History of Queensland

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The history of Queensland encompasses both a long

Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, the coast of north-eastern Australia was explored by Dutch and French navigators. Queensland separated from the Colony of New South Wales as a self-governing Crown colony in 1859. In 1901 it became one of the six founding states of Australia
.

Indigenous people

Established theories estimate that between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, humans first arrived in Australia – although some theories suggest this figure to be much higher.[2] They are thought to have arrived either by boat or by land bridge. The most likely route was from Southeast Asia across the Torres Strait. During the initial ten thousand years, these people and their descendants are thought to have traveled over much of the continent.[1]

Around 25,000 years ago, the ice age began with a rapid drop in the temperature of the Earth of eight degrees. Food was difficult to find and this led to the origin of seed-grinding technology. This climate change is estimated to have lasted for over 10,000 years. As the temperature rose, the land bridges from Southeast Asia to Tasmania were reclaimed by the sea.

About 15,000 years ago, global temperatures warmed and rainfall increased along the eastern coast of Australia. The inland of Queensland, also receiving rainfall, again became habitable. Coastal lands decreased due to rising sea levels and tropical

rain forests spread. The Kalkadoon people of the inland central gulf region dug wells 10m deep to maintain their supply of freshwater.[1]

From 10,000 years until European arrival, despite the favourable warmer climate, humans were unable to develop either agriculture or animal husbandry due to the lack of domesticable cereal plants or suitable animals. When James Cook explored and charted the east coast of Australia in 1770–1772 he was able to navigate close to shore in shallow water as HMB Endeavour was flat-bottomed, so he and the other scientists on board had plenty of time to examine the land through telescopes whilst depths were taken every few metres for the charts, but they reported they saw no evidence of either agriculture or permanent structures, which caused them to believe the people were nomads and therefore the land was "Terra Nullius" or without owners.

The peak Indigenous population in Queensland prior to European arrival is uncertain. The number may have been between 200,000 and 500,000 people.[1] Numbers may have decreased at times of epidemics like smallpox. Rough calculations of the population can be made from the knowledge that Queensland supported 34.2 per cent of the total number of tribes in Australia and from the knowledge that 35 to 39 per cent of Australian indigenous people lived in Queensland.[3] Queensland was the most densely populated region of the continent with two of the six to seven hundred Indigenous nations and at least ninety language groups.[1]

European exploration

In 1606, the Dutch navigator

Weipa on the western shore of Cape York. His arrival was the first recorded encounter between European and Australian Aboriginal people.[1]

In 1606,

Luis Váez de Torres, a Spanish explorer may have sighted the Queensland coast at the tip of Cape York. In that year, he had sailed the Torres Strait
, the body of water now named after him.

In 1768, the French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville sailed west from the New Hebrides islands, getting to within a hundred miles of the Queensland coast. He did not reach the coast because he did not find a passage through the coral reefs, and turned back.

Cooktown now lies, on the Endeavour River, both places named after the incident. On 22 August Endeavour reached the northern tip of Queensland, which Cook named the Cape York Peninsula after the Duke of York
.

In 1799, in Norfolk,

cutter
, at a distance of 750 miles (1,210 km), where the Governor sent ships back to rescue the crew from Wreck Reef.

19th century exploration and settlement

See also: Queensland borders

In 1823,

portmanteau of the Scottish towns Edinburgh and Glasgow. Major Edmund Lockyer discovered outcrops of coal along the banks of the upper Brisbane River in 1825.[5] In 1839, transportation of convicts ceased, culminating in the closure of the Brisbane penal settlement. In 1842, a free settlement was permitted. In the same year, Andrew Petrie reported favourable grazing conditions and decent forests to the north of Brisbane, which led shortly to the arrival of settlers to Fraser Island and the Cooloola coast region.[6]

Immigrants aboard the Artemisia arrived at the colony of Moreton Bay in 1848.

In 1847, the Port of Maryborough was opened as a wool port.[7] The first immigrant ship to arrive in Moreton Bay was the Artemisia in 1848. In 1857, Queensland's first lighthouse was built at Cape Moreton.

