History of Portugal (1777–1834)

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Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
Reino de Portugal e dos Algarves (Portuguese)
1777–1834
Flag of Portugal
Flag (1750–1816)
Anthem: 
Second Portuguese Empire
in 1800
Capital
Common languagesPortuguese
Religion
Roman Catholic
Government
Monarch 
History 
1777
1807–1814
1822
1834
CurrencyPortuguese real
ISO 3166 codePT
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Portugal

The history of the

kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves, from the First Treaty of San Ildefonso and the beginning of the reign of Queen Maria I in 1777, to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834, spans a complex historical period in which several important political and military events led to the end of the absolutist regime and to the installation of a constitutional monarchy
in the country.

In 1807, Napoleon ordered the invasion of Portugal and subsequently the royal family and its entire court

migrated to Brazil, Maria I declaring the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in 1815. This would be one of the causes for the declaration of Brazilian independence by Pedro I of Brazil
in 1822, following a liberal revolution in Portugal.

The liberal period was stormy and short as

Miguel of Portugal (Pedro's brother) supported an absolutist revolution endeavoring to restore all power to the monarchy. Pedro eventually returned to Portugal and fought and defeated his brother in the Liberal Wars in which liberalism
prevailed and Portugal became a constitutional monarchy.

Queen Maria I

The Infanta Maria Francisca, ascended the throne to reign as Queen Maria I
Marquis of Pombal, Queen Maria's nemesis, who was dismissed and exiled

The death of

Marquis of Pombal, who had been the de facto ruler of the kingdom for the past 27 years.[1][2] During her father's last few years, she had been the Marquis' fiercest detractor; once in power, she eagerly dismissed him and then exiled him to Pombal.[3]

Although the queen retained many of the Marquis' other ministers, she restored most of the privileges of the nobility and clergy, and released many of Pombal's political prisoners.

In 1789, the French Revolution caused great social upheaval in Europe. The eventual Portuguese reaction was to land forces in Catalonia, and together with the Spanish forces attack the French in the Pyrenees in the War of Roussillon (1794).[7] The war did not go well, and by 1795, Spain had privately sued for peace, signed an alliance and aligned its external politics against Great Britain.[8] Even as Portugal was politically divided between continuing its old alliance with Britain, its people were also divided. The French Revolution, as seen by intellectuals and progressives, was romanticized: Bocage and the Partido Francês (French Party) believed the French could usher in a liberal revolution in Europe. The French represented a threat to the traditionalist nobility who were returning to prominence and were very willing to fight them externally or internally.[8]

It was at about this time that Queen Maria, already possessed of a religious mania, began to show signs of mental illness.

Carlota Joaquina for support, and at one point attempted a coup against the prince.[9]

Continental blockade

John VI's regency was a complex political period that saw Portugal attempting to remain neutral in spite of the combative intransigence of its neighbors and contentious forces within the country that favored either liberal or traditional policies. Between 1795 and 1801, his government struggled to maintain a delicate balance of peace in the face of the French

Anglo-Portuguese alliance in order to close Portuguese ports to British shipping.[10]

War of the Oranges

Francisco Bayeu
in 1792
João Carlos de Bragança e Ligne (2nd Duke of Lafões
, who was responsible for the defense of Portugal during the disaster of the War of the Oranges

On 29 January 1801, an ultimatum from Spain and France forced Portugal to decide between France and Britain, even as its government had tried to negotiate favorable relations with the two powers rather than abrogate the Treaty of Windsor (1386).[9] The French sent a five-point statement to Lisbon demanding that Portugal:[11]

  • abandon its traditional alliance with Great Britain and close its ports to British shipping;
  • open its ports to French and Spanish shipping;
  • surrender one or more of its provinces, equal to one fourth part of her total area, as a guarantee for the recovery of Trinidad, Port Mahon (Menorca) and Malta;
  • pay a war indemnity to France and Spain;
  • review border limits with Spain.

If Portugal failed to accomplish the five conditions of this ultimatum, it would be invaded by Spain, supported by 15,000 French soldiers. The British could not promise any effective relief, even as

Manuel de Godoy, had some 30,000 troops at his disposal, while the French troops under General Charles Leclerc
(Napoleon's brother-in-law) arrived in Spain too late to assist Godoy, as it was a short military campaign.

