History of Milton Keynes

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The Milton Keynes Hoard of Bronze Age torcs and bracelets, on display at the British Museum

This history of

Southeast England, its subsequent urban design and development, to the present day. Milton Keynes, founded in 1967, is the largest settlement and only city in Buckinghamshire. At the 2021 census, the population of its urban area was estimated to have exceeded 256,000.[1]

Overview

Further information: New towns in the United Kingdom

In the 1960s, the UK Government decided that a further generation of

South East of England was needed to relieve housing congestion in London.[2]

Since the 1950s,

London boroughs had been constructed in Bletchley.[3][4][5] Further studies[6] in the 1960s identified north Buckinghamshire as a possible site for a large new town, a new city,[7][a] encompassing the existing towns of Bletchley, Fenny Stratford, Stony Stratford, and Wolverton.[8] (The nearby towns of Newport Pagnell and Woburn Sands, then clearly separate, were outside the designated area but, by 2001 and 2011 respectively, both had become part of the Milton Keynes urban area.[9][10]) The New Town (informally and in planning documents referred to as 'New City') was to be the biggest yet, with a target population of 250,000,[11][12] in a 'designated area' of 21,883 acres (8,855.7 ha).[13] The name 'Milton Keynes' was taken from that of an existing village on the site.[14][15] The area to be developed was largely farmland and undeveloped villages. Before construction began, every area was subject to detailed archaeological investigation: doing so has exposed a rich history of human settlement since Neolithic times and has provided a unique insight into the history and archaeology of a large sample of the landscape of north Buckinghamshire.[16]

From its establishment in 1967 to its abolition in 1992, the Milton Keynes Development Corporation created by far the largest and thus most ambitious of the British new towns. Many of Britain's most acclaimed building and landscape architects contributed to what was to be a showpiece of British design. Unlike previous new towns, Milton Keynes has a majority of privately funded development but, during the MKDC years, these developments were subject to an exacting design brief in line with the design principles laid out in The Plan for Milton Keynes.[17][18]

Pre-history and early human settlement

Long before England existed, this area was at the bottom of a primeval sea. The most notable of the

Caldecotte,[19] now on display in the central library.[20]

Human settlement began in this area around 2000 

Early Iron Age, about 700 BCE.[22] Other excavations in this Blue Bridge/Bancroft hill-side uncovered a further seven substantial settlement sites, dating from then until 100 BCE.[23]

Milton Keynes Hoard

The area that was to become Milton Keynes was relatively rich: the

datable clay pot.[25][24][b]

Roman Britain

Before the

Roman road, Iter II (later known as Watling Street), that runs through the area and that gave rise to an associated Roman town at Magiovinium (Fenny Stratford). A 'superb example' of the first type of coin to circulate in Britain was found here, a gold stater from mid-second century BCE.[27]

The foundations of

Caldecotte, pottery also at Wavendon Gate
, and many iron-working sites.

Anglo-Saxon period

It seems that most of the Romano-British sites were

Shenleys ('Bright clearing') date from this period.[31][32] Large settlements have been excavated at Pennyland and near Milton Keynes village.[33] Their cemeteries have been found at Newport Pagnell, Shenley, and Tattenhoe.[34]

Excavations in and around the modern villages have failed to find any evidence of occupation before the 10th or 11th centuries, except in

Calverton), Linforde (Great Linford), Lochintone (Loughton), Neuport (Newport Pagnell), Nevtone (Newton Longville), Senelai (Shenley), Siwinestone (Simpson), Ulchetone (Woughton), Waletone (Walton), Wluerintone (Wolverton) and Wlsiestone (Woolstone
).

