History of Rajasthan
The history of human settlement in the western
Around 2000 BCE,
The
In his long military career, Maharana Sanga achieved a series of unbroken successes against several neighbouring Muslim kingdoms, most notably the Lodi dynasty of Delhi. He united several Rajput clans for the first time since the Second Battle of Tarain and marched against the Timurid ruler Babur.[5] Maharana Pratap in the 16th century, both men became a symbol of Rajput valour against the Mughal invasions.[6]
The other famous rulers of Rajasthan includes Maldeo Rathore of Marwar, Rai Singh of Bikaner and Kachhawa rulers of Jaipur include Man Singh I and Sawai Jai Singh. While
Among many of Rajasthan's most important architectural works are the
The British made several treaties with rulers of Rajasthan and also made allies out of local rulers, who were allowed to rule their princely states. This period was marked by famines and economic exploitation. The Rajputana Agency was a political office of the British Indian Empire dealing with a collection of native states in Rajputana (present, Rajasthan).[9]
After Indian Independence in 1947, the various princely states of Rajputana were integrated in seven stages to formed present day state of Rajasthan on 1 November 1956.
Periodization of Rajasthan history
- Pre-historic Period (Stone Age)
- Early Stone Age (c. 10,00,000 – 1,00,000 BCE)
- Middle Stone Age (c. 1,00,000 – 40,000 BCE)
- Later Stone Age (c. 40,000 – 8000 BCE)
- Neolithic Age (c. 8000 – 5000 BCE)
- Proto-historic Period (c. 5000 – 1500 BCE)
- Chalcolithic Age(c. 5000 – 3000 BCE)
- Bronze Age (c. 3000 – 1500 BCE)
- Iron-Age and Ancient Period (c. 1500 – 300 BCE)
- Vedic Period(c. 1500 – 600 BCE)
- Mahajanapadas and Tribal kingdoms(c. 600 BCE – 300 BCE)
- In this period Rajasthan was ruled by Kingdoms like Malava and others. These kingdoms also ruled under Maurya Empire.
- In this period Rajasthan was ruled by Kingdoms like
- Classical Period (c. 300 BCE – 550 CE)
- Many tribal kingdoms ruled independently under Kushan Empire, Gupta Empire.
- Early Medieval Period (c. 550 – 1000 CE)
- This period is also known as "Rajput Period", because of rise of many Rajput dynasties and kingdoms.
- Late Medieval Period (c. 1000 – 1568 CE)
- This period marked by struggles and resistance against Muslim expansion by Rajput kingdoms.
- Modern Period (c. 1568–1947 CE)
- Mughal invasions and resistance against them. (c. 1568–1720)
- Maratha influences (c. 1720–1817)
- Princely states of Rajputana ruled under British Empire (c. 1817 – 1947)
- Post-independence Period (c. 1947 onwards)
- Unification of Rajasthan(c. 1948 – 1956)
Proto-historic Period (c. 5000–1500 BCE)
Indus Valley civilisation
Sindhu–Saraswati civilization, or the Indus Valley civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of India, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.
- Baror (Sri Ganganagar) and Karanpura (Hanumangarh) are major Indus-Valley Civilization sites of Rajasthan.
Kalibangān civilization
Kalibangān is a town located in
The report concluded that Kalibangan was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan is distinguished by its unique "fire altars" and world's earliest attested "ploughed field".It is around 2900 BCE that the region of Kalibangan developed into what can be considered a planned city.
The Kalibangan pre-historic site was discovered by Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian Indologist (1887–1919). He was doing some research in ancient Indian texts and was surprised by the character of ruins in that area. He sought help from John Marshall of the Archaeological Survey of India.