Frontier war

Main article: Australian frontier wars
See also: List of massacres of Indigenous Australians

Fighting between Aboriginals and settlers in colonial Queensland was more bloody than in any other colonial state in Australia, perhaps partly due to Queensland having a larger pre-contact indigenous population than any other colony in Australia, accounting for over one third, and in some estimates close to forty percent, of the entire pre-contact population of the continent.[citation needed] The latest and hitherto most comprehensive survey estimates that some 1,500 European settlers – and their Chinese, Aboriginal and Melanesian allies – died in frontier skirmishes with Aboriginals in Queensland during the nineteenth century.[citation needed] The same study indicates that the number of casualties Aboriginal people suffered in these battles with settlers and native police (frequently described by contemporary political leaders and newspapers as "warfare", "a kind of warfare", "guerrilla-like warfare", and at times as a "war of extermination") is highly likely to have exceeded 30,000. (That is a tripling of the hitherto used minimum estimates for Queensland.)[8] Yet even this figure is liable to increase if the results of the first attempt to use extensive primary sources to calculate the Aboriginal casualties due to violence on the Queensland frontier in this period is used. A paper prepared by Raymond Evans and Robert Ørsted-Jensen for the annual AHA conference at the University of Queensland on 9 July 2014 indicated that a minimum figure of 65,000 Aboriginal casualties is a more realistic figure.[9] The "Native Police Force" (sometimes "Native Mounted Police Force"), recruited and deployed by the Queensland government, was allegedly involved in the oppression, dispossession and murder of indigenous people during this period.[10]

Captured Aboriginal tribesmen as prisoners

The three largest massacres of whites by Aboriginals in Australian colonial history all took place in Queensland. On 27 October 1857 Martha Fraser's

Darkey Flat Massacre
also took place in the 1840s.

Separation from New South Wales

Colony of Queensland
British Crown Colony
1859–1901
Flag of Queensland

Light green: Queensland

Green: Territory of Papua (annexed by Queensland in 1883)

Dark grey: other
British possessions
Government
 • TypeSelf-governing colony
Monarch 
• 1859–1901
Victoria
Governor 
• 1859–1868
George Bowen first
• 1896–1901
Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington last
LegislatureParliament of Queensland
History 
6 June 1859
1901
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Colony of New South Wales
Australia
Queensland
Main article: Separation of Queensland

In 1851, a public meeting was held to consider Queensland's separation from New South Wales. On 6 June 1859

Premier of Queensland. The young colony was keen to fill its treasury. Seeing the gold rushes and their effects in Victoria and New South Wales, the government of Queensland offered significant rewards to anyone discovering payable gold deposits.[15]

Queensland was the only Australian colony that commenced immediately with its own parliament (responsible government), instead of first spending time with a governor appointed by The Crown. By this time, Western Australia was the only Australian colony without a responsible government. Ipswich and Rockhampton became towns in 1860, with Maryborough and Warwick becoming towns the following year.

In 1861, rescue parties for

Frederick Walker who originally worked for the native police.[16] Brisbane was linked by electric telegraph to Sydney in 1861, however, the first operating telegraph line in Queensland was from Brisbane to Ipswich in the same year.[17]

Gold rush

Early gold miners were prepared to live rough in order to strike it rich.

Although smaller than the gold rushes of Victoria and New South Wales, Queensland had its own series of gold rushes in the later half of the nineteenth century. In 1858, gold was discovered at

Palmer River, southwest of Cooktown. Chinese settlers began to arrive in the goldfields, by 1877 there were 17,000 Chinese in Queensland gold fields. In that year, restrictions on Chinese immigration were passed.[20]

Late 19th century

Mary River residence, ~1870
Pioneer Sugar Mill at Mackay in the 1880s.

1862 saw Queensland's western boundary change from longitude 141° E to 138°E.

In 1863, the first

Chief Justice, Sir James Cockle
was appointed.

On 25 November 1863, the

Presbyterian Church of Queensland was officially established.[21]

1864 was a bad year for Brisbane. In March of that year, major flooding of the Brisbane River inundated the centre of town, in April, fires devastated the west side of Queen Street, which was the main shopping district and in December, another fire, which was Brisbane's worst ever, wiped out the rest of Queen Street and adjoining streets.[22]

1865 saw the first steam trains in Queensland, travelling (from Ipswich to Bigge's Camp, which is now known as Grandchester). Townsville was gazetted as a town in the same year. In 1867, the Constitution of Queensland was consolidated from existing legislation under the Constitution Act 1867. Sugar production was by then becoming a major industry. In 1867, six mills produced 168 tons of cane sugar, by 1870 there were 28 mills with a production of 2,854 tons. The production of sugar started around Brisbane but spread to Mackay and Cairns, and by 1888 the annual output of sugar was 60,000 tons.[23] 1871 saw George Phipps, 2nd Marquess of Normanby become the Governor of Queensland.