On May 20, Godoy finally entered Portugal; this incursion was a precursor of the

Carlota Joaquina and supposedly his lover,[9]
with the message:

I lack everything, but with nothing I will go to Lisbon.

The conflict ended quickly when the defeated and demoralized Portuguese were forced to negotiate and accept the stipulations of the

King of Spain
promulgated the treaty on 21 June.

A special convention (i.e., the

francs.[15] This treaty was initially rejected by Napoleon, who wanted the partition of Portugal, but accepted once he concluded a peace with Great Britain at Amiens.[16]

Napoleonic invasions

General Jean-Andoche Junot's forces crossed the border at the end of 1807, to conquer Portugal in order to partition it.

In 1806, after Napoleon's victory over the

Continental system imposed by the French, and realized that the situation in Portugal impeded his plan for reform in Europe.[17]
Again, Portuguese ports were ordered closed to British shipping;

On 27 October 1807, France and Spain signed the

Manuel de Godoy
, in compensation for his role in bringing the Spanish to align with France. The rest of Portugal, the area between the Douro and the Tagus, a strategic region because of its ports, would be administered by the central government in France until a general peace. Its colonial possessions, including Brazil, would be divided between Spain and France.

On either 19 or 20 November 1807,[18] a French battalion commanded by General Jean-Andoche Junot entered Portugal.[17] Napoleon had ordered its invasion and occupation.

On 27 November, the Prince Regent, the Queen and the entire royal family, accompanied by much of the nobility as well as their servants, boarded fifteen Portuguese ships gathered in the Tagus with an escort of several English ships,[19] as planned the year before when the British ambassador advised the prince that the Portuguese Crown should be transferred to Brazil. Approximately 10,000 people, including the entire governmental administration and the judiciary, joined the royal family as they moved to Brazil, a possession of Portugal, and established the capital of the Portuguese Empire in Rio de Janeiro.

First invasion

Galiza
to support the Spanish, but was responsible for defeating Junot's forces.

General

peninsula to reach the Portuguese border. Junot encountered no resistance and reached Abrantes by 24 November, Santarém on 28 November, and the Portuguese capital at the end of the month, arriving a day after the Court had fled to Brazil. Before the Prince Regent departed, he left orders with the Regency Junta to greet the French in peace.[20] Once he arrived, Junot promoted himself as a reformer come to liberate the oppressed people of Portugal, promising progress, the construction of roads and canals, efficient administration, clean finances, assistance and schools for the poor.[19][21] Instead, he set about removing vestiges of the Portuguese monarchy, declared that the House of Braganza had ceased to reign in Portugal, suspended the Council of Regency, suppressed the Portuguese militia, billeted officers in the finest houses of the rich, and plundered the Portuguese treasury for continuing reparations to the French.[22] Meanwhile, 50,000 Spanish and French troops roamed the countryside arresting, killing, plundering and raping the citizenry.[23]

By 1808, as Junot was busy redesigning Portuguese society, Napoleon decided to revise his alliance with Spain; he forced the abdication of Charles IV of Spain and his son

Ferdinand, and installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte as King. A popular uprising in Spain immediately spread to Junot's forces, which were accompanied by Spanish troops, and further instigated a popular uprising by the Portuguese that was brutally put down after some minor successes.[24]

The following year, a British force commanded by

Convention of Sintra (30 August), without Portuguese representation.[27] As part of the accord, the British transported the French troops to France, with the product of sacks made in Portugal. The Convention benefited both sides: Junot's armies, incapable of communicating with France, could make a safe withdrawal; and the Anglo-Portuguese forces gained control over Lisbon. The Portuguese populace was free to avenge itself on francophile compatriots for the brutality and depredations of the French.[26]

Second invasion

Jean-de-Dieu Soult

As Napoleon began dealing with the Spanish in earnest, he sent Marshal

Oporto
by 24 March.

Unlike the first invasion, there was a popular revolt against French occupation by farmers, conservative nobility and the poor.[27] Many of the citizen soldiers and farmers fought against the French aggression, going so far as to see tactical retreats as a betrayal or treason by the Portuguese officers.[29][30]

But Soult occupied

Victor, to bar the way to Madrid, and so withdrew to Torres Vedras to plan for the defense against a third invasion by the French.[11]

Meanwhile, in the

capturing French Guiana
in 1809.

