin name Cantabrigia for Cambridge (whose actual name in Roman times was Duroliponte^[9]).

Prehistory

Prehistoric evidence of human activity in the area of Manchester is limited, although scattered stone tools have been found.^[10]

There is evidence of Bronze Age activity around Manchester in the form of burial sites.

For the important prehistoric farm site at Oversley Farm, see Oversleyford § Oversley Farm.

Roman

The

Evidence of both pagan and Christian worship has been discovered. Two altars have been discovered and there may be a temple of

Once the Romans left Britain, the focus of settlement in Manchester shifted to the confluence of the rivers

Manchester was administratively part of the

Manchester's entry in the Domesday Book reads "the Church of St Mary and the Church of St Michael hold one carucate of land in Manchester exempt from all customary dues except tax".^[32] St Mary's Church was an Anglo-Saxon church on the site of Manchester Cathedral;^[32] St Michael's Church may have been in Ashton-under-Lyne.^[30] The parish of Manchester – of which St Mary's Church was a part – was the ecclesiastical centre of the Salford Hundred. It covered about 60 square miles (160 km²) and extended as far as the edges of Flixton and Eccles in the west, the Mersey between Stretford and Stockport in the south, the edge of Ashton-under-Lyne in the east, and the edge of Prestwich in the north.^[30] That such a large area was covered by a single parish has been taken as evidence of the area's "impoverished and depopulated status". The only tax the parish was subject to was Danegeld.^[30]

There was a

The medieval town's defences incorporated the rivers Irk and Irwell on two sides and a 450-yard (410 m) long ditch on the others. The ditch, known as Hanging Ditch, was up to 40 yards (37 m) wide and 40 yards (37 m) deep. It was spanned by Hanging Bridge, the main route in and out of the town. The name may derive from hangan meaning hollow,^[40] although there is an alternative derivation from the Old English hen, meaning wild birds, and the Welsh gan, meaning between two hills.^[41] It dates to at least 1343 but may be even older.^[42]

In the 14th century, Manchester became home to a community of

Thomas de la Warre was a

Thomas also gave the site of the old manor house as a residence for the priests. It remains as one of the finest examples of a medieval secular religious building in Britain and is now the home of Chetham's School of Music.

Growth of the textile trade

By the 16th century the wool trade had made Manchester a flourishing market town. The collegiate church, which is now the cathedral, was finally completed in 1500–1510. The magnificent carved choir stalls date from this period, and in 1513 work began on a chapel endowed by James Stanley, Bishop of Ely, in thanksgiving for the safe return of his kinsman (sometimes said to be his son) John Stanley from the Battle of Flodden.

The

The town's growth was given further impetus in 1620 with the start of

Lord Strange returned and attempted to besiege the town, which had no permanent fortifications. With the help of John Rosworm, a German mercenary, the town was vigorously defended. Captain Bradshaw and his musketeers resolutely manned the bridge to Salford. Eventually, Strange realised that his force was ill-prepared, and after hearing that his father had died, withdrew to claim his title.

During the

Humphrey Chetham purchased the old college buildings after the civil war, and endowed it as a bluecoat school. Chetham's Hospital, as it was known, later became Chetham's School of Music. The endowment included a collection of books, which in 1653 became Chetham's Library, the first free public library in the English-speaking world. As of 2017, it is still open and free to use.^[45]

Despite the political setbacks, the town continued to prosper. A number of inhabitants supported the Glorious Revolution in 1688. They became discontented with the Tory clergy at the collegiate church, and a separate church, more to their tastes, was founded by Lady Ann Bland. St Ann's Church is a fine example of an early Georgian church, and was consecrated in 1712. The surroundings, what is now St Ann's Square but was previously known as Acresfield, were in imitation of a London square.

About this time, Defoe described the place as "the greatest mere village in England", by which he meant that a place the size of a populous market town had no form of local government to speak of, and was still subject to the whims of a lord of the manor.

