History of Pomerania

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History of Pomerania
DUCATUS POMERANIAE Tabula Generalis, in qua sunt DUCATUS POMERANIAE, STETTINENSIS CASSUBIAE, VANDALIAE et BARDENSIS, PRINCIPATUS RUGIAE ac INSULAE, COMITATUS GUSKOVIENSIS
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The history of Pomerania starts shortly before 1000 AD, with ongoing conquests by newly arrived Polan rulers. Before that, the area was recorded nearly 2000 years ago as Germania, and in modern times Pomerania has been split between Germany and Poland. Its name comes from the Slavic po more, which means "land at the sea".[1]

Settlement in the area started by the end of the

Vistula Glacial Stage, about 13,000 years ago.[2] Archeological traces have been found of various cultures during the Stone and Bronze Age, of Veneti and Germanic peoples during the Iron Age and, in the Middle Ages, Slavic tribes and Vikings.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Starting in the 10th century, Piast Poland on several occasions acquired parts of the region from the south-east, while the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark reached the region in augmenting their territory to the west and north.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

In the

Griffin house during the same period, the Duchy of Pomerania was divided between the Swedish Empire and Brandenburg-Prussia in 1648
.

to a reservation near Lublin[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]
and mass-murdered Jews, Poles and Kashubians in Pomerania, planning to eventually exterminate Jews and Poles and Germanise the Kashubians.

After

Die Wende movements overthrew the Communist regimes implemented during the post-war era.[citation needed] Since then, Pomerania has been democratically governed
.

Prehistory and antiquity

Main article: Early history of Pomerania
Lancken-Granitz dolmen

After the

Ertebølle-Ellerbek culture, to continuously inhabit the area.[56] These people became influenced by farmers of the Linear Pottery culture who settled in southern Pomerania.[56][57] The hunters of the Ertebølle-Ellerbek culture became farmers of the Funnelbeaker culture in 3000 BC.[56][58] The Havelland culture dominated in the Uckermark from 2500 to 2000 BC.[59] In 2400 BC, the Corded Ware culture reached Pomerania[59][60] and introduced the domestic horse.[60] Both Linear Pottery and Corded Ware culture have been associated with Indo-Europeans.[60] Except for Western Pomerania,[59] the Funnelbeaker culture was replaced by the Globular Amphora culture a thousand years later.[61]

During the

Willenberg (Wielbark) Culture.[63]

While the

Rugians, and Gepids) and possibly Slavs are assumed to have been the bearers of these cultures or parts thereof.[66]

Beginning in the 3rd century, many settlements were abandoned,

Willenberg cultures, which existed in Pomerania until the 6th century.[67]

Timeline 10,000 BC–600 AD

Pomeranian culture – Pomerelian faced urns

Early Middle Ages

Distribution of Slavic tribes between the 9th–10th centuries
Svantevit depicted on a stone from Arkona, now in the church of Altenkirchen
Main article: Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages

The southward movement of

Rani, was based on the island of Rügen and the adjacent mainland.[7][73] In the 8th and 9th centuries, Slavic-Scandinavian emporia were set up along the coastline as powerful centres of craft and trade.[74]

In 936, the

Diocese of Kołobrzeg was installed in 1000 AD. The Pomeranians regained independence during the Pomeranian uprising of 1005.[10][12][13][failed verification][14][15][76][77][78][79][80]

During the first half of the 11th century, the Liuticians participated in the

Rani[85] had to pay tribute to Obodrite prince Henry.[86]

Timeline 600–1100

Pomerania as part of Poland under the Duke Mieszko I, 960–992
Altes Lager Menzlin, near Anklam

High Middle Ages

Cathedral, Kammin (Cammin, Kamien Pomorski), see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin, set up in 1140 in Wollin (Wolin)
Main article: Pomerania during the High Middle Ages

In the early 12th century,

House of Pomerania), the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp (Ratiboride branch of the House of Pomerania), and the duchies in Pomerelia (Samborides).[92] Monasteries were founded at Grobe, Kolbatz, Gramzow, and Belbuck which supported Pomerania's Christianization and advanced German settlements.[95]

The dukes of Pomerania expanded their realm into Circipania and Uckermark to the Southwest, and competed with the Margraviate of Brandenburg for territory and formal overlordship over their duchies. Pomerania-Demmin lost most of her territory and was integrated into Pomerania-Stettin in the mid-13th century. When the Ratiborides died out in 1223, competition arose for the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp,[96] which changed hands numerous times.