Third invasion

André Masséna

The third invasion, the last effort of the

Buçaco, losing 4500 troops.[35] Yet, Wellesley's forces withdrew in front of the oncoming French, until his troops entered the prepared positions in Torres Vedras.[36]

But the French were impeded along the

Fuentes de Onoro, Battle of Condeixa, Battle of Casal Novo, and the Battle of Foz de Arouce, in addition to Michel Ney's rear-guard action at the Battle of Pombal. With winter quickly approaching, his forces starving, they were again defeated at the Battle of Redinha and with Anglo-Portuguese forces in pursuit, Massena crossed the border into Spain; the War would continue until March 1814, but not on Portuguese territory.[37]

A series of battles in Spain followed, until a final victory was reached on French soil in the Battle of Toulouse on April 10, 1814, putting an end to the Peninsular War. However, in numerous coastal, interior and border towns there were bodies bayoneted and left on the ground; several frontier towns were pillaged and ransacked for treasure or vandalized by retreating troops (both British and French); reprisal killings were common in the local populations for sympathizers (the total number of casualties in the war reached 100,000 by one account);[25] while famine and social deprivation was common.[37]

Furthermore, the instability in Spain and the abdication of the king, resulted in declarations of independence in the Spanish colonies of America, which in turn was responsible for a tense political climate in Brazil.

In 1816, and as a result of the increasing influence of the

Liga Federal, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves invaded and conquered the Banda Oriental, annexing it under the name of Província Cisplatina
in 1821.

Liberal Revolution

Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1816–1826)
William Carr Beresford, who administered mainland Portugal during the post-Peninsular War
period

From 1808 through 1821, Portugal was effectively both a British

Portuguese Crown remained in Rio de Janeiro.[37] The moving of the Portuguese capital to Rio de Janeiro accentuated the economic, institutional and social crises in mainland Portugal, which was administered by English commercial and military interests under William Beresford's rule in the absence of the monarch. The influence of liberal ideals[37]
was strengthened by the aftermath of the war, the continuing impact of the American and French revolutions, discontent under absolutist government, and the general indifference shown by the Portuguese regency for the plight of its people.

After 1807 the limitations and subordinations inherent in Brazil's colonial status were already being reduced incrementally. The prohibition on transformative industries was rescinded, and new incentives were offered for: the creation of factories, the importation of British machinery, ship construction, and road building, as well as the foundation and construction of public schools and military academies. In addition to these improvements, the Bank of Brazil was chartered and insurance companies, commerce commissions and currency exchanges were established. This damaged the mother country's commercial interests and aggravated social problems there, while benefiting the United Kingdom, as Portugal was governed by the increasingly despotic British general

William Beresford in the absence of the Cortes.[39][40]

At the end of the Peninsular War, Portugal returned French Guiana (which had been seized in 1809) to France on 30 May 1814.[41] With the declaration by King John of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in December 1815,[42] Brazil's new importance worsened the situation in continental Portugal: politically, it became the Portuguese capital (shedding the pretense of being a colony), and economically, was now able to trade directly with other European powers.

1820 Revolution

The Prince-Regent, who would become King John VI of Portugal, was not interested in returning to mainland Portugal immediately after the Peninsular War

A report was sent from the Regency to John VI on 2 June 1820, stating:

"Portugal has arrived at a crisis in which it will suffer a revolution of fortunes, of order, an anarchy, and other ills that will bring a complete reduction of public credit...".[43]

Portugal's neighbor Spain, during its resistance to the Napoleonic invasions, had approved a

Ferdinand VII
was in exile, but it was quickly abrogated on his return, and he reigned as absolute monarch. The Spanish model also served as an example for the Portuguese: a popular uprising in the provinces against absolutism forced the Spanish monarch to reinstate the 1820 Constitutional monarchy.

