History of Mumbai

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Silharas & Chollas.[1]

Sultanate of Guzerat from 1391. The Treaty of Bassein (1534) between the Portuguese viceroy Nuno da Cunha and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat
, placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534.

The islands suffered the

Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946.[3] After India's independence in 1947, the territory of Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State
. The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into Bombay State.

In 1960, following protests from the

1993 Mumbai bombings caused extensive loss of life and property. Bombay was renamed Mumbai on 6 March 1996.[1]

'Panoramic View of Mumbai taken from Malabar Hill' (1862), a watercolour on 5 folding pages, by Mary Ann Scott-Moncrieff

Early history

Prehistoric period

The seven islands of Mumbai with their anglicised names
See also: South Asian Stone Age

Geologists believe that the coast of western India came into being around 100 to 80 

Koli fishing community had long inhabited the islands.[8] They were Dravidian in origin and included a large number of scattered tribes along the Vindhya Plateau, Gujarat, and Konkan. In Mumbai, there were three or four of these tribes. Their religious practices could be summed up as animism.[9]

Age of Dynastical Empires

Main article: History of Mumbai under indigenous empires
Kanheri Caves served as a centre of Buddhism during ancient times.

The islands were incorporated into the

Rashtrakuta Dynasty of Karnataka conquered the islands during 749–750.[12]

Banganga Tank and Walkeshwar Temple

The

Mubarak Khan, a self-proclaimed regent of the Khalji dynasty, who occupied Mahim and Salsette in 1318. Pratapbimba later reconquered the islands which he ruled till 1331. Later, his brother-in-law Nagardev for 17 years till 1348. The islands came under the control of the Muslim rulers of Gujarat in 1348, ending the sovereignty of Hindu rulers over the islands.[12]

Islamic period

Main article: History of Mumbai under Islamic rule
Haji Ali

The islands were under Muslim rule from 1348 to 1391. After the establishment of the Gujarat Sultanate in 1391, Muzaffar Shah I was appointed viceroy of north Konkan.[31] For the administration of the islands, he appointed a governor for Mahim. During the reign of Ahmad Shah I (1411–1443), Malik-us-Sharq was appointed governor of Mahim, and in addition to instituting a proper survey of the islands, he improved the existing revenue system of the islands. During the early 15th century, the Bhandaris seized the island of Mahim from the Sultanate and ruled it for eight years.[32] It was reconquered by Rai Qutb of the Gujarat Sultanate.[33] Firishta, a Persian historian, recorded that by 1429 the seat of government of the Gujarat Sultanate in north Konkan had transferred from Thane to Mahim.[34] On Rai Qutb's death in 1429–1430, Ahmad Shah I Wali of the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan captured Salsette and Mahim.[35][36]

Ahmad Shah I retaliated by sending his son

Mahmud Gavan (1482–1518) broke out in rebellion at the port of Dabhol and conquered the islands along with the whole of Konkan.[33][40][41] Portuguese explorer Francisco de Almeida's ship sailed into the deep natural harbour of the island in 1508, and he called it Bom baía (Good Bay).[42] However, the Portuguese paid their first visit to the islands on 21 January 1509, when they landed at Mahim after capturing a Gujarat barge in the Mahim creek.[6] After a series of attacks by the Gujarat Sultanate, the islands were recaptured by Sultan Bahadur Shah.[33]

In 1526, the Portuguese established their factory at Bassein.[43] During 1528–29, Lopo Vaz de Sampaio seized the fort of Mahim from the Gujarat Sultanate, when the King was at war with Nizam-ul-mulk, the emperor of Chaul, a town south of the islands.[44][45][46] Bahadur Shah had grown apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun and he was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the islands of Mumbai and Bassein were offered to the Portuguese.[47] Bassein and the seven islands were surrendered later by a treaty of peace and commerce between Bahadur Shah and Nuno da Cunha, Viceroy of Portuguese India, on 25 October 1535, ending the Islamic rule in Mumbai.[46]

Portuguese period

Main article: History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)
Davies' sketch of Bombay harbour, 1626
Castella de Aguada (Fort of the Waterpoint) was built by the Portuguese at Bandra in 1640.