The excavation unexpectedly brought to light a twofold sequence of cultures, of which the upper one (Kalibangan I) belongs to the Harappan, showing the characteristic grid layout of a metropolis and the lower one (Kalibangan II) was formerly called pre-Harappan but is now called "Early Harappan or antecedent Harappan". Other nearby sites belonging to IVC include
Ganeshwar civilization
Ganeshwar is located near the
The period was estimated to be 3000–2000 BCE. Historian
Ganeshwar saw three cultural phases:
- Period 1 (3800 BCE) which was characterized by hunting and gathering communities using chert tools
- Period II (2800 BCE) shows the beginnings of metal work in copper and fired clay pottery
- Period III (1800 BCE) featured a variety of pottery and copper goods being produced.[13]
Ancient and Classical Period (c. 1500 BCE – 550 CE)
Matsya kingdom (c. 1400 – 350 BCE)
Matsya Kingdom was one of the Early Vedic age
It was located in central India near Kuru. It was founded by Matsya
Geography
To the north of Central Matsya was Kuru. Kuru territories like Yakrilloma were located to the east. To its west was
History and role in Kurukshetra War
The entire Matsya royal family came to fight for the Pandavas in the Mahabharata war. Virata came with his brothers, Uttara, and Shankha. Shweta also came from the south with his son Nirbhita.
On the first day, Uttara died fighting Shalya. At the death of his half-brother, Shweta was infuriated and started wreaking havoc in the Kuru armies. Bhishma came and killed him. On the seventh day, Dronacharya killed Shankha and Nirbhita. On the fifteenth day, Dronacharya killed Virata. All of Virata's brothers also died fighting Dronacharya. The remnant of the Matsya army was slaughtered at midnight by Ashwastamma on the eighteenth day.[17]
By the late Vedic period, they ruled a kingdom located south of the
Matsya Union
In the modern era, another United States of Matsya was a brief union of four princely states of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Alwar and Karauli temporarily put together from 1947 to 1949.[19] Shobha Ram Kumawat of Indian National Congress was the first and last chief minister of the State from 18 March 1948 until 15 May 1949.[19] Maharaja of Dholpur became its Rajpramukh.
On 15 May 1949, the Matsya Union was merged with Greater Rajasthan,
Ancient kingdoms (c. 700 BCE – 550 CE)
Northern Rajasthan region
Eastern Rajasthan region
- Nishadha
- Arjunayanas
Central Rajasthan region
Western Rajasthan region
- Abhira
- Sudra
- Sivi Kingdom
- Sindhu Kingdom
Southern Rajasthan region
- Malava
- Gurjara Kingdom
- Kunti Kingdom
These warrior kingdoms defeated many foreign invaders like Saka, Huna, and others.
Foreign empires invasion (c. 100 – 300 CE)
These foreign empires Satraps, Kushans and Hunas invade and ruled some regions of western and northeast Rajasthan.
They also face strong opposition from indigenous kingdoms like
Early Medieval Period (c. 550–1000 CE)
Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (c. 550–1036 CE)
The
Pratiharas of Mandavyapura (c. 550–860 CE)
The Pratiharas of Mandavyapura Pratīhāras of Māṇḍavyapura), also known as the Pratiharas of Mandore (or Mandor), were an Indian dynasty. They ruled parts of the present-day Rajasthan between 6th and 9th centuries CE. They first established their capital at Mandavyapura (modern Mandore), and later ruled from Medantaka (modern Merta).
The imperial Pratiharas also claimed descent from the legendary hero Lakshmana. The earliest known historical members of the family are Harichandra and his second wife Bhadra. Harichandra was a Brahmin, while Bhadra came from a Kshatriya noble family. They had four sons: Bhogabhatta, Kakka, Rajjila and Dadda. These four men captured Mandavyapura and erected a rampart there.[23] It is not known where the family lived before the conquest of Mandavyapura.[24]
Pratiharas of Bhinmala (Kannauj) (c. 730–1036)
Nagabhata I (730–760), was originally perhaps a feudatory of the
The Arab chronicler Sulaiman describes the army of the Pratiharas as it stood in 851 CE, "The ruler of Gurjara maintains numerous forces and no other Indian prince has so fine a cavalry. He is unfriendly to the Arabs, still he acknowledges that the king of the Arabs is the greatest of rulers. Among the princes of India there is no greater foe of the Islamic faith than he. He has got riches, and his camels and horses are numerous."[25]
Mihira Bhoja was the Greatest ruler of dynasty, kingdoms which were conquered and acknowledged his Suzerainty includes Travani, Valla, Mada, Arya, Gujaratra, Lata Parvarta and
Mahmud of Ghazni captured Kannauj in 1018, and the Pratihara ruler Rajapala fled. He was subsequently captured and killed by the Chandela ruler Vidyadhara.[26][27] The Chandela ruler then placed Rajapala's son Trilochanpala on the throne as a proxy. Jasapala, the last Gurjara-Pratihara ruler of Kannauj, died in 1036.