The significance of events in Spain was not lost on a small group of politically like-minded bourgeoisie in Porto; two years earlier, Manuel Fernandes Tomás, José Ferreira Borges, José da Silva Carvalho and João Ferreira Viana had founded the Sinédrio, a clandestine liberal group who debated the political evolution of Spain and Portugal and would influence subsequent events. The Sinédrio's members were a mixture of merchants, property-owners, the military and noblemen, whose liberalism was based not on personal economic circumstances but on their exposure to international literature and philosophies at university or in the masonic lodges.[44] The common people were rural, almost totally illiterate and lived in a culture of tradition and religion guided by the clergy. The ideological differences between the doctrinairism of the liberal movement and the dogmas of religion would bring the two groups into conflict eventually.[44] In the meantime, however, the rhetoric of the liberal intellectuals had influenced those soldiers in the northern garrisons who on 24 August 1820, first proclaimed in Porto a revolution against the absolute monarchy of Portugal. A colonel read out the declaration:

"Let's join our brothers-in-arms to organize a provisional government that will call on the Cortes to draw-up a Constitution, whose absence is the origin of all our ills."[45]

The Regency in Lisbon attempted to gather forces to oppose the revolt, but on 15 September they too joined the movement.

The administration of William Beresford was swiftly replaced by a

constitutional assembly was composed of diplomatic functionaries, merchants, agrarian burghers, and university-educated representatives who were usually lawyers. Most of all these were ideological romantics, later referred to as Vintistas for their audacious radicalism. State censorship of the press and literary productions was lifted, and the Portuguese Inquisition was extinguished; a general amnesty for those involved in anti-liberal movements was also ordered.[48] On 26 April 1821,[45] John VI departed for Lisbon, arriving on 3 July of the same year, and communicated to the Cortes the establishment of a Regency in Brazil in the name of his heir-apparent, Pedro I of Brazil. The deputies did not recognize the King's authority to designate regents, nor support the Bragança Agreement
, which stipulated that the Portuguese Crown should pass to Prince Pedro if Brazil gained its independence.

Empire of Brazil

Flag of the independent Empire of Brazil, under Peter I

Talk of separatism had dominated the economic and intellectual circles of Brazil, which was prosperous, although at least one third of its population of 3.5 million were African

trials, torture, and other indignities. He also sent elected deputies to the Portuguese Cortes. Slaves
continued to be bought and sold and disciplined with force, however, despite his assertion that their blood was the same color as his and the Portuguese Cortes.

In September 1821, the Portuguese Cortes, with a handful of the Brazilian delegates present, voted to abolish the Kingdom of Brazil and the royal agencies in Rio de Janeiro, thus subordinating all provinces of Brazil directly to Lisbon. Troops were sent to Brazil to stifle resistance, and local units were placed under Portuguese command.[51] On 29 September, the Cortes ordered Prince Pedro to return to Europe to complete his education with a tour of Spain, France and England, but the governmental junta in São Paulo, as well as the Senate Chamber of Rio de Janeiro implored the prince to remain. He was moved by petitions from Brazilian towns and fears that his departure, with the consequent dismantling of the central government, would trigger separatist movements.[52]

Pedro formed a new government headed by

José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva, a former royal official and professor of science at the University of Coimbra who was a formative figure in Brazilian nationalism, and known as the "Patriarch of Independence".[53] Following Prince Pedro's decision to defy the Cortes, Portuguese troops rioted, then concentrated in the area of Mount Castello, which was soon surrounded by thousands of armed Brazilians. Pedro dismissed the Portuguese commanding general, General Jorge Avilez, and ordered him to remove his soldiers across the bay to Niterói, where they would await transportation to Portugal.[54] Blood was also shed in Recife, Province of Pernambuco, when the Portuguese garrison was forced to depart in November 1821. In mid-February 1822, Brazilians in Bahia
revolted against the Portuguese forces there, but were driven into the countryside, where they began guerrilla operations, signaling that the struggle in the north would not be without loss of life and property.

Hoping to rally support throughout the country, Pedro began a series of initiatives to strengthen his position, even as the Portuguese Cortes ridiculed him and disparaged his importance. In

José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva, were pressing for parliamentary government and independence. More confident now, in early August he called on the Brazilian deputies in Lisbon to return, decreed that Portuguese forces in Brazil should be treated as enemies, and issued a manifesto to "friendly nations" that read like a declaration of independence. Seeking to duplicate his triumph in Minas Gerais, Pedro rode to São Paulo
in August to ensure his support there.