In 1745,

Manchester remained a small market town until the late 18th century and the beginning of the

Indeed, it was the importing of cotton, which began towards the end of the 18th century, that revolutionised the textile industry in the area. This new commodity was imported through the port of Liverpool, which was connected with Manchester by the Mersey and Irwell Navigation—the two rivers had been made navigable from the 1720s onwards.

Manchester now developed as the natural distribution centre for raw cotton and spun

In 1830, Manchester was again at the forefront of transport technology with the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the world's first steam passenger railway. This provided faster transport of raw materials and finished goods between the port of Liverpool and mills of Manchester. By 1838, Manchester was connected by rail with Birmingham and London, and by 1841 with Hull. The existing horse-drawn omnibus services were all acquired by the Manchester Carriage Company, Ltd in 1865. Horse-drawn trams began in Salford (1877) and Manchester (1880–81), were succeeded by electric trams in 1901–03 and by 1930 Manchester Corporation Tramways were running the third largest system in the UK.^[49]

Population

The Industrial Revolution resulted in Manchester's population exploding as people moved from other parts of the British Isles into the city seeking new opportunities.

Particularly large numbers came from

Scottish migration in to Manchester can be traced back to before 1745 when the Jacobites marched through the city but the population of Scottish born residents peaked at almost 2% of the city's total population in 1871. Many of the city's machine making firms which powered the Industrial Revolution had their roots in emigrant Scottish engineers.^[51]

A Welsh community has existed in Manchester since the 16th century.^[52] In 1892 there was 80,000 Welsh born residents in the North West of England with particularly high concentrations in Manchester and Liverpool. David Lloyd George was born in the city and Welsh socialist Robert Jones Derfel spent much of his life in the city.^[53]

Large numbers of (mostly Jewish) immigrants later came to Manchester from

There has been a presence of Black people in Manchester since the 1700s. There are records of black people being buried at Manchester Cathedral from 1757. The abolitionist Thomas Clarkson noted during a speech in Manchester in 1787 "'I was surprised also to find a great crowd of black people standing round the pulpit. There might be forty or fifty of them.'^[54]

From the 1940s onwards further waves of immigration brought

From the 1990s onwards Kosovans, Afghans, Iraqis and Congolese have settled in the area.^[56]

It has been suggested as a result of the last two hundred years that Manchester having been involved in all these periods of immigration is the most polyglot of all British cities aside from London^[57]

Intellectual life

The unconventional background of such a diverse population stimulated intellectual and artistic life. The Manchester Academy, for example, opened in

Manchester's rapid growth into a significant industrial centre meant the pace of change was fast and frightening. At that time, it seemed a place in which anything could happen—new industrial processes, new ways of thinking (the so-called 'Manchester School', promoting free trade and laissez-faire), new classes or groups in society, new religious sects and new forms of labour organisation. Such radicalism culminated in the opening of the Free Trade Hall which had several incarnations until its current building was occupied in 1856. It attracted educated visitors from all parts of Britain and Europe. "What Manchester does today," it was said, "the rest of the world does tomorrow." Benjamin Disraeli, at that time a young novelist, had one of his characters express such sentiments. "The age of ruins is past ... Have you seen Manchester? Manchester is as great a human exploit as Athens ...".^[58]

Reform

At the beginning of the 19th century, Manchester was still governed by a

During the late 19th century Manchester began to suffer an economic decline, partly exacerbated by its reliance on the Port of

The world's first industrial estate

Trafford Park in Stretford (outside the city boundaries) was the world's first industrial estate and still exists today, though with a significant tourist and recreational presence. Manchester suffered greatly from the inter-war depression and the underlying structural changes that began to supplant the old industries, including textile manufacture.