The first record of a rugby match played in Queensland occurred in 1876.[citation needed]

In 1877,

Arthur Edward Kennedy became the Governor of Queensland. The first meat processed in the state occurred at Queensport along the Brisbane River in 1881.[24]

In 1883, Queensland Premier Sir

Papua (later repudiated by the British government).[citation needed
]

On 2 June 1883, the decision to form a rugby union association was made at the Exchange hotel in Brisbane.[25]

In 1883, Queensland's population passed the 250,000 mark.[citation needed]

1887, the Brisbane-Wallangarra railway line was opened, and in 1888 there was a 483-mile (777 km) line opened between Brisbane and Charleville. There were other lines that were nearly complete from Rockhampton to Longreach, and others being constructed around Maryborough, Mackay and Townsville.[citation needed]

By 1888, there were more than 5 million cattle in Queensland.[citation needed]

South Brisbane during the 1893 Brisbane flood

1891 saw the Great Shearers' Strike at Barcaldine lead to the formation of the Australian Labor Party. The issue in the strike was whether employers were entitled to use non-union labour. There were troops and police called in, some sheds were fired, and there were mass riots. There was a second shearers' strike in 1894. Union-sponsored candidates won sixteen seats at the Queensland elections in 1893.[citation needed]

The 1893 Brisbane flood caused much destruction including destroying the Victoria Bridge.[citation needed]

The land where the

Brisbane Cricket Ground now sits was first used as a cricket ground in 1895, with the first cricket match played there in December 1896.[citation needed
]

In 1897, Native (Aboriginal) Police force disbanded.[citation needed]

Coal mine in Ipswich, 1898

In 1897, Queensland passed legislation to appoint the first

Chief Protector of Aboriginals in the state.[26][27]

In 1899, the world's first Labor government, with Premier Anderson Dawson as the leader, was elected into power only to last one week.[citation needed]

In July 1899 Queensland offered to send a force of 250 mounted infantry to help Britain in the

Charters Towers peaked.[28]

The first natural gas find in Queensland and Australia was at Roma in 1900 as a team was drilling a water well.[29]

The

Mahina Cyclone of 1899 strikes Cape York Peninsula, destroying a pearling fleet in Princess Charlotte Bay. The cyclone claimed the lives of around 400 people, making it Queensland's worst maritime disaster.[citation needed
]

Indentured labourers from the Pacific Islands

Main article: Blackbirding
See also: Slavery in Australia

During the 1890s many workers known as the

Kanakas were brought to Queensland from neighbouring Pacific Island nations to work in the sugar cane fields. Some of whom had been kidnapped or coerced under a process known as blackbirding. When Australia was federated in 1901, the White Australia policy came into effect, whereby all foreign workers in Australia were deported under the Pacific Island Labourers Act of 1901.[30] At this time there were between 7,000 and 10,000 Pacific Islanders living in Queensland. Most of them had been deported by 1908, by which time there were only 1500–2500 remaining.[citation needed
]

20th century

Lord Lamington addresses Federation Day crowds, Brisbane, 1901

Federation to First World War

April 1900 saw the bubonic plague enter Queensland at Rockhampton, where it persisted until 1909.[31]

On 1 January 1901, following a series of referendums, the six Australian colonies including Queensland federated to form Australia as a nation. Certain powers previously exercised by the Queensland Government were ceded to the federal government under the Constitution of Australia. At this time Queensland had a population of half a million people.[citation needed]

The Trackson was an Australian automobile built in Brisbane.[32] In 1901, the Chillagoe smelters commenced operations.[33]

Brisbane was proclaimed a city in 1902.[citation needed]

In 1905, women voted in state elections for the first time.[citation needed]

In 1908, Witches Falls, now part of Tamborine National Park on Tamborine Mountain is declared the first national park in Queensland.[34]

The University of Queensland was established in 1909.[citation needed]

The

1912 Brisbane General Strike lasted for five weeks.[citation needed
]

World War I

Main article: Queensland in World War I

The United Kingdom declared war against Germany on 4 August 1914. As Australia's new constitution was silent on the declaration of war, on 20 August 1914 Queensland made an

Wilhelm II). Later Queensland made further independent proclamations of war against Austria and Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey.[35] Initially in 1914 the war in Europe did not impact greatly on life in Queensland, although the existing militia was deployed in the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force attack on German New Guinea.[36]

The outbreak of war created a heightened sense of patriotism; the call for Queenslanders to volunteer for the

Eleanor Bourne, another Queensland doctor, travelled to England to enlist as a medical officer in the Royal Army Medical Corps and later served in the Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps.[40] Visiting London during the outbreak of the war, Annie Wheeler, a married nurse, remained in London and, with the assistance of her daughter Portia, became a volunteer worker for the comfort of Central Queensland soldiers, maintaining a comprehensive card index through which she ensured the soldiers and their families were kept well-informed and supported through practical and financial assistance. Eleanor Bourne. There was also a heightened suspicion of Germans with any known German military reservists being immediately arrested and detained.[36]