Returning from an excursion to Santos, Pedro received messages from his wife Princess Maria Leopoldina and Andrade e Silva that the Portuguese Cortes had declared his government traitorous, and were dispatching more troops. Pedro then had to choose between returning to Portugal in disgrace, or breaking the last ties to Portugal; in a famous scene in front of the Ipiranga River on 7 September 1822, he tore the Portuguese white and blue insignia from his uniform, drew his sword, and swore: "By my blood, by my honor, and by God: I will make Brazil free." With this oath, repeated by the assembled crowd, he announced: "Brazilians, from this day forward our motto will be...Independence or Death"[55]

Absolutism

Joseph, Prince of Beira, died from smallpox at the age of 27. John, then 21 years old, lived for hunting and had little interest in public affairs. However, four years later he became prince regent because of Queen Maria I's mental illness, and in 1816, he became King John VI after her death while the royal family was residing in Rio de Janeiro. In 1821 he was forced to return to a country economically and politically unstable, to preside over a recently installed constitutional monarchy. There were deep divisions between the returning Royal Court and the Portuguese Cortes that governed the nation. While the free-thinking Vintistas of the upper class governed, the new "modern era" was such in name only: the former condition of the poor still prevailed, they remaining pro-monarchist and ultra-religious, but without the power to change their circumstances.[56]

Vilafrancada

Vilafrancada: Prince Miguel being acclaimed in Vila Franca de Xira

The situation in continental Europe changed in 1823. Once again influenced by events in Spain, where the anti-liberal Santa Aliança had restored the absolute monarchy, pro-monarchist forces gravitated towards Queen

Carlota Joaquina de Borbón. The queen was very conservative, ambitious and violent, and at the same time despised her husband's politics, manners and personality.[57] While in Brazil, she had attempted to obtain administration of Spanish dominions in Latin America and was involved in various obscure conspiracies regarding the independence of Brazil.[58]
The return of the king and the royal court had emboldened the clergy and nobles who were hostile to the Constitution and parliamentary government.

Prince Miguel, who shared the queen's views, served as her instrument to subvert the revolution. On 27 May 1823, the prince organized an insurgency against the liberal constitution; a garrison from Lisbon joined Miguel in Vila Franca de Xira, and there absolutism was proclaimed. The king responded by suspending the 1822 Constitution and promising the promulgation of a new law to guarantee "personal security, property and jobs". The revolt was referred to as the Vilafrancada (events that occurred in Vila Franca).[59] One of the objectives of Queen Carlota and Miguel was the abdication of King John, who, although he accepted absolutism, was yet loyal to the liberal Constitution. Ultimately the king accepted absolutism when a movement of army officers and citizens surrounded the Palace of Bemposta to urge him to renounce liberal ideals.

Abrilada

Bemposta Palace (residence of King John VI): where the monarch was held incommunicado during the Abrilada

In Portugal, as in Spain, the adversaries of constitutionalism were divided into two factions: a radical and a more moderate group.

Queluz
.

During his reign as king, John promoted the arts (mainly literature), commerce and agriculture, but being forced to return to Europe and to keep track of the court intrigues that arose following the independence of Brazil made him an unhappy man, and he died soon after the Abrilada in 1826. It was also at the end of his life that he recognized the independence of Brazil (15 November 1825) and restored his son Pedro's

Isabel Maria to govern the country between his death and the acclamation of the future king.[64]

To Civil War

Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, established the 1826 Portuguese Constitution, considered by some to be too pragmatic for the time
Prince Miguel reclaimed the throne that was rightfully his, as his brother had lost his rights to it, and as such could not legally pass them over to his niece

The death of King John VI sparked a constitutional crisis, as his rightful successor, Prince Pedro, was the Emperor of Brazil. To absolutists, the proclamation of Brazilian independence created a foreign nation, thus revoking Pedro's citizenship and his right of succession to the throne.