Further expansion

The municipal borough created in 1838 covered the six townships of Ardwick, Beswick, Cheetham, Chorlton-on-Medlock, Hulme and Manchester.^[62] The borough became a city in 1853. Expansion of the city limits was constrained westwards, as Salford immediately to the west had been given its own borough charter in 1844. These areas were included in the city limits of Manchester at these dates:-

• 1885: Harpurhey, Bradford-with-Beswick, Rusholme
• 1890:
  Clayton, Openshaw, West Gorton
• 1903: Heaton Park. So far most expansion had been northerly and easterly.
• 1904: Moss Side, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Withington, Burnage, Didsbury, all to the south.
• 1909: Gorton, Levenshulme.
• 1931: The parishes of Northenden, Baguley and Northen Etchells, beyond the River Mersey, previously in Bucklow Rural District in Cheshire. They later formed the Wythenshawe housing estate. This followed an unsuccessful attempt to annex the same area in 1927.^[65]
• 1974 (
  Ringway, Manchester International Airport
  .

By 1900 the Manchester city region was the 9th most populous in the world.[66] In the early 20th century Manchester's economy diversified into engineering chemical and electrical industries. The stimulus of the ship canal saw the establishment of Trafford Park, the world's first industrial park, in 1910 and the arrival of the Ford Motor Company and Westinghouse Electric Corporation from the USA. The influence is still visible in "Westinghouse Road" and a grid layout of numbered streets and avenues.

In 1931 the population of Manchester reached an all-time peak of 766,311. However, the period from the 1930s onwards saw a continuous decline in population. During this period, textile manufacture, Manchester's traditional staple industry went into steep decline, largely due to the Great Depression of the 1930s and foreign competition.^{[citation needed]} During this period the Women's Citizens League campaigned for better maternity facilities in the city.^[67]

Significant changes in this period were the move of the Manchester Royal Infirmary from Piccadilly in 1908 and the building of a new public library and town hall extension in the 1930s.

Second World War

In the

The Royal Exchange ceased trading in 1968.

The 1950s saw the start of Manchester's rise as a

The same period saw the rise to national celebrity of local stars from the Granada TV soap opera Coronation Street, which was first aired on ITV in December 1960 and remains on air more than 60 years later.

The city also attracted international media and public attention for the success of its two senior football clubs—Manchester United and Manchester City.

They since regained promotion to the top tier in 2001–02 and have remained a fixture in the Premier League since 2002–03. For 80 years until 2003, the club had played at the Maine Road stadium in the Moss Side area of the city, before moving to the City of Manchester Stadium to the east of the city centre, which had been constructed for the previous year's Commonwealth Games. In 2008, Manchester City was purchased by Abu Dhabi United Group for £210 million and received considerable financial investment. The club's next major trophy was the FA Cup in 2011. The club's first top division league title for 44 years followed in 2012, and a League Cup triumph followed in 2014.

The club have now won seven

In 1974, Manchester was split from the county of Lancashire, and the Metropolitan Borough of Manchester was created.

The diversification of the city's economy helped to cushion the blow of this decline. However, as with many inner-city areas, the growth of car ownership and commuting meant that many people moved from the inner-city and into surrounding suburbs. By 1971 the population of Manchester had declined to 543,868, and by 2001 422,302.

IRA bomb and its effects

During the 1980s, with the demise of many traditional industries under the radical economic restructuring often known as

.

At 11.20 am on Saturday 15 June 1996, the

Salford). This reconstruction spurred a massive regeneration of the city centre, with complexes such as the Printworks and the Triangle creating new city focal points for both shopping and entertainment. The following regeneration took over a decade to complete. The completion of the renovated Manchester Arndale in September 2006 allowed the centre to hold the title of the UK's largest city centre shopping mall.^[77]

The bomb is commemorated by a plaque fixed to a nearby postbox which withstood the blast, which reads "This postbox remained standing almost undamaged on June 15, 1996 when this area was devastated by a bomb. The box was removed during the rebuilding of the city centre and was returned to its original site on November 22nd 1999."

21st century

In 2002, the city hosted the

Atlanta

in 1996 and Sydney in 2000.