In Queensland on 10 January 1916, Canon David John Garland was appointed the honorary secretary of the Anzac Day Commemoration Committee of Queensland (ADCCQ) at a public meeting which endorsed 25 April as the date promoted as "Anzac Day" in 1916 and ever after. Devoted to the cause of a non-denominational commemoration that could be attended by the whole of Australian society, Garland worked amicably across all denominational divides, creating the framework for Anzac Day commemorative services.[41] Garland is specifically credited with initiating the Anzac Day march, the wreath-laying ceremonies at memorials and the special church services, the two minutes silence, and the luncheon for returned soldiers.[42] Garland intended the silence to be used in lieu of prayer to allow the Anzac Day service to be universally attended, allowing attendees to make a silent prayer or remembrance in accordance with their own beliefs. He particularly feared that the universality of the ceremony would fall victim to religious sectarian disputes.[43]

Over 58,000 Queenslanders fought in World War I and over 10,000 of them died.[44]

The state's largest recorded earthquake struck in 1918 near Rockhampton with a magnitude of six.[45]

Between the Wars

Crowds support Charles Kingsford Smith record breaking flights at Brisbane and Christchurch in 1928

In 1919 the "

Wooroorooka, Adelaide Gate and Mungindi. Mungindi was to become a popular target for "border breakers". Despite not being official entry points, the police were required to actively prevent crossings at border locations such as Killarney, Stanthorpe, Texas and Hebel. A number of police officers died from infections acquired in protecting the border. In May 1919 the restrictions on border crossings were removed as it was apparent that the virus was well established in Queensland and police administering the border crossings were returned to their normal duties.[46]

Qantas was founded in 1920 to serve outback Queensland. 1920 saw Matthew Nathan become Governor and actively promotes British migration to Queensland. The

Gordonvale. They have since spread to many parts of Queensland, New South Wales and the Northern Territory. In late 1936 a lightning strike hit the Bundaberg Rum Distillery
, destroying the distillery without any loss of life. It was rebuilt and is currently operating on the same site today.

The state's first national park ranger, Mick O'Reily was temporarily appointed between 1919 and 1923.[49]

Second World War

April 1942. US military police outside the Central Hotel, Brisbane. Later that year there was violence between Australians and US MPs in the Battle of Brisbane. The pipe on which they are resting their feet carried sea water, for use in fighting fires in the event of air raids.

During World War II, many Queenslanders volunteered for the Australian Imperial Force, the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy.

Following the outbreak of

air attacks on Australia. These included Horn Island, Townsville and Mossman
.

There was a massive buildup of Australian and United States forces in the state, and the Allied Supreme Commander in the

South West Pacific Area, General Douglas MacArthur, established his headquarters in Brisbane. Facilities were assigned or constructed to accommodate and train these forces such as Camp Cable south of Brisbane. Tens of thousands of Queenslanders were conscripted into Militia
(reserve) units.

On 14 May 1943, the Australian Hospital Ship Centaur was sunk off North Stradbroke Island, by a torpedo from a Japanese Navy submarine. Later in the war, the 3rd Division, a Militia unit made of predominantly Queensland personnel, took part in the Bougainville campaign.

Post war

The

1948 Queensland Railway strike was a nine-week strike over the wages of railway workshop and depot workers. In 1952, Queensland's only whaling station opens at Tangalooma and closed a decade later. A cyclone crossed the coast over Coolangatta on 20 February 1954 causing significant damage.[50]

The

Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen elected as Premier. He remained in that role for 19 years. In 1969, the first natural gas pipeline in Queensland and Australia, connecting the Roma gasfields to Brisbane
, became operational.

1971 saw escalating protests in regard to the

1971 Springbok tour and Bjelke-Petersen declare a state of emergency in the state[53] In the same year Daylight Saving is introduced to Queensland.[54] Only to be abandoned the following year.[54] The Box Flat Mine explosion took the lives of 18 men in 1972. Two years later the 1974 Brisbane flood caused widespread damage. In 1976, sand mining on Fraser Island
is halted.

1980s

Jupiters Hotel and Casino
opened in 1985
World Expo 88

1982 saw Brisbane host the

Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992)
decision was handed down in 1992, which recognised the native title.