Princess Isabel Maria as regent. Prince Miguel was also an undesirable option for the liberals; he had been exiled due to several attempts he made to overthrow his own father, and supported the traditionalist politics of his mother, Queen Carlota, whom most of the liberals and moderates feared.[65] Pedro accepted the throne of Portugal as King Pedro IV on 10 March 1826, after the regency deemed him the legitimate heir to the throne and sent a delegation to offer him the crown.[66]

In Brazil, Pedro faced other challenges to his newborn country; the people clearly did not wish to return to colonial status and subservience to the politics and economy of the much smaller kingdom of Portugal. The Brazilian constitution prohibited the Emperor from subsuming another crown; this fact obliged Pedro to choose between Portugal or Brazil.[63] Pedro, a pragmatic politician, tried to find a solution that would reconcile the desires of the liberal, moderate and absolutist elements in the debate, and eventually chose to abdicate as king of Portugal (28 May 1826) in favor of his eldest daughter Princess Maria da Glória, who was seven years old at the time. The abdication was conditional: Portugal should receive a new Constitution, i.e., the 1826 Charter, and his brother Miguel, exiled in Vienna, was to marry the Princess when she came of age.[63] The Constitution was not popular with the absolutists (who wanted Prince Miguel to govern as an absolute monarch), but the liberal Vintistas also did not support the Charter (which was imposed by the King); moderates bided their time as a counter-revolution was slowly building.[65]

Acclamation of Miguel I as King

In 1828, Prince Miguel returned from

Princess Isabel Maria, who was ill, as regent. Over the next few months, traditional nobility, clergymen and the vast majority of the population (who were supporters of D. Miguel) proclaimed Miguel King of Portugal. They also annulled the liberal Constitution, persecuted liberals and their supporters, and attempted to obtain international support for their regime. Thousands of liberal idealists were killed, arrested, or forced to flee to Spain, England, the Azores and Brazil.[67]
The acclamation was followed by demonstrations in support of absolutism and failed revolutions to reinstate liberalism.

The sequence of events inevitably triggered the

Portuguese Civil War

António José Severim de Noronha
, leader of the liberal government-in-exile, responsible for the defense of Porto, and later the defeat of Miguelist forces in Lisbon

The political climate began to change in 1830. Popular opposition to Pedro's reign in the aftermath of the dismissal of several of his ministers during a growing economic crisis forced him to abdicate his throne in Brazil in favor of his son, Pedro II, on 7 April 1831.[69] He then returned to Europe, but found little support from England or France for his quest to regain the throne; instead, he collected arms, money and mercenaries to install his daughter on the throne. He then departed for Terceira in the Azores, from where his government-in-exile organized an expeditionary force that disembarked in Mindelo, not far from Porto, on 8 July 1832.[69]

With the backing of liberals from Spain and England, and substantial foreign mercenary contingents (who comprised roughly 80% of the liberal forces), Pedro landed near

Cape Saint Vincent and decisively defeated it at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent
.

The liberals were able to occupy Lisbon, making it possible for them to repel the Miguelite siege in Porto. A stalemate of nine months ensued. Towards the end of 1833, Maria da Glória was proclaimed Queen regnant, and Pedro was made regent. His first act was to confiscate the property of all who had supported Miguel. He also suppressed all religious orders and confiscated their property, an act that suspended friendly relations with the Papal States for nearly eight years, until mid-1841. The liberals occupied Portugal's major cities, Lisbon and Porto, where they commanded a sizable following among the middle classes.

Meanwhile, the absolutists controlled the rural areas, where they were supported by the aristocracy and the peasantry. Operations against the Miguelists recommenced in early 1834, and they were defeated at the Battle of Asseiceira. The Miguelite army, however, was still a force (about 18,000 men) to be reckoned with, but on May 24, 1834, at the Concession of Evoramonte, peace was declared under a convention by which Miguel formally consented to renounce all claims to the throne of Portugal, was guaranteed an annual pension, and was banished from Portugal, never to return. Pedro restored the Constitutional Charter and died soon after, on 24 September 1834, while his daughter assumed the throne as Maria II of Portugal