In the 1990s, Manchester earned a reputation for gang-related crime, particularly after a spate of shootings involving young men, and reports of teenagers carrying handguns as "fashion accessories". A more concerted effort to reduce such crime has focused on prohibiting the availability of firearms, working with the community, deterring young individuals from joining gangs and jailing ringleaders have all helped to reduce gun crime. Consequently, gun crime has plummeted year on year since 2007.^[78][79] Crime figures from 2011 show there were 19.2 firearm crimes per 100,000 population in Greater Manchester—compared to 35.1 in the Metropolitan Police area and City of London, and 34.3 in the West Midlands.^[80]

The

Europride festival.^[81][82]

During the 1980s, the Victoria University of Manchester had somewhat complacently exploited its reputation as one of the leading

red brick universities. During the same period, many of those universities established post-war vigorously pursued policies of growth and innovation. The university consequently saw its standing decline and only in the 1990s did it embark on a catch-up programme. In October 2004 the Victoria University of Manchester and UMIST merged to form the University of Manchester

, the largest University in the UK with ambitious plans to be one of the world's leading research-intensive universities.

Since the regeneration after the 1996 IRA bomb, and aided by the XVII Commonwealth Games, Manchester's city centre has changed significantly. Large sections of the city dating from the 1960s have been either demolished and re-developed or modernised with the use of glass and steel; a good example of this transformation is the Manchester Arndale. Many old mills and textile warehouses have been converted into apartments, helping to give the city a much more modern, upmarket look and feel. Some areas, like Hulme (first unsuccessfully regenerated in the 1960s when multi-storey flats replaced Victorian slums), have undergone extensive regeneration programmes and many million-pound lofthouse apartments have since been developed to cater for its growing business community. The 168 metre tall, 47-storey Beetham Tower, completed in 2006, provides the highest residential accommodation in the United Kingdom — the lower 23 floors form the Hilton Hotel, while the upper 24 floors are apartments. The Beetham Tower was originally planned to stand 171 metres in height, but this had to be changed due to local wind conditions.^[83]

In January 2007, the independent Casino Advisory Panel awarded Manchester a licence to build the only

House of Commons acceptance meaningless. This left the supercasino, and 14 other smaller concessions, in parliamentary limbo until a final decision was made.^[85] On 11 July 2007, a source close to the government declared the entire supercasino project "dead in the water".^[86] A member of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce professed himself "amazed and a bit shocked" and that "there has been an awful lot of time and money wasted".^[87] After a meeting with the Prime Minister, Manchester City Council issued a press release on 24 July 2007 stating that "contrary to some reports the door is not closed to a regional casino".^[88] The supercasino was officially declared dead in February 2008 with a compensation package described by the Manchester Evening News as "rehashed plans, spin and empty promises".^[89]

Parts of the city centre were affected by rioting by Rangers fans during the 2008 UEFA Cup final riots.^[90]

By 2011, Manchester and

Salford were on a tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site status.^[91] The proposal centres on the Bridgewater Canal

, regarded as the first true canal which helped create the industrial revolution.

On

Tuesday 9 August, the centres of Manchester and Salford were among the many cities and towns affected by the 2011 England riots.^[92]

On 22 May 2017, the city suffered its worst postwar tragedy when an

Islamic extremist, Libyan immigrant Salaman Abedi, carried out a suicide bombing following a concert by the American singer Ariana Grande at the Manchester Arena. Abedi killed himself and 22 other people, and injured over 800, with many of the casualties being children, teenagers and young adults.^[93] It was the deadliest terrorist attack and the first suicide bombing in Britain since the 7 July 2005 London bombings. The attack caused worldwide condemnation and the changing of the UK's threat level to "critical" for the first time since 2007.^[94] Many of the injured and dead were from the Greater Manchester area and neighbouring parts of Cheshire and Lancashire

.

Civic history

The town of Manchester (as it was then) was granted a charter in 1301 by Thomas de Grelley, Baron of Manchester, who was also the

Lord of the Manor of Manchester, but the borough status it conferred on the town was lost following a court case in 1359.^[95]

Until the 19th century, Manchester was one of the many townships in the ancient parish of Manchester which covered a wider area than today's metropolitan borough.