Pratihara Art
There are notable examples of architecture from the Gurjara-Pratihara era, including sculptures and carved panels.
- Māru-Gurjara architecture
Māru-Gurjara architecture was developed during Gurjara Pratihara Empire.
- Mahavira Jain temple, Osian
Mahavira Jain temple, Osian temple was constructed in 783 CE,[29] making it the oldest surviving Jain temple in western India.
- Baroli temples complex
Baroli temples complex are eight temples, built by the Gurjara-Pratiharas, is situated within a walled enclosured.[30]
Other Pratihara branches
- Baddoch branch (c. 600–700)
Known Baddoch rulers are:
- Dhaddha 1 (600–627)
- Dhaddha 2 (627–655)
- Jaibhatta (655–700)
- Rajogarh branch
Badegujar were rulers of Rajogarh
- Parmeshver Manthandev, (885–915)
- No records found after Parmeshver Manthandev
Kingdom of Mewar (c. 566–1948 CE)
Guhila dynasty (c. 566–1303 CE)
The Guhila dynasty ruled the Medapata (modern Mewar) region in present-day Rajasthan state of India. In the 6th century, three different Guhila dynasties are known to have ruled in present-day Rajasthan:
- Guhilas of Nagda-Ahar,
- Guhilas of Kishkindha (modern Kalyanpur),
- Guhilas of Dhavagarta (present-day Dhor).
None of these dynasties claimed any prestigious origin in their 7th century records.
During this period, the dynasty started claiming a prestigious origin, stating that its founder Guhadatta was a mahideva (Brahmin) who had migrated from Anandapura (present-day Vadnagar in Gujarat).[33] R. C. Majumdar theorizes that Bappa achieved a highly significant military success, because of which he gained reputation as the dynasty's founder.[34]
The later bardic chronicles mention a fabricated genealogy, claiming that the dynasty's founder Guhaditya was a son of Shiladitya, the
According to the 977 CE Atpur inscription and the 1083 CE Kadmal inscription, Guhadatta was succeeded by Bhoja, who commissioned the construction of a tank atNagaditya's successor Shiladitya raised the political status of the family significantly, as suggested by his 646 CE Samoli inscription, as well as the inscriptions of his successors, including the 1274 Chittor inscription and the 1285 Abu inscription. R. V. Somani theorizes that the copper and zinc mines at
In the mid-12th century, the dynasty divided into two branches. The senior branch (whose rulers are called
Branching of Guhil dynasty
Ranasingh (1158), during his reign, the Guhil dynasty got divided into two branches.[38] The Post-split Rawal branch ruled from 1165–1303 CE.
Sisodia dynasty (c. 1326–1948 CE)
The Sisodia dynasty traced its ancestry to Rahapa, a son of the 12th century
The most notable Sisodia rulers were Rana Hamir (r. 1326–1364),
Bhati dynasty of Jaisalmer (c. 600–1949 CE)
Bhati comes from
Foundation of Kingdom
According to legend, Deoraj was to marry the daughter of a neighbouring chief. Deoraj's father and 800 of his family and followers were surprised and massacred at the wedding. Deoraj escaped with the aid of a Brahmin yogi who disguised the prince as a fellow Brahmin. When confronted by the rival chief's followers hunting for Deoraj, the Brahmin convinced them that the man with him was another Brahmin by eating from the same dish, something no Brahmin holy man would do with someone of another caste. Deoraj and his remaining clan members were able to recover from the loss of so many such that later he built the stronghold of
The major opponents of the Bhati were the
The Bhati rulers originally ruled parts of Afghanistan; their ancestor Rawal Gaj is believed to have founded the city of Gajni. According to James Tod, this city is present-day Ghazni in Afghanistan, while Cunningham identifies it as modern-day Rawalpindi. His descendant Rawal Salivahan is believed to have founded the city of Sialkot and made it his new capital. Salivahan defeated the Saka Scythians in 78 CE at Kahror, assuming the title of Saka-ari (foe of the Sakas). Salivahan's grandson Rawal Bhati conquered several neighbouring regions. It is from him that the Bhati clan derives its name.[47]
Derawar fort
Medieval Period
In 1156, Rawal Jaisal established his new capital in the form of a mud fort and named it Jaisalmer after himself.