The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their religious orders in Bombay. The islands were leased to

Cosme Corres, and Manuel Corres. Trombay and Chembur were granted to Dom Roque Tello de Menezes, and the Island of Pory (Elephanta Island) to João Pirez in 1548.[51] Garcia de Orta, a Portuguese physician and botanist, was granted the possession of Bombay in 1554 by viceroy Pedro Mascarenhas.[52]

St. John the Baptist Church in SEEPZ
, one of the earliest churches built by the Portuguese in the city

The Portuguese encouraged intermarriage with the local population, and strongly supported the Roman Catholic Church.

St. Andrew Church at Bandra was built in 1575.[57]

The annexation of Portugal by

Catherine of Portugal on 8 May 1661 placed Bombay in British possession as a part of Catherine's dowry to Charles.[61]

British period

Main articles:
History of Bombay under British rule and Bombay Presidency
Plan of Bombay, 1760
Map of Port and Island of Bombay with the adjacent islands, 1724

Struggle with native powers

Bombay Harbour
(c. 1731)

On 19 March 1662,

Rickloffe van Goen, the Governor-General of Dutch India attacked Bombay, but the attack was resisted by Aungier.[75] On 10 October 1673, the Siddi admiral Sambal entered Bombay and destroyed the Pen and Nagothana rivers, which were very important for the English and the Maratha King Shivaji.[74] The Treaty of Westminster concluded between England and the Netherlands in 1674, relieved the British settlements in Bombay of further apprehension from the Dutch.[68] In 1686, the Company shifted its main holdings from Surat to Bombay, which had become the administrative centre of all the west coast settlements then.[76][77] Bombay was placed at the head of all the Company's establishments in India.[78]

Fort George
, an extension built to the fortified walls of Bombay in 1769

Naval Dockyard was established in the same year.[85]

In 1737,

Raghunathrao of the Maratha Empire.[93] Although Salsette was under the British, but the introduction of contraband goods from Salsette to other parts of Bombay was prevented. The goods were subjected to Maratha regulations with respect to taxes and a 30% toll was levied on all goods into the city from Salsette.[94]

A view of Bombay from Malabar Point during the Fire of 1803

In 1782,

Bajirao II, the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, in the Battle of Kirkee which took place on the Deccan Plateau.[103] The success of the British campaign in the Deccan witnessed the freedom of Bombay from all attacks by native powers.[68]

City development

Bhor Ghat connected Bombay with the Deccan.

The educational and economic progress of the city began with the Company's military successes in the Deccan. The

Asiatic Society of Bombay (Town Hall) was completed in 1833,[68][105] and the Elphinstone College was built in 1835.[106] In 1836, the Chamber of Commerce was established.[68]

Colaba Causeway construction using timber, view from Colaba (c. 1826)
Dwelling in Mazagaon
Map of Bombay in 1893
Bombay, India
, 1860's

In 1838, the islands of

Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (BB&CI) was incorporated in 1855.[115]

The

British India, was established in 1884[128] during the International Meridian Conference held at Washington, D.C in the United States.[129] Bombay time was set at 4 hours and 51 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) using the 75th east meridian.[128] The Princess Dock
was built in 1885 as part of a scheme for improving the whole foreshore of the Bombay harbour. The first institute in Asia to provide Veterinary Education, the Bombay Veterinary College, was established in Parel in Bombay in the year 1886.

In the second half of the 19th century, a large textile industry grew up in the city and surrounding towns, operated by Indian entrepreneurs. Simultaneously a labour movement was organized. Starting with the Factory Act of 1881, state government played an increasingly important role in regulating the industry. The Bombay presidency set up a factory inspection commission in 1884. There were restrictions on the hours of children and women. An important reformer was Mary Carpenter, who wrote factory laws that exemplified Victorian modernization theory of the modern, regulated factory as vehicle of pedagogy and civilizational uplift. Laws provided for compensation for workplace accidents.[130]

Indian freedom movement

First session of the Indian National Congress in Bombay (28–31 December 1885)

The growth of political consciousness started after the establishment of the Bombay Presidency Association on 31 January 1885.