In 1792 commissioners, usually known as police commissioners, were established for the improvement of the

Township of Manchester

.

The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 converted many older boroughs into a new standardised type of borough called municipal boroughs, with elected councils, and included provisions to allow other towns to become municipal boroughs. Manchester took advantage of the new provisions and secured a charter incorporating the town as a municipal borough on 23 October 1838. The borough as created in 1838 covered the six townships of Ardwick, Beswick, Cheetham, Chorlton-on-Medlock, Hulme and Manchester. The municipal borough was slightly smaller than the parliamentary constituency of Manchester which had been created under the Reform Act 1832, which also included Bradford, Harpurhey and Newton.^[95][62] The first election to the borough council (also called the corporation) was held on 14 December 1838. The council held its first meeting on 15 December 1838 at the Manor Court Room on Brown Street, when Thomas Potter was appointed the first Mayor of Manchester and Joseph Heron was appointed the first town clerk, a post he would hold for over forty years.^[96]

On 11 December 1840, the Manchester

Poor Law Union was formally declared and took responsibility for the administration and funding of the Poor Law in the area.^[97]

City of Manchester

On 29 March 1853 the borough was elevated to

Bradford, Harpurhey, Rusholme and parts of Moss Side and Withington

townships.

By the Local Government Act 1888, the City of Manchester became in 1889 a county borough, although it still kept the city title.^[95]

Other areas, which had been under the control of Lancashire County Council, were added to the city between 1890 and 1933:

• 1890:
  Clayton area (part of Droylsden township) and part of Gorton
  township.
• 1901: A very small part of Gorton Urban District.
• 1903: Part (Heaton Park area) of Prestwich Urban District.
• 1904: Burnage, Didsbury and Chorlton-cum-Hardy civil parishes and Moss Side and Withington Urban Districts.
• 1909: Levenshulme Urban District and the remaining area of Gorton Urban District.
• 1913: Part of Heaton Norris Urban District.
• 1933: Part of Denton Urban District.
• In addition to these areas, in 1931 the Cheshire civil parishes of Baguley, Northenden and Northen Etchells were also added to the City of Manchester.^[95]

Under the

Metropolitan Boroughs of the newly created Metropolitan county of Greater Manchester

.

In 1986 Greater Manchester County Council was abolished by the Local Government Act 1985 and most of its functions were devolved to the ten boroughs, making them effectively unitary authorities. Some of the County Council's functions were taken over by joint bodies such as a passenger transport authority, and joint fire, police and waste disposal authorities.

In one of its most noted acts, Manchester City Council carried a resolution in 1980 to create the UK's first

Nuclear Free Zone^[99][100] The Peace Gardens were later constructed on a small piece of land in Lincoln Square

.

Greater Manchester

Before 1974 the area of Greater Manchester was split between Cheshire and Lancashire with numerous parts being independent county boroughs. The area was informally known as "SELNEC", for "South East Lancashire North East Cheshire". Also, small parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire (around Saddleworth) and Derbyshire were covered.

SELNEC had been proposed by the Redcliffe-Maud Report of 1969 as a "metropolitan area". This had roughly the same northern boundary as today's Greater Manchester but covered much more territory in north-east Cheshire – including Macclesfield and Warrington. It also covered Glossop in Derbyshire.

In 1969 a SELNEC Passenger Transport Authority was set up, which covered an area smaller than the proposed SELNEC, but different from the eventual Greater Manchester.

Although the Redcliffe-Maud report was rejected by the Conservative Party government after it won the 1970 general election, it was committed to local government reform and accepted the need for a county based on Manchester. Its original proposal was much smaller than the Redcliffe-Maud Report's SELNEC, but further fringe areas such as Wilmslow, Warrington and Glossop were trimmed from the edges and included instead in the shire counties. The metropolitan county of Greater Manchester was eventually established in 1974.