Administration of the area that was later to become the

Hundreds'  – initially (11C) Sigelai (also Secklow or Seckloe) Hundred, Bunstou (or Bunsty) Hundred and Moulsoe Hundred, amalgamated as the 'three hundreds of Newport' in the middle of the 13th Century.[36] Bletchley, Bradwell, Calverton, Fenny Stratford, Great Linford, Loughton, Newport Pagnell, Newton Longville, Shenley (part of), Simpson, Stantonbury, Stoke Hammond, Stony Stratford, Water Eaton, Willen, Great and Little Woolstone, Wolverton, and Woughton on the Green were in Sigelai Hundred; Cold Brayfield, Castlethorpe, Gayhurst, Hanslope, Haversham, Lathbury, Lavendon, Little Linford, Olney, Ravenstone, Stoke Goldington, Tyringham with Filgrave, and Weston Underwood were in Bunstou Hundred; and Bow Brickhill, Great Brickhill, Little Brickhill, Broughton, Chicheley, Clifton Reynes, North Crawley, Emberton, Hardmead, Lathbury, Lavendon, Milton Keynes (village), Moulsoe, Newton Blossomville, Olney with Warrington, Ravenstone, Sherington, Stoke Goldington, Tyringham with Filgrave, Walton, Wavendon, Weston Underwood, and Willen were in Moulsoe Hundred.[36] The modern City of Milton Keynes UA covers almost exactly the same area as Newport Hundred,[36] (plus a little of the former Winslow Hundred which was one of 18 ancient hundreds amalgamated under the administrative control of Cottesloe Hundred
).

Secklow Mound, the moot mound of Sigelai Hundred, has been found, excavated and reconstructed:[37] it is on the highest land in the central area and is just behind the Central Library in modern Central Milton Keynes.[38]

Newport Pagnell, established early in the 10th century, was the principal market town for the area.[39]

Norman conquest and the medieval period

Name "Middelton Keynes", from Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas, 1461[40]

After the Norman conquest, the

Old Wolverton and Shenley Church End.[43][44]

Stony Stratford and Fenny Stratford were founded as market towns on Watling Street in the late 12th or early 13th centuries.[45][46]

By the early 13th century, North Buckinghamshire had several religious houses:

Benedictine priories. Many of the medieval trackways to these sites still survive and have become cycleways and footpaths of the Redway network
.

The windmill of 1815 near Bradwell village

Britain's earliest (excavated) windmill is in

radio carbon dating to originate in the first half of the 13th century. (The present stone tower mill near Bradwell was built in 1815,[30] on a site convenient to the new Grand Junction Canal
).

Only one medieval manor house survives: the 15th century Manor Farmhouse in Loughton.[49] There are sites of other manor houses in Little Woolstone,[50] Milton Keynes village,[51] and Woughton on the Green.[52] The oldest surviving domestic building is Number 22, Milton Keynes (village), the house of the bailiff of the manor of Bradwell.[34][51]

Early modern Britain

Enclosures

Most of the eighteen medieval villages in Milton Keynes are still extant and are at the heart of their respective districts. But some, such as

strip cultivation fields into small 'closes' by the local landlords, the Longville family, who turned arable land over to pasture.[54] By 1654, the family had completely enclosed the parish. With the end of the feudal system, the peasants had lost their land and tillage/grazing rights and were forced to find other work or starve. Thus Old Wolverton was reduced from about thirty peasant families in the mid 16th century to almost none, within the space of a century.[55][56] There are also deserted village sites in Tattenhoe and Westbury (Shenley Wood).[57][58]

Turnpike roads

Some important roads cross the site of the new city. Most important of these is

stage coach era, Stony Stratford was a major resting place and exchange point with the east/west route. In the early 19th century, over 30 coaches a day stopped here.[60] That traffic came to an abrupt end in 1838 when the London and Birmingham Railway (now the West Coast Main Line
) opened through nearby Wolverton.

Grand Junction Canal

The Grand Junction Canal came through the area between 1793 and 1800, with canal-side wharfs in Fenny Stratford, Great Linford, Bradwell and Wolverton.[54] The route bypassed Newport Pagnell but, in 1817, an arm was dug to it from Great Linford.[61] Trade along the canal stimulated the local economy. A large brickworks was established near the canal in Great Linford: two bottle kilns and the clay pits can still be seen on the site.[30] Pottery from the Midlands begins to appear in excavations of dwellings from that period.

London and Birmingham Railway, Wolverton and New Bradwell new towns

Main article: London and Birmingham Railway

The London and Birmingham Railway brought even more profound changes to the area. The coach trade on the turnpike through Stony Stratford collapsed, taking many businesses with it. Fortunately, Wolverton was the halfway point on the rail route, where engines were changed and passengers alighted for refreshments.

Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line, was built to Newport Pagnell in 1866,[30] much of it by closing and reusing the Newport Arm of the canal. The Wolverton and Stony Stratford Tramway ran to Stony Stratford from 1888 (to 1926) and,[63][56] in 1889, was extended to Deanshanger in Northamptonshire.[63]

Bletchley, on the 1846 junction of the London and Birmingham railway with the Bedford branch, was to become an important railway town too.[64] In 1850, another branch from Bletchley to Oxford was built, later to become the (Cambridge/Oxford) Varsity Line. Bletchley, originally a small village in the parish of Fenny Stratford, grew to reach and absorb its parent.[65] In Stony Stratford, expertise learned in the works was applied to the construction of traction engines for agricultural use and the site of the present Cofferidge Close was engaged in their manufacture.[66]

Bletchley Park

Main article: Bletchley Park
Bletchley Park – "Station X".

Bletchley Park is a former private estate located in Old Bletchley, an important

Ultra, is frequently credited with aiding the Allied war effort and shortening the war.[68]

"Bigger, Better, Brighter" – Bletchley in the 20th century

Almost forty years after the construction of

public house at the junction of Shenley Road/Newton Road with Buckingham Road.[69]
(These districts are known today as Old Bletchley and Far Bletchley). The major settlement of the time is Fenny Stratford.

By 1911, the population of the combined parishes was 5,166 but the balance between them had changed: in that year, the name of the local council (

Urban District) changed from Fenny Stratford UD to Bletchley UD.[70] The 1926 Ordnance Survey shows the settlements beginning to merge, with large private houses along the Bletchley Road between them.[71] In 1933, the newly founded Bletchley Gazette began a campaign for a "Bigger, Better, Brighter, Bletchley".[72] As the nation emerged from World War II, Bletchley Council renewed its desire to expand from its 1951 population of 10,919. By mid-1952, the Council was able to agree terms with five London Boroughs to accept people and businesses from bombed-out sites in London.[73] This trend continued through the 1950s and 1960s, culminating[d] in the GLC-funded Lakes Estate in Water Eaton parish, even as Milton Keynes was being founded. Industrial development kept pace, with former London businesses relocating to new industrial estates in Mount Farm and Denbigh – Marshall Amplification being the most notable. With compulsory purchase, Bletchley Road (now renamed Queensway after a royal visit in 1966) became the new high street with wide pavements where front gardens once lay. Houses near the railway end were replaced by shops but those nearer Fenny Stratford became banks and professional premises. At the 1971 Census, the population of the Bletchley Urban District was 30,642.[74]

Bletchley had fought to be the centre of the proposed new city, but it was not to be. The 1970 Plan for Milton Keynes placed Central Milton Keynes on a completely new hill-top site four miles further north, half way to Wolverton.[75] Bletchley was relegated to the status of suburb.

1960s plans for a new city in North Buckinghamshire, 1967 designation of Milton Keynes

Population trend of Borough and Urban Area 1801–2021

In the 1960s, the Government decided that a further generation of new towns in South East England was needed to take the projected population increase of London, after the initial 1940s/1950s wave.[2] In the 1950s, the London County Council had constructed overspill housing in Bletchley for several London boroughs there.[76][77][5]

Buckinghamshire County Council's architect, Fred Pooley, had spent considerable time in the early sixties developing ideas for a new town in the Bletchley and Wolverton area. He developed a futuristic proposal based on a monorail linking a series of individual high-rise townships to a major town centre.[78] The county council published the proposals in 1966,[79] but new thinking at the Ministry of the Environment rejected its ideas.[80][e]

In 1964, a Ministry of Housing and Local Government study had recommended "a new city" near Bletchley.

Calverton Wealds). The name "Milton Keynes" was also unveiled at this time, taken from the existing village of Milton Keynes on the site.[15] The site was deliberately located (roughly) equidistant from London, Birmingham, Leicester, Oxford and Cambridge.[85] With its large target population, Milton Keynes was eventually intended to become a city.[7] All subsequent planning documents and popular local usage made use of the term "city" or "new city", even though formal city status
had not been awarded until August 2022.

When the boundary of Milton Keynes was defined, some 40,000 people lived in the 'designated area' of almost 9,000 hectares (22,000 acres).

Bletchley, Newport Pagnell and Wolverton Urban Districts together with the Newport Pagnell Rural District and the Winslow Rural District
.