Throughout the High Middle Ages, a large influx of German settlers and the introduction of German law, custom, and

Pomeranian tribes, were assimilated by the German Pomeranians. To the east of the Oder this development occurred later; in the area from Stettin eastward, the number of German settlers in the 12th century was still insignificant.[citation needed] The Kashubians descendants of Slavic Pomeranians, dominated many rural areas in Pomerelia.[citation needed
]

The

Cammin.[97]

Timeline 1100–1300

Swietopelk II the Great in Szeroka Street in Gdańsk
Stralsund, one of several Hanseatic cities in Pomerania. Brick Gothic was the typical medieval architecture that can be seen throughout the region.

Late Middle Ages

Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp between 1368–1478 was a feudal territory under the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
.
Pomeranian Dukes' Castle in Szczecin. While this is a reconstruction of the late medieval castle, a burgh had been on this site already in the Early Middle Ages.
Teutonic Order state; orange: Margraviate of Brandenburg; pink: duchies of Mecklenburg
Main article: Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages

The towns of the

Teutonic takeover of Danzig in 1308, and became a part of Royal Prussia
in 1466.

The Duchy of Pomerania was internally fragmented into Pomerania-Wolgast, -Stettin, -Barth, and -Stolp.[121][122] The dukes were in continuous warfare with the Margraviate of Brandenburg due to Uckermark and Neumark border disputes and disputes over formal overlordship of Pomerania.[123]

In 1478, the duchy was reunited under the rule of Bogislaw X, when most of the other dukes had died of the plague.[124][125]

Timeline 1300–1500

University of Greifswald, founded in 1456

Early Modern Age

Invasion of the Swedish Rügen by Brandenburg-Prussia, 1678
Brandenburgian Pomerania (East Pomerania
) is shown in orange.
Main article: Pomerania during the Early Modern Age

Throughout this time, Pomerelia was within Royal Prussia, a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with considerable autonomy. In the late 18th century, it became a part of Prussia.

The

Brandenburg-Prussian province
.

A series of wars affected Pomerania in the following centuries. As a consequence, most of the formerly free peasants became

her war-torn Pomeranian province.[148]

Timeline 1500–1806

Gustavus II Adolphus started the Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War from Pomerania, parts of which would remain Swedish until 1815. This and subsequent wars severely ravaged the region, two thirds of the population died during the Thirty Years' War.[149]
Pomerania as part of the Holy Roman Empire after the Peace of Westphalia

Modern Age

Gdynia, a major port city constructed in 1921 as Poland's harbour within the Polish Corridor
Map of the Prussian province Pomerania (Pommern) in 1905
West Prussia
(outside Prussian Pomerania)
Map of West Prussia and the Gdańsk Bay in 1896
Main article: History of Pomerania (1806–1933)

From the Napoleonic Wars to World War I, Pomerania was administered by the Kingdom of Prussia as the Province of Pomerania (Western and Farther Pomerania) and West Prussia (Pomerelia).