The first Jauhar of Jaisalmer occurred in 1294, during the reign of Turkic ruler of Delhi, Alauddin Khalji. It was provoked by Bhatis' raid on a massive treasure caravan being transported on 3000 horses and mules.[51]
Princely state of Jaisalmer
In 1818, the Rawals of Jaisalmer State signed a treaty with the British, and was guaranteed the royal succession. Jaisalmer was one of the last rajput states to sign a treaty with the British. Jaisalmer was forced to invoke the provisions of the treaty and call on the services of the British in 1829 to avert a war with Bikaner and 10 years later in 1839 for the First Anglo-Afghan War.[52]
Chauhan dynasty (c. 650–1315 CE)
- The ruling dynasties belonging to the Chauhan clan included:
- Chahamanas of Shakambhari (Chauhans of Ajmer)
- Chahamanas of Naddula (Chauhans of Nadol)
- Chahamanas of Jalor (Chauhans of Jalore); branched off from the Chahamanas of Naddula
- Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura (Chauhans of Ranthambore); branched off from the Chahamanas of Shakambhari
- Chahamanas of Lata
- Chahamanas of Dholpur
- Chahamanas of Partabgarh
- The princely states ruled by families claiming Chauhan descent include:[53]
- Bundi State
- Changbhakar State
- Korea State
- Kota State
- Sirohi State
- Sonepur State
- Ambliara State
Chahamanas of Shakambhari (c. 650–1194 CE)
The Chahamanas of Shakambhari (
The Chahamanas originally had their capital at
Territory
As the Chahamana territory expanded, the entire region ruled by them came to be known as
History
The earliest historical Chahamana king is the 6th century ruler Vasudeva.
The
. The subsequent Chahamana kings faced severalArnoraja's younger son
Muhammad of Ghor appointed Prithviraja's son Govindaraja IV as a vassal. Prithviraja's brother Hariraja dethroned him, and regained control of a part of his ancestral kingdom. Hariraja was defeated by the Ghurids in 1194. Govindaraja was granted the fief of Ranthambore by the Ghurids. There, he established a new branch of the dynasty.[61]
Cultural achievements
The Chahamanas commissioned a number of Hindu temples, several of which were destroyed by the
- Simharaja commissioned a large Shiva temple at Pushkar[64]
- Chamundaraja commissioned a Vishnu temple at Narapura (modern Narwar in Ajmer district)[65]
- Prithviraja I built a food distribution centre (anna-satra) on the road to Somnath temple for pilgrims.[66]
- Someshvara commissioned a number of temples, including five temples in Ajmer.[67][68]
Chahamana dynasty of Naddula (c. 950–1197 CE)
The Chahamanas of Naddula, also known as the Chauhans of Nadol, were an Indian dynasty. They ruled the
Chahamana dynasty of Jalor (c. 1160–1311 CE)
The Chahamanas of Jalor, also known as the Chauhans of Jalor in vernacular legends, were an Indian dynasty that ruled the area around
The Chahamanas of Jalor descended from
Chahamana dynasty of Ranastambhapura (c. 1192–1301 CE)
The Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura were a 13th-century Indian dynasty. They ruled the area around their capital Ranastambhapura (Ranthambore) in present-day Rajasthan, initially as vassals of the Delhi Sultanate, and later as sovereigns. They belonged to the Chahamanas of Shakambhari clan, and are also known as 'Chauhans of Ranthambore' in vernacular Rajasthani bardic literature.