Existing settlements and oral history

In 1967, the designated area outside the four main towns (Bletchley, Newport Pagnell, Stony Stratford, Wolverton) was largely rural farmland but included many picturesque North Buckinghamshire villages and hamlets:

Woughton on the Green. All of these had a rich oral history, which has been recorded.[87]

Milton Keynes Development Corporation: designing a city for 250,000 people

Following publication of the Draft Master Plan for Milton Keynes,[85] the government took planning control from elected local authorities and established the Milton Keynes Development Corporation (MKDC) to deliver its vision. The Minister for Housing and Local Government (Richard Crossman) appointed Lord Campbell ("Jock" Campbell) to lead the new Development Corporation. He and his chief executive, Walter Ismay, appointed Llewellyn Davies as principal planning consultants – the team included Richard Llewellyn-Davies, Walter Bor and John de Monchaux. Execution of the plan was led by General Manager of the Corporation, Fred Lloyd Roche. The goals declared in the master plan were these:[17]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milton Keynes.
  • opportunity and freedom of choice
  • easy movement and access
  • good communications
  • balance and variety
  • an attractive city
  • public awareness and participation
  • efficient and imaginative use of resources

The designers were determined to learn from the mistakes made in the earlier

Melvin M Webber (1921–2006), described by the founding architect of Milton Keynes, Derek Walker, as the city's "father".[91] Webber thought that telecommunications meant that the old idea of a city as a concentric cluster was out of date and that cities that enabled people to travel around them readily would be the thing of the future, achieving "community without propinquity" for residents.[92]

Urban design
Since the radical plan form and large scale of the New City attracted international attention, early phases of the city include work by celebrated architects, Sir Richard MacCormac,[93] Lord Norman Foster,[94] Henning Larsen,[95] Ralph Erskine,[96] John Winter,[97] and Martin Richardson.

CMK Shopping Building designed by Stuart Mosscrop and Christopher Woodward. The contextual tradition that ran alongside it is exemplified by the Corporation's infill scheme at Cofferidge Close, Stony Stratford, designed by Wayland Tunley
, which inserts into a historic stretch of High Street a modern retail facility, offices and car park.

"City in the forest"
The original Development Corporation design concept aimed for a 'forest city' and its foresters planted millions of trees from its own nursery in Newlands in the following years.[85] As of 2006, the urban area had 20 million trees. Following the winding up of the Development Corporation, the lavish landscapes of the Grid Roads and of the major parks were transferred to the Milton Keynes Parks Trust, an independent non-for-profit charity which is separate from the municipal authority and which was thus intended to resist pressures to build on the parks over time. The Parks Trust is endowed with a portfolio of commercial properties, the income from which pays for the upkeep of the green spaces, a citywide maintenance model which has attracted international attention.[102]

Public art

Liz Leyh's Concrete Cows

The Development Corporation had an ambitious public art programme and over 50 works were commissioned, mostly still extant. This programme also had two strands: a populist one which involved the local community in the works, the most famous of which is Liz Leyh's

Friesian cows which have become the unofficial logo of the city; and a tradition of abstract geometrical art, such as Lilliane Lijn's Circle of Light hanging in the Midsummer Arcade of the Central Milton Keynes shopping centre
.

Demographics
Unusually for a

new town, Milton Keynes has arrived at a bias in favour of private sector investment, with about 80% of owner-occupied homes.[104] The political climate determined this: previous new towns were mainly specified by Labour Governments to be primarily for social rent. Milton Keynes began the same way but was mainly built under Conservative governments who insisted on substantial private participation.[105]

Further development plans

In January 2004, Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott announced the government's 'Expansion plans for Milton Keynes.'[106]

He proposed that the population of

Milton Keynes Council
.

Milestones since 1967

1960s

Walton Hall manor house, at the heart of the Open University campus.

1970s

1980s

Nipponzan-Myōhōji stupa
, Willen Lake
Trackside elevation of station building
Milton Keynes University Hospital

1990s

2000s

Xscape Milton Keynes
Stadium MK

2010s

A Starship delivery robot

2020s


Notes

  1. ^ The Plan for Milton Keynes begins (in the Foreword by Lord ("Jock") Campbell of Eskan): "This plan for building the new city of Milton Keynes ... "
  2. ^ now in collection of the British Museum, replicas are on display in the Milton Keynes Museum
  3. ^ At 52°00′15″N 0°39′36″W / 52.00417°N 0.66000°W / 52.00417; -0.66000 (SP920348)
  4. ^ meaning both "the last" and "the best". The Greater London Council (GLC) was very proud of the Lakes Estate, declaring it to be the finest in modern architecture for a working class estate, based on the design concept pioneered in Radburn, New Jersey[18]
  5. ^ Nevertheless, the London media continued to describe Milton Keynes as though the Pooley concepts had prevailed.[81]

References

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Sources and bibliography

External links
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