In 1987 in response to a series of articles on high-level police corruption in The Courier-Mail by reporter Phil Dickie, followed by a Four Corners television report, aired on 11 May 1987, entitled "The Moonlight State" with reporter Chris Masters the Fitzgerald Inquiry (1987–1989), presided over by Tony Fitzgerald QC, resulted in the deposition of a premier, two by-elections, the jailing of three former ministers and a police commissioner being jailed and losing his knighthood. Wayne Goss led the Labor Government to power in 1989. In 1980, the annual State of Origin series began at Lang Park in Brisbane. Two years later the Commonwealth Games was held in Brisbane.

In May 1987, the

Victoria. It was merged with Fitzroy to become the Brisbane Lions in 1997. 1987 saw Brisbane host games of the first ever Rugby World Cup
.

Expo '88 was held in Brisbane in 1988 to celebrate the Bicentenary of the First fleet founding the colony of Australia. The event was very successful and helped promote Brisbane and Queensland on the world stage. Also that year, the Brisbane Broncos and Gold Coast-Tweed Giants rugby league teams were founded, followed by the South Queensland Crushers and North Queensland Cowboys in 1995. In 1989, Queensland commenced a three-year trial of Daylight Saving.[54] On 2 December 1989, the National Party government of Russell Cooper was defeated at the state election. The government of Labor Premier Wayne Goss
commenced on 7 December 1989.

1990s

The 1990s saw Queensland undergo rapid population growth, largely as the result of interstate migration. Internal migrants were attracted to Queensland's buoyant economy, and the opportunity for young families to more easily purchase homes than market conditions would allow in Sydney. Queensland's population growth during the 1990s was largely concentrated in South East Queensland. In 1991, logging on Fraser Island ceases.

In October 1990, homosexuality was decriminalised in Queensland, the second last state to do so.[55]

By the late 1990s, Queensland's rapid population growth was placing pressure on South East Queensland's infrastructure, including within Brisbane. Major planning of road, rail, electricity and water infrastructure was undertaken to cope with the growing population, with many of these projects being built during the following decade.

In 1992, Queensland held a referendum on Daylight Saving, which was defeated with a 54.5% "no" vote.[56] In 1998, the use of the Brisbane and Bremer Rivers for the barging of coal ceases after 158 years.[5]

The first nature refuge established under Queensland's Nature Conservation Act 1992 was declared for "Berlin Scrub",[57] a forty-one-hectare site in the Lockyer Valley in 1994.

21st century

Flood waters inundate the Brisbane central business district, 2011.

In 2001, the Goodwill Games were held in Brisbane. In 2003, both Brisbane and Townsville hosted games of the 2003 Rugby World Cup. In the same year, the oil pipeline running from Jackson to Brisbane bursts open at Lytton, causing Queensland's largest-ever oil spill.[58] Cyclone Larry crossed the Queensland coast in March 2006 becoming the costliest tropical cyclone to ever impact Australia. That year residents of Toowoomba voted against the use of recycled sewage in drinking water in a referendum, halting a project that was described as the world's most ambitious wastewater recycling scheme.[59] 2007 saw Anna Bligh become the state's first appointed female Premier.

According to the Bureau of Meteorology 2010 was Queensland's wettest year on record.[60] At the end of 2010 and into the next year the state experienced widespread floods. Toowoomba and the Lockyer Valley experienced severe flash flooding in January. In February 2011, Cyclone Yasi crossed the Queensland coast in February, causing more damage than Cyclone Larry. In 2018 Gold Coast hosted the 2018 Commonwealth Games.[61] It was the first time the city has hosted the games and the second for the state of Queensland, after Brisbane in 1982.

Countdown clock for the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Surfers Paradise

In 2020, despite a low number of cases during the COVID-19 pandemic, Queensland's state borders were temporarily and conditionally closed, and social distancing was introduced. In 2021, the State borders were again conditionally closed, and on July 21, it was announced that Brisbane would host the 2032 Summer Olympics.[62]

In mid-December 2023

2023 Cairns floods. It became the worst flooding event in Cairns, since records began in 1915, when the Barron River exceeded its record level of March 1977 at 3.8 metres (12 ft).[63]

See also

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Bibliography

  • Evans, Raymond: A History of Queensland, Cambridge 2007, 321 pages, ill.
  • Ørsted-Jensen, Robert: Frontier History Revisited, Brisbane 2011, 284 pages ill.
  • Reid, Gordon: A Nest of Hornets: The Massacre of the Fraser family at Hornet Bank Station, Central Queensland, 1857, and related events, Melbourne 1982.
  • Rienits, Rex & Thea (1969). A Pictorial History of Australia. Hamlyn Publishing Group.
    ISBN 0-600-03125-X
    .

External links

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