The Chahamana line of Ranastambhapura was established by
Later Medieval Period (c. 1000–1568 CE)
Rajputs before and after Ghurid invasions
In the 12th century before
Over the next four centuries there were repeated, though unsuccessful, attempts by the central power based in Delhi to subdue the Rajput states of the region. The Rajputs, however, despite common historical and cultural traditions, were never able to unite to inflict a decisive defeat on their opponents.[79]
The
Rajputana under Rana Sanga
In 1508
Sanga also invaded Gujarat with 50,000 Rajput confederacy joined by his three allies. He plundered the Gujarat sultanate and chased the Muslim army as far as capital Ahmedabad. He successfully annexed northern Gujarat and appointed one of his vassals to rule there. Following the victories over the sultans, he successfully established his sovereignty over Rajasthan, Malwa and large parts of Gujarat.[80] In his campaign of Gujarat the Rajputs destroyed around 200 mosques and burnt down several Muslim towns. According to Chaube the campaign was brutal, in which Rajputs kidnapped many Muslim women as captives and sold them in the markets of Rajasthan.[84]
According to Gopinath Sharma the campaign not only enhanced Sanga's fame but also due to the Rajputs' religious bigotry in Gujarat Sanga became an eyesore to Muslim.
The battle also marks the last time in medieval India where the Rajputs stood united against a foreign invader. Although the exact casualties are unknown, it is estimated that all Rajput Houses lost many of their close allies in the battle.[90]
Rana Sanga was removed from the battlefield in unconscious state from his vassals Prithviraj Singh I of Jaipur and Maldeo Rathore of Marwar. After regaining consciousness he took an oath to never return to Chittor until he defeated Babur and conquer Delhi. He also stopped wearing a turban and use to wrap up cloth over his head.[91] While he was preparing to wage another war against Babur he was poisoned by his own nobles who opposed another battle with Babur. He died in Kalpi in January 1528.[92]
After his defeat, his vassal Medini Rai was defeated by Babur at the Battle of Chanderi and Babur captured the capital of Rai kingdom Chanderi. Medini was offered Shamsabad instead of Chanderi as it was historically important in conquering Malwa but Rao refuse the offer and choose to die fighting. The Rajput women and children committed self-immolation to save their honour from the Muslim army. After the victory Babur capture Chanderi along with Malwa which was ruled by Rai.[93] However Babur gave control of Malwa to Ahmed Shah a descendant of Malwa Sultan whose entire Kingdom of Malwa was annexed by Sanga. In this way Babur reinstated Muslim rule in Malwa.[94]
Khanzadas of Mewat
The
Raja Hasan Khan Mewati hailed from the same lineage that had governed the Mewat region for nearly two centuries, asserting his sovereignty as a king. Acknowledged by Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, as the leader of 'Mewat country,' Hasan Khan Mewati played a pivotal role in the Battle of Khanwa, where he led 5,000 allies alongside Rana Sanga as part of the Rajput Confederation against Babur's Mughal forces. Notably, he reconstructed the Alwar fort in the 15th century. [97][98]
In military campaigns, Raja Hasan Khan Mewati featured prominently in the First Battle of Panipat, supporting Ibrahim Lodi against Babur. Despite facing defeat, Hasan Khan Mewati remained resolute, aligning himself with Rana Sanga after Panipat to resist Babur's incursion into the region.
In the Battle of Khanwa, Raja Hasan Khan Mewati supported Rana Sanga against Babur, he took charge of the commander's flag after Rana Sanga's fall and led a formidable attack with his 12 thousand horse soldiers. Initially successful, they appeared to overpower Babur's forces. Tragically, during the battle, Hasan Khan Mewati succumbed to a fatal chest injury caused by a cannonball, marking the end of his life but leaving behind a legacy of bravery and resilience on the battlefield. [99]
Noteworthy titles in the Khanzada lineage include "Wali-e-Mewat" and the later "Shah-e-Mewat," introduced by Hasan Khan Mewati in 1505.
Modern Period (c. 1568–1947 CE)
Mughal invasions & Rajput resistance
The
Akbar also arranged matrimonial alliances to gain the trust of Rajput rulers. He himself married the Rajput princess
Mughal influence is seen in the styles of Rajput painting and Rajput architecture of the medieval period.