The Province of Pomerania was created from the

Stettin area and the infrastructure, while most of the province retained a rural and agricultural character.[157] Since 1850, the net migration rate was negative, Pomeranians emigrated primarily to Berlin, the West German industrial regions and overseas.[158] Also, more than 100,000 Kashubian Poles emigrated from Pomerania between 1855 and 1900, for economic and social reasons, in what is called the Kashubian diaspora.[159] In areas where ethnically Polish population lived along with ethnic Germans a virtual apartheid existed (in Prussian Pomerania this was mostly the Lauenburg and Bütow Land), with bans on Kashubian or Polish language and religious discrimination, besides attempts to colonize areas of prevailingly ethnically Polish population with ethnic Germans[160] the Prussian Settlement Commission, established in 1886 and restricted to act in Posen and West Prussia provinces only, parcelled acquired noble latifundia into 21,727 homesteads of an average of 13 to 15 hectares, introducing 154,000 ethnic German colonists before World War I, which were all outside of Prussian Pomerania, but are also located in areas today denominated as Pomerania in Polish geography.[161] This was surpassed after 1892 by efforts of new private initiatives by minority of ethnically Polish Germans, but a majority in wide parts of Posen and West Prussia province, who founded the Prussian banks Bank Ziemski, Bank Społek Zarobkowych (cooperative central clearing bank) and land acquisition cooperatives (spółki ziemskie)[162]
which collected private funds and succeeded to buy more latifundia from defaulted owners and settle more ethnically Polish Germans as farmers on the parcelled land than their governmentally funded counter-party. A big success of the Prussian activists for the Polish nation.

After the

women's right to vote in 1918.[163]

The German minority in the newly created Polish Republic moved to Germany in large numbers, mostly of their own free will and due to their economic situation.

Danzig (Gdańsk) area became the Free City of Danzig, a city-state under League of Nations
protection.

After the Kaiser's abdication, democracy and the women's right to vote were introduced to the Weimar Republic and through it to the Free State of Prussia and the Province of Pomerania of which it was a part.[165] The economic situation worsened due to the consequences of World War I and the worldwide recession.[166] As in the Kingdom of Prussia before, Pomerania was a stronghold of the nationalistic and anti-Semitic[167] German National People's Party.[168] Between 1920 and 1932, the government of the state of Prussia was led by the Social Democrats, with Otto Braun Prussian minister-president almost continuously during this time.

Timeline 1806–1933

Rügensche Kleinbahn", operating since 1895, were built in all of Pomerania during the late 19th century.[169]
Since the late 19th century, the Pomeranian coast is a tourist resort. In Binz, tourism started in the 1860s.

Nazi era

Main article:
History of Pomerania (1933-1945)
Stutthof concentration camp, former Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, site of the deaths of 85,000 people
Wkrzańska Heath

In 1933, the

Franz Schwede-Coburg manifested their power by Gleichschaltung and repression of their opponents.[180] Pomerelia then formed the Polish Corridor of the Second Polish Republic. Concerning Pomerania, Nazi diplomacy aimed at incorporation of the Free City of Danzig and a transit route through the corridor, which was rejected by the Polish government.[181]

In 1939, the German

Danzig-West Prussia. He personally believed in the need to engage in genocide of Poles and stated that "We have to exterminate this nation, starting from the cradle",[185][186][187][verification needed] and declared that Poles and Jews were not human.[188][189]

Around 70 camps were set up for Polish populations in Pomerania where they were subjected to murder, torture and in case of women and girls, rape before executions.[190][191][verification needed] Between 10 and 15 September Forster organised a meeting of top Nazi officials in his region and ordered the immediate removal of all "dangerous" Poles, all Jews and Polish clergy[192] In some cases Forster ordered executions himself.[193] On 19 October he reprimanded Nazi officials in the city of Grudziadz for not "spilling enough Polish blood".[194]

Timeline 1933–1945

World War II devastated Kolberg (Kolobrzeg), like most of Pomerania.

Communist era and recent history

Main article: History of Pomerania (1945–present)
Historical Province of Pomerania (yellow) superimposed on modern Germany (red) and Poland (blue)
"Solidarity" Szczecin–Goleniów Airport
National Museum in Szczecin
Nowe Warpno - a popular destination for regional tourism near the border between Poland and Germany, close to Altwarp

In 1945, Pomerania was taken by the

post-war border changes, the German population that had not yet fled was expelled from what in Poland was propagated[198] to be recovered territory.[199][200][201][202] The area east of the Oder and the Szczecin (former Stettin) area was resettled primarily with Poles, who themselves were expelled from Eastern Poland that was re-attached to the USSR. Most of the German cultural heritage of the region was destroyed.[203][204] Most of Western Pomerania stayed with Germany and was merged into Mecklenburg
.

