History of bipolar disorder
Cyclical variations in moods and energy levels have been recorded at least as far back as several thousand years. The words "
The linguistic origins of mania in relation to bipolar disorder
The
Relationship between mania and melancholia
The idea of a relationship between mania and melancholia can be traced back to at least the 2nd century AD.
The earliest written descriptions of a relationship between mania and melancholia are attributed to Aretaeus of Cappadocia. Aretaeus was an eclectic medical philosopher who lived in Alexandria somewhere between 30 and 150 AD.[6][7] Aretaeus is recognized as having authored most of the surviving texts referring to a unified concept of manic-depressive illness, viewing both melancholia and mania as having a common origin in "black bile".[7][8]
Origin of bipolar disorder as a mental illness
A clear understanding of bipolar disorder as a mental illness was recognized by early Chinese authors. The encyclopedist Gao Lian (c. 1583) describes the malady in his Eight Treatises on the Nurturing of Life (Zun Sheng Ba Qian).[9]
The basis of the current conceptualisation of manic-depressive illness can be traced back to the 1850s; on January 31, 1854,
These concepts were developed by the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926), who, using Kahlbaum's concept of cyclothymia,[12] categorized and studied the natural course of untreated bipolar patients. He coined the term manic depressive psychosis, after noting that periods of acute illness, manic or depressive, were generally punctuated by relatively symptom-free intervals where the patient was able to function normally.[13]
Distinction between manic-depression with and without psychotic states
The first diagnostic distinction to be made between manic-depression involving psychotic states, and that which does not involve psychosis, came from
Initial treatment options
After World War II, John Cade, an Australian psychiatrist, and Shirley Andrews, an Australian biochemist, were investigating the effects of various compounds on veteran patients with manic depressive psychosis. In 1949, Cade and Andrews discovered that lithium carbonate could be used as a successful treatment of manic depressive psychosis.[17][18] Because there was a fear that table salt substitutes could lead to toxicity or death, their findings did not immediately lead to treatments. In the 1950s, U.S. hospitals began experimenting with lithium on their patients. By the mid-60s, reports started appearing in the medical literature regarding lithium's effectiveness. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration did not approve of lithium's use until 1970.[19]
Progression from manic-depressive "reaction" to manic-depressive "illness"
The term "manic-depressive reaction" appeared in the first American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic Manual in 1952, influenced by the legacy of Adolf Meyer who had introduced the paradigm illness as a reaction of biogenetic factors to psychological and social influences.[20] Subclassification of bipolar disorder was first proposed by German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard in 1957; he was also the first to introduce the terms bipolar (for those with mania) and unipolar (for those with depressive episodes only).[21]
In 1968, both the newly revised classification systems ICD-8 and DSM-II termed the condition "manic-depressive illness" as biological thinking came to the fore.[22]
Current classification of bipolar disorder
The current nosology, bipolar disorder, became popular only recently,[when?] and some individuals prefer the older term because it provides a better description of a continually changing multi-dimensional illness.[citation needed]
See also
Citations
- ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
- ^ Lithium: historical information. (2016). Retrieved February 13, 2017, from https://www.webelements.com/lithium/history.html
- ^ a b Angst & Marneros 2001.
- ISBN 9780521835176. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- ^ Mondimore 2005, p. 49.
- ^ Roccatagliata 1986.
- ^ a b Akiskal 1996.
- ^ Marneros 2001.
- ^ "Refined Pleasures in the Study :Treasures and Curios from Traditional Study". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
- ^ Pichot 2004.
- ^ Sedler 1983.
- ISBN 0-471-01186-X.
- ISBN 0-405-07441-7.
- ^ a b c Thompson, J. (2012) A Jungian Approach to Bipolar Disorder, Soul Books
- ^ Jung 1970.
- ^ Jung 1970, p. 109-111.
- PMID 18142718.
- ^ "Obituary - Shirley Aldythea Andrews - Obituaries Australia". oa.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
- PMID 10885179.
- ^ Goodwin & Jamison 1990, p. 60–61.
- ^ Goodwin & Jamison 1990, p. 62.
- ^ Goodwin & Jamison 1990, p. 88.
- PMID 16140445.
References
- Akiskal, H. S. (1996). "The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: Beyond DSM-IV". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 16 (2): 4S–14S. S2CID 12683262.
- Angst, Jules; Marneros, Andreas (2001). "Bipolarity from ancient to modern times: Conception, birth and rebirth". Journal of Affective Disorders. 67 (1): 3–19. PMID 11869749.
- Goodwin, F. K.; Jamison, K. R. (1990). Manic-depressive Illness. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503934-4.
- Jung, Carl G. (1970) [1903]. "On Manic mood disorder". In Read, H.; Fordham, M.; Adler, G.; McGuire, W. (eds.). Psychiatric Studies. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Vol. 1. Translated by Hull, R. F. C. (2nd ed.). Routledge and Kegan Paul.
- Marneros, Andreas (2001). "Expanding the group of bipolar disorders". Journal of Affective Disorders. 62 (1): 39–44. PMID 11172872.
- Mondimore, Francis M. (2005). "Kraepelin and manic-depressive insanity: An historical perspective". International Review of Psychiatry. 17 (1): 49–52. S2CID 45869906.
- Pichot, P. (2004), "Circular insanity, 150 years on", Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine (in French), 188 (2): 275–284, PMID 15506718
- Roccatagliata, G. (1986). "Aretaeus of Cappadocia: The clinician of mania". A History of Ancient Psychiatry. pp. 223–235.
- Sedler, M. J. (1983). Sedler, M. J.; Dessain, Eric C. (eds.). "Falret's discovery: the origin of the concept of bipolar affective illness. Translated by M. J. Sedler and Eric C. Dessain". American Journal of Psychiatry. 140 (9): 1127–1133. PMID 6351641.
Further reading
- Angst, Jules; Sellaro, Robert (2000). "Historical perspectives and natural history of bipolar disorder" (PDF). Biological Psychiatry. 48 (6): 445–457. S2CID 6629039. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- Marneros, Andreas (2009). "The history of bipolar disorders". In Zarate, Carlos A.; Manji, Husseini K. (eds.). Bipolar Depression: Molecular Neurobiology, Clinical Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel. pp. 3–16. ISBN 978-3-7643-8566-8.