Rise of Jat Kingdoms
Jat Kingdom of Bharatpur (c. 1722–1948 CE)
Bharatpur State, also known as the Jat Kingdom of Bharatpur, and historically known as the Kingdom of Bharatpur, was a Hindu Kingdom in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. It was ruled by the Sinsinwar clan of the Hindu Jats. At the time of the reign of King Suraj Mal (1755–1763), the revenue of the state was 17,500,000 rupees per year.[100]
The formation of the state of Bharatpur was a result of revolts by the Jats living in the region around Delhi, Agra, and Mathura against the Mughals. Conflict between Jats and Rajputs for zamindari rights also complicated the issue, with Jats primarily being landowners, whereas Rajputs were primarily revenue collectors. The Jats put up a stiff resistance but by 1691, Raja Ram Sinsini and his successor Churaman were compelled to submit to the Mughals. Rajaram who also exhumed and burned the remains of Akbar is known for setting up a small fort at Sinsini. It was the key foundation of this kingdom.[101]
The most prominent ruler of Bharatpur was Maharaja Suraj Mal. He captured the important Mughal city of Agra on 12 June 1761. He also melted the two silver doors of the famous Mughal monument Taj Mahal. Agra remained in the possession of Bharatpur rulers till 1774. After Maharaja Suraj Mal's death, Maharaja Jawahar Singh, Maharaja Ratan Singh and Maharaja Kehri Singh (minor) under resident ship of Maharaja Nawal Singh ruled over Agra Fort.[103]
Jat Kingdom of Dholpur (c. 1806–1949 CE)
Historically known as the Kingdom of Dholpur, was a kingdom of eastern Rajasthan, India, which was founded in AD 1806 by a Jat ruler Rana Kirat Singh of Gohad. After 1818, the state was placed under the authority of British India's Rajputana Agency. The Ranas ruled the state until the independence of India in 1947, when the kingdom was merged with the Union of India.[104][105]
Very little is known of the early history of the state. According to tradition a predecessor state was established as Dhavalapura. In 1505 neighboring Gohad State of Rana Jats was founded and between 1740 and 1756 Gohad occupied Gwalior Fort. From 1761 to 1775 Dholpur was annexed to Bharatpur State and between 1782 and December 1805 Dholpur was again annexed by Gwalior. On 10 January 1806 Dholpur became a British protectorate and in the same year the Ruler of Gohad merged Gohad into Dholpur.[39][17]
Maratha influences (c. 1720–1817 CE)
Since the 1720s, the
British influences (c. 1817–1947)
The arrival of the
Alliances were formed between the Company and these various princely and chiefly entities in the early 19th century, accepting British sovereignty in return for local autonomy and protection from the Marathas and Pindari depredations. Following the Mughal tradition and more importantly due to its strategic location Ajmer became a province of British India, while the autonomous Rajput states, the Muslim state of Tonk, and the Jat states of Bharatpur, Dholpur were organized into the Rajputana Agency.
In 1817–1818, the British Government concluded treaties of alliance with almost all the states of Rajputana. Thus began the British rule over Rajasthan, then called Rajputana.
- British Princely States of the Rajputana Agency are:
- Jaisalmer State
- Bikaner State
- Jodhpur State
- Jaipur State
- Udaipur State
- Alwar State
- Kishangarh State
- Dungarpur State
- Sirohi State
- Banswara State
- Kota State
- Bundi State
- Bharatpur State
- Karauli State
- Dholpur State
These states later merged in 1948 in seven phases to form the present state of Rajasthan in 1956.
Post-independence (c. 1947–present)
The name of Rajasthan as
Jaipur being the largest city was declared as capital of the state.
Unification of Rajasthan
It took seven stages to form Rajasthan as defined today.
First Stage
In March 1948 the "Matsya Union" consisted of
Second Stage
Also, in March 1948
Third Stage
In April 1948 Udaipur joined the state and the Maharana of Udaipur was made Rajpramukh. Therefore, in 1948 the merger of south and southeastern states was almost complete.