See also

Notes

  1. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.260
  2. ^ a b Marcus Cheke (1969), p.3
  3. ^ Her dislike for Pombal was so great that she issued one of the world's earliest restraining orders, commanding that Pombal should never be closer than 32 kilometres (20 mi) to her; in situations where the Queen was close to his estates, he was compelled to remove himself from his house to fulfill the royal decree. She is also reported to have had tantrums at the slightest reference to her father's former Prime Minister.
  4. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.260-261
  5. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.261
  6. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.262-263
  7. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.263
  8. ^ a b José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.264
  9. ^ a b c d e José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.265
  10. ^ CUP (1970), p.386-389
  11. ^ a b c d H.V.Livermore (1976), p.247
  12. ^ H.V. Livermore (1976), p.247
  13. ^ E. A. Strasen; Alfredo Gândara (1944). Oito séculos de história luso-alemã. Instituto Ibero-Americano de Berlim. p. 267.
  14. .
  15. ^ August Fournier (1903). Napoleon the First: A Biography. H. Holt. p. 210.
  16. ^ H.V.Livermore (1976), p.248
  17. ^ a b José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.266
  18. .
  19. ^ a b CUP (1970), p.396
  20. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.267
  21. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.268
  22. ^ CUP (1970), p.397
  23. ^ James Maxwell Anderson (2000), p.127
  24. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.270-271
  25. ^ a b José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.270
  26. ^ a b CUP (1970), p.399
  27. ^ a b José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.271
  28. ^ CUP (1970), p.400
  29. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.271-272
  30. ^ In one case, Bernardim Freire de Andrade, the northern commander, was accused treason by local farmers, arrested and sent to Braga, where the local population then lynched him.
  31. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.272
  32. ^ H. V. Livermore (1976), p. 253; The Prince Regent appointed Beresford to reorganize the Portuguese Army, granting him the rank of Marshal and Commander-in-Chief in January 1809.
  33. ^ H. V. Livermore (1976), p.246-247
  34. ^ For his failure to hold the line, the Portuguese governor, was bayoneted by the British during the aftermath of the conflict.
  35. ^ H.V. Livermore (1976), p.254
  36. ^ H.V.Livermore (1976), p.254
  37. ^ a b c d e James Maxwell Anderson (2000), p.129
  38. ^ a b H.V. Livermore (1976), p.255
  39. ^ Portugal under British Protection, 1808–1814
  40. ^ Louise Guenther, "The British community of 19th century Bahia: public and private lives"
  41. ^ The Map of Europe by Treaty: Showing the Various Political and Territorial Changes which Have Taken Place Since the General Peace of 1814; with Numerous Maps and Notes. Gregg International. 1875. p. 269.
  42. .
  43. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.276
  44. ^ a b José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.279
  45. ^ a b José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.277
  46. ^ John Armitage (1836). The history of Brazil, from ... 1808, to ... 1831. A continuation to Southey's History. p. 349.
  47. ^ The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year ... J. Dodsley. 1838. p. 322.
  48. ^ The 1820 revolution
  49. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.281-282
  50. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.282
  51. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.283; As Borges Carneiro would remark in the Cortes, the Brazilians needed a guard dog to put them in order.
  52. ^ The atmosphere was so charged that Prince Pedro sought assurances of asylum on a British ship in case he lost the looming confrontation; he also sent his family to safety out of the city.
  53. ^ José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva
  54. ^ In the following days, the Portuguese commander delayed embarkation, hoping that expected reinforcements would arrive. However, the reinforcements that arrived off Rio de Janeiro on 5 March 1822 were not allowed to land. Instead, they were given supplies for the voyage back to Portugal.
  55. ^ Neil Macaulay (1986), p.125
  56. ^ Marcus Checke (1969), p.90
  57. ^ Queen Carlota Joaquina
  58. ^ Thomson 2014, p. 51
  59. .
  60. ^ a b José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.284
  61. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.284-285
  62. ^ Paquette 2013, p. 284
  63. ^ a b c José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.285
  64. .
  65. ^ a b c José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.286
  66. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.25
  67. ^ Liberalism versus Reaction: Portugal 1814–1851
  68. ^ José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.287
  69. ^ a b c José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.288
  70. ^ Philip Alexander Prince (1843). Parallel History: Being an Outline of the History and Biography of the World, Contemporaneously Arranged. Whittaker. p. 432.
  71. ^ a b José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.289

References

Historiography

  • Fernandes, Paulo Jorge; Menses, Filipe Ribeiro de; Baioâ, Manuel. "The Political History of Nineteenth Century Portugal," e-Journal of Portuguese History (e-JPH) (2003) 1#1 online

In Portuguese

External links