Great Indian Peninsular Railway, one of the finest stations in the world, was completed in May 1888.[135] The concept of Dabbawalas (lunch box delivery man) originated in the 1890s when British people who came to Bombay did not like the local food. So the Dabbawala service was set up to bring lunch to these people in their workplace straight from their home.[136] On 11 August 1893, a serious communal riot took place between the Hindus and Muslims, when a Shiva temple was attacked by Muslims in Bombay. 75 people were killed and 350 were injured.[137] In September 1896, Bombay was hit by a bubonic plague epidemic where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week.[138] Around 850,000, amounting to half of the population, fled Bombay during this time.[139] On 9 March 1898, there was a serious riot which started with a sudden outbreak of hostility against the measures adopted by Government for suppression of plague. The riot led to a strike of dock and railway workers which paralysed the city for a few days.[140] The significant results of the plague was the creation of the Bombay City Improvement Trust on 9 December 1898[141] and the Haffkine Institute on 10 January 1899 by Waldemar Haffkine.[142] The Dadar-Matunga-Wadala-Sion scheme, the first planned suburban scheme in Bombay, was formulated in 1899–1900 by the Bombay City Improvement Trust to relieve congestion in the centre of the town, following the plague epidemics.[143] The cotton mill industry was adversely affected during 1900 and 1901 due to the flight of workers because of the plague.[144]

The Victoria Terminus in Bombay, one of the finest stations in the world, was completed in 1888.

The

Rowlatt Satyagraha movement started by Mahatma Gandhi from February — April 1919. The movement was started as a result of the Rowlatt Act, which indefinitely extended emergency measures during World War I in order to control public unrest.[149]

South-east view of Bombay from the Rajabai Clock Tower, 1919

Following World War I, which saw large movement of India troops, supplies, arms and industrial goods to and from Bombay, the city life was shut down many times during the

Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 18 February 1946 in Bombay marked the first and most serious revolt by the Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy against British rule.[160] On 15 August 1947, finally India was declared independent. The last British troops to leave India, the First Battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry, passed through the arcade of the Gateway of India in Bombay on 28 February 1948,[161] ending the 282-year-long period of the British in Bombay .[162]

Independent India

Main articles:
Terrorism in Mumbai

20th century

The Hutatma Chowk memorial with the Flora Fountain, on its left in the background
Gateway to India on the occasion of the departure of British Troops
from India on 28 February 1948

After the

Samyukta Maharashtra movement.[169][170]

In the early 1960s, the

Marwaris Migrant communities owned majority of the industry and trade enterprises in the city, while the white-collar jobs were mainly sought by the South Indian migrants to the city. The Shiv Sena party was established on 19 June 1966 by Bombay cartoonist Bal Thackeray, out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalization of the native Marathi people in their native state Maharashtra. In the 1960s and 1970s, Shiv Sena fought for rights of native Marathis.[171] In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed.[172] During the 1970 there were Bombay-Bhiwandi riots.[173] During the 1970s, coastal communication increased between Bombay and south western coast of India, after introduction of ships by the London-based trade firm Shepherd. These ships facilitated the entry of Goan and Mangalorean Catholics to Bombay.[174]

Nehru Centre was established in 1972 in Bombay.

Mumbadevi.[185][186] Soon colonial British names were shed to assert or reassert local names,[187] such as Victoria Terminus being renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus on 4 March 1996, after the 17th century Marathi King Shivaji.[188]

21st century

Main article: History of Mumbai during the 21st century
11 July 2006 train bombings

During the 21st century, the city suffered several bombings. On 6 December 2002, a bomb placed under a seat of an empty BEST (

Lashkar-e-Toiba was behind the attacks.[194]

Oberoi Trident hotel during the November 2008 attacks

Mumbai was lashed by torrential rains on

final, where India emerged as a champion for the second time after the 1983 Cricket World Cup
.

See also

Notes

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References

Bibliography

External links

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