Greater Manchester's representative

ceremonial county

.

See also

• Beyer, Peacock & Company
• History of England
• List of famous Mancunians
• List of railway stations in Greater Manchester
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• Politics in Manchester
• Stephenson's Rocket
• Timeline of Manchester history
• Transport in Manchester
• University of Manchester
• University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
• Victoria University of Manchester

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94. ^ "Manchester attack: Terror threat reduced from critical to severe". BBC News. 27 May 2017.
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Bibliography

• ISBN 0-520-07922-1
• Cooper, Glynis (2003). Hidden Manchester. Breedon Books Publishing.
  ISBN 1-85983-401-9
  .
• Gregory, Richard, ed. (2007). Roman Manchester: The University of Manchester's Excavations within the Vicus 2001–5. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  ISBN 978-1-84217-271-1
  .
• Hylton, Stuart (2003). A History of Manchester. Chichester: Phillimore and co. Ltd.
  ISBN 1-86077-240-4
  .
• Kidd, Alan (1996). Manchester. Keele: Keele University Press.
  ISBN 1-85331-028-X
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• Mason, David J.P. (2001). Roman Chester: City of the Eagles. Stroud: Tempus Publishing Ltd.
  ISBN 0-7524-1922-6
  .
• Miller, Ian; Wild, Chris (2007). A & G Murray and the Cotton Mills of Ancoats.
  ISBN 978-0-904220-46-9
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• Mosley, Stephen. The chimney of the world: a history of smoke pollution in Victorian and Edwardian Manchester (Routledge, 2013)
• Nevell, Mike (1992). Tameside Before 1066. Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council.
  ISBN 1-871324-07-6
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• Nevell, Mike (1997). The Archaeology of Trafford. Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council with the
  ISBN 1-870695-25-9
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• Nevell, Mike (2008). Manchester: The Hidden History. The History Press.
  ISBN 978-0-7524-4704-9
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• Newman, Caron (2006). "Medieval Period Resource Assessment". Archaeology North West. 8: 115–144.
  ISSN 0962-4201
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• Philpott, Robert A. (2006). "The Romano-British Period Resource Assessment". Archaeology North West. 8: 59–90.
  ISSN 0962-4201
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• Reid, Robert (1989). The Peterloo Massacre. William Heinemann Ltd.
  ISBN 0-434-62901-4
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• Shotter, David (2004) [1993]. Romans and Britons in North-West England. Lancaster: Centre for North-West Regional Studies.
  ISBN 1-86220-152-8
  .
• Walker, John, ed. (1989). Castleshaw: The Archaeology of a Roman Fortlet. Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit.
  ISBN 0-946126-08-9
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Further reading

Published in the 19th century

• hdl:2027/mdp.39015063565736
• "Manchester", Black's Picturesque Tourist and Road-book of England and Wales (3rd ed.), Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1853
• Frederick Dolman (1895), "Manchester", Municipalities at Work: the Municipal Policy of Six Great Towns and its Influence on their Social Welfare, London: Methuen & Co.,
  OCLC 8429493
• "Manchester", Great Britain (4th ed.), Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, 1897,
  OCLC 6430424

Published in the 20th century

• Axon, William Edward Armytage (1911). "Manchester" . Encyclopædia Britannica
  . Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 544–549.
• William Dean Howells (1909), "Some Merits of Manchester", Seven English Cities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• Kargon, R.H. (1977). Science in Victorian Manchester: Enterprise and Expertise. Manchester University Press.
  ISBN 0-7190-0701-1
  .
• Shercliff, W. H. (1977) Manchester: a Short History of its Development
• Haslam, Dave (1999). Manchester, England; the Story of the Pop Cult City. London: Fourth Estate.
  ISBN 1-84115-146-7
  .
• Mamchestre Mamchestre pg 36 chap IV

External links

• Manchester chronology
• Image of Deansgate in Manchester, with trams, about 1910
• The English Civil War in Manchester
• Our Manchester
• A brief history of Manchestery