With the consolidation of

Wende movement in East Germany forced the Communists out of power and led to the establishment of democracy in both the Polish and German part of Pomerania.[citation needed
]

Timeline 1945–present

See also

Sources

References

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  182. ISBN 3-486-56614-8 [3]
  183. ISBN 3-486-56715-2 [4]
  184. ISBN 3-486-56731-4 [5]
  185. ^ Eugenia Bozena Klodecka-Kaczynska, Michal Ziólkowski (1 Jan 2003), Bylem numerem: swiadectwa z Auschwitz, page 14. Wydawn. Sióstr Loretanek.
  186. ^ Barbara Bojarska (1989), Piasnica, miejsce martyrologii i pamieci: z badan nad zbrodniami hilerowskimi na Pomorzu. Page 20. "Szczególny niepokój wywolala wsród mieszkanców jego wyrazna zapowiedz akcji zaglady Polaków, streszczajaca sie chocby w tym jednym zdaniu: Musimy ten naród wytepic od kolyski poczawszy."
  187. ^ Dieter Schenk (2002), Albert Forster: gdanski namiestnik Hitlera : zbrodnie hitlerowskie w Gdansku i Prusach Zachodnich, POLNORD - Gdansk, page 388.
  188. ^ Danuta Drywa (2001), Zaglada Zydów w obozie koncentracyjnym Stutthof Muzeum Stutthof w Sztutowie. "Polityke eksterminacyjna na Pomorzu Gdanskim mial bezposrednio realizowac gauleiter Okregu Gdansk-Prusy Albert Forster."
  189. ^ Dieter Schenk (2002), Albert Forster: gdanski namiestnik Hitlera, page 221. "...postawe Forstera, który nie poczuwal sie do jakiejkolwiek winy, zwlaszcza w przypadkach, gdy chodzilo - w jego mniemaniu - o „podludzi" w rodzaju prostytutek, Polaków i Zydów, o których zazwyczaj mówiono element".
  190. ISBN 978-83-7629-063-8
    page 17
  191. ^ Barbara Bojarska: Eksterminacja inteligencji polskiej na Pomorzu Gdanskim, page 67.
  192. ISBN 83-86181-83-4
    , pages 212-213.
  193. ISBN 83-86181-83-4
    , page 215.
  194. ^ Barbara Bojarska: Eksterminacja inteligencji polskiej na Pomorzu Gdanskim, page 66.
  195. ^ Buchholz (1999), p.510
  196. ISBN 9780742510944
    . in Philipp Ther: Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948
  197. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.511-515
  198. ISBN 978-0-415-17312-4
  199. ISBN 978-0-415-91974-6
  200. ISBN 978-0-8032-3240-2
  201. ISBN 978-0-19-925340-1
  202. ISBN 978-0-271-01084-7
  203. ^ Dan Diner, Raphael Gross, Yfaat Weiss, Jüdische Geschichte als allgemeine Geschichte, p.164
  204. ISBN 978-3-570-55017-5
  205. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.515ff
  206. ^ a b Buchholz (1999), p.519
  207. ^ Heinrich-Christian Kuhn, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Der Bürger im Staat, "Die Bundesländer", Heft 1/2, 1999
  208. ISBN 978-3-8309-1762-5
  209. ^ Buchholz (1999), p.521

Bibliography

Further reading

English:

  • Boehlke, LeRoy, Pomerania – Its People and Its History, Pommerscher Verein Freistadt, Germantown, WI, U.S.A., 1983.

German and Polish:

Polish:

  • Gerard Labuda (ed.), Historia Pomorza, vol. I (to 1466), parts 1–2, Poznań 1969
  • Gerard Labuda (ed.), Historia Pomorza, vol. II (1466–1815), parts 1–2, Poznań 1976
  • Gerard Labuda (ed.), Historia Pomorza, vol. III (1815–1850), parts 1–3, Poznań
  • Gerard Labuda (ed.), Historia Pomorza, vol. IV (1850–1918), part 1, Toruń 2003
  • B. Śliwiński, "Poczet książąt gdańskich", Gdańsk 1997

German:

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