Fourth Stage
Still retaining their independence from India were
, and Jaisalmer. From a security point of view, it was claimed that it was vital to the new Indian Union to ensure that the desert kingdoms were integrated into the new nation. The princes finally agreed to sign the Instrument of Accession, and the kingdoms of Bikaner, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Jaipur acceded in March 1949. This time, the Maharaja of Jaipur, Man Singh II, was made the Rajpramukh of the state and Jaipur became its capital. 'March 30' is celebrated across the state to mark the formation of the state of Rajasthan.Fifth Stage
Later in 1949, the United States of Matsya, comprising the former kingdoms of Bharatpur, Alwar, Karauli and Dholpur, was incorporated into Rajasthan.
Sixth Stage
On January 26, 1950, 18 states of united Rajasthan merged with
Seventh Stage
In November 1956, under the provisions of the States Re-organisation Act, the erstwhile part 'C' state of Ajmer, Abu Road Taluka, former part of Sirohi princely state (which were merged in former Bombay), State and Sunel-Tappa region of the former Madhya Bharat merged with Rajasthan and Sironj sub district of Jhalawar was transferred to Madhya Pradesh. Thus giving the existing boundary Rajasthan. Today with further reorganisation of the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. Rajasthan has become the largest state of the Indian Republic. The unification of Rajasthan completed in 1 November 1956.
First Government of Rajasthan
Contemporary Rajasthan
During the
Development of Administration
Currently, including the new district of Pratapgarh, there are 50 districts, 105 sub-divisions, 37,889 villages, 350+ tehsils and 222 towns in Rajasthan.
On 17 March 2023, Government of Rajasthan announced the creation of 19 new districts and 3 new divisions, while Jaipur district and Jodhpur district would cease to exist (becoming Jaipur Urban, Jaipur rural, Jodhpur urban, and Jodhpur rural), thus number of districts was increased to 50 and divisions to 10.
See also
- Matsya Kingdom
- Outline of Rajasthan
- List of Rajput dynasties
- List of battles of Rajasthan
- Timeline of history of Rajasthan
- List of dynasties and rulers of Rajasthan
References
Notes
Citations
- ^ Frontiers of the Indus Civilization
- ^ Gupta, Kunj Bihari Lal (1969). The Evolution of Administration of the Former Bharatpur State, 1722-1947. Vidya Bhawan. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ Tod, James (1899). The Annals and Antiquities of Rajastʾhan: Or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India. Indian Publication Society. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ General, India Office of the Registrar (1975). Census of India, 1971: Series 1: India. Manager of Publications. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ "Rajasthan Through the Ages Vol 1 Bakshi S. R."
- ^ Sarkar 1994, pp. 41–42.
- ISBN 978-0-230-32885-3.
- ISBN 978-1-4832-1527-3
- ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 16, p. 156.
- ^ Calkins, PB; Alam M. "India". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
- ^ Lal, BB (2002). "The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts". Purātattva. Indian Archaeological Society. pp. 1–5.
- ^ Hooja, Rima. "The Transition to Food Production." In A History of Rajasthan, 206-08. New Delhi: Rupa, 2006
- ^ Joshi, M.C, ed. "Indian Archaeology: 1987-88 A Review." Archaeological Survey of India, 1992, 101-02. Accessed 7 March 2018. asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian Archaeology 1987-88 A Review.pdf
- ISSN 2042-5937.
- ^ a b "Integration of Rajasthan". Rajasthan Legislative Assembly website. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
- ISBN 978-1-315-54593-6, archivedfrom the original on 3 July 2023, retrieved 16 September 2020
- ^ ISBN 978-81-7335-498-4. Archivedfrom the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
- )
- ^ a b "States of India since 1947". Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ "History of Legislature in Rajasthan". Rajasthan Legislative Assembly website. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
- ^ R. C. Majumdar 1977, p. 298-299
- ^ Chaurasia 2002a, pp. 207–208.
- ^ Mishra 1966, p. 3.
- ^ Puri 1957, p. 20.
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Further reading
- Gupta, R. K.; Bakshi, S. R. (2008), Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages: The Heritage Of Rajputs, vol. 1, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 9788176258418