History of communication
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The history of communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) have evolved in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power.
Primitive times
Human communication was initiated with the origin of speech approximately 100,000 BCE.[1] Symbols were developed about 30,000 years ago. The imperfection of speech allowed easier dissemination of ideas and eventually resulted in the creation of new forms of communication, improving both the range at which people could communicate and the longevity of the information. All of those inventions were based on the key concept of the symbol.
The oldest known symbols created for communication were
Petroglyphs
The next advancement in the history of communications came with the production of
It is possible that
Pictograms
A
Pictograms were used by various ancient cultures all over the world since around 9000 BCE, when tokens marked with simple pictures began to be used to label basic farm produce and become increasingly popular around 6000–5000 BCE.
They were the basis of
around 5000 BCE.Ideograms
Pictograms, in turn, evolved into ideograms, graphical symbols that represent an idea. Their ancestors, the pictograms, could represent only something resembling their form: therefore a pictogram of a circle could represent a sun, but not concepts like 'heat', 'light', 'day' or 'Great God of the Sun'. Ideograms, on the other hand, could convey more abstract concepts.
Because some ideas are universal, many different cultures developed similar ideograms. For example, an eye with a tear means 'sadness' in
]Ideograms were precursors of logographic writing systems.
Writing
Early scripts
The oldest-known forms of writing were primarily logographic in nature, based on pictographic and ideographic elements. Most writing systems can be broadly divided into three categories: logographic, syllabic and alphabetic (or segmental); however, all three may be found in any given writing system in varying proportions, often making it difficult to categorize a system uniquely.
The invention of the first
The original Sumerian writing system was derived from a system of
Finally, cuneiform writing became general-purpose writing system for
The
Alphabet
The first pure
By 2700 BCE, Egyptian writing had a set of some
However, although seemingly alphabetic in nature, the original Egyptian uniliterals were not a system and were never used by themselves to encode Egyptian speech. In the
Over the next five centuries this Semitic "alphabet" (really a
Scholars agree that there is a relationship between the West-Semitic alphabet and the creation of the Greek alphabet. There is debate between scholars regarding the earliest uses of the Greek alphabet because of the changes that were made to create the Greek alphabet.[7]
The Greek alphabet had the following characteristics:
- The Greek lettering we know of today traces back to the eighth century BCE
- Early Greek scripts used the twenty-two West-Semitic letters and included five supplementary letters.
- Early Greek was not uniform in structure, and had many local variations.
- The Greek lettering was written using a lapidary style of writing.
- Greek was written in a boustrophedon style.
Scholars believe that at one point in time, early Greek scripts were very close to the West-Semitic alphabet. Over time, the changes that were made to the Greek alphabet were introduced as a result of the need for the Greeks to find a better way to express their spoken language in a more accurate way.[7]
Storytelling
Verbal communication is one of the earliest forms of human communication, the oral tradition of storytelling has dated back to various times in history. The development of communication in its oral form can be based on certain historical periods. The complexity of oral communication has always been reflective based on the circumstance of the time period. Verbal communication was never bound to one specific area, instead, it had and continues to be a globally shared tradition of communication.[8] People communicated through song, poems, and chants, as some examples. People would gather in groups and pass down stories, myths, and history. Oral poets from Indo-European regions were known as "weavers of words" for their mastery over the spoken word and ability to tell stories.[9] Nomadic people also had oral traditions that they used to tell stories of the history of their people to pass them on to the next generation.
Nomadic tribes have been the torch bearers of oral storytelling. Nomads of Arabia are one example of the many nomadic tribes that have continued through history to use oral storytelling as a tool to tell their histories and the story of their people. Due to the nature of nomadic life, these individuals were often left without architecture and possessions to call their own, and often left little to no traces of themselves.[10] The richness of the nomadic life and culture is preserved by early Muslim scholars who collect the poems and stories that are handed down from generation to generation. Poems created by these Arabic nomads are passed down by specialists known as sha'ir. These individuals spread the stories and histories of these nomadic tribes, and often in times of war, would strengthen morale within members of given tribes through these stories.[citation needed]
In its natural form, oral communication was, and has continued to be, one of the best ways for humans to spread their message, history, and traditions to the world.[citation needed]
Timeline of writing technology
- 30,000 BC – In ice-age Europe, people mark ivory, bone, and stone with patterns to keep track of time, using a lunar calendar.[11]
- 14,000 BCE – In what is now Mezhirich, Ukraine, the first known artifact with a map on it is made using bone.[11]
- Prior to 3500 BC – Communication was carried out through paintings of indigenous tribes.
- cuneiform writing and the Egyptians develop hieroglyphicwriting.
- 16th century BCE – The Phoenicians develop an alphabet.
- 105 – Tsai Lun invents paper.
- 7th century – , and write other documents on more perishable media.
- 751 – Paper is introduced to the Muslim world after the Battle of Talas.
- 1250 – The quill is used for writing.[11]
- 1795 – Nicolas-Jacques Conte invents the pencil.
- 1888 – John J. Loud invents the ballpoint pen.
- 1938 – László Bíró invents the first commercially-successful ballpoint pen.
Timeline of printing technology
- 1305 – The Chinese develop wooden block movable type printing.
- 1440 – Johannes Gutenberg invents a printing press with metal movable type.
- 1844 – Charles Fenerty produces paper from a wood pulp, eliminating rag paper which was in limited supply.
- 1849 – Associated Press organizes Nova Scotia pony express to carry latest European news for New York newspapers.
- 1938 – Chester Carlson invents the first photocopier suitable for office use.
- 1959 – Xerox begins sales of the Xerox 914 photocopier.[12]
History of telecommunication
The
Pre-electric
- 26–37 CE – Roman Emperor Tiberius rules the empire from the island of Capri by signaling messages with metal mirrors to reflect the sun.
- 1520 – Ships on Ferdinand Magellan's voyage signal to each other by firing cannon and raising flags.
- 1792 – semaphore telegraph.
Telegraph
- 1792 – semaphore telegraph line.
- 1831 – Joseph Henry proposes and builds an electric telegraph.
- 1836 – Samuel Morse develops the Morse code.
- 1843 – Samuel Morse builds the first long-distance electric telegraph line.
Landline telephone
- 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson exhibit an electric telephone in Boston.
- 1889 – Almon Strowgerpatents the direct dial
Phonograph
- 1877 – Thomas Edison patents the phonograph.
- 1977 – William K. Heine invents the laser turntable.[13]
- 1997 – ELP offers the first commercial laser turntable for sale, the LT-1XA.[14]
Radio and television
- 1920 – Radio station KDKA based in Pittsburgh began the first broadcast.
- 1925 – John Logie Baird transmits the first television signal.
- 1942 – frequency hopping spread spectrumcommunication technique.
- 1947 – Full-scale commercial television is first broadcast.
- 1963 – First geosynchronous communications satellite is launched, 17.5 years after Arthur C. Clarke's article.
- 1999 – Sirius satellite radiois introduced.
Fax
- 1843 – Patent issued for the "Electric Printing Telegraph", a very early forerunner of the fax machine
- 1926 – Commercial availability of the radioax
- 1964 – First modern fax machine commercially available (Long Distance Xerography)
- 1996 – First internet fax machine.
Mobile telephone
- 1947 – cellular phones."
- 1957 – Leonid Kupriyanovich invents the LK-1 mobile radio telephone, the first to use code-division multiple access.
- 1965 – Chandros Rypinski, Jr. patents the first multiple channel radio telephone system[15] which was licensed to Bell Labs[16] (patent no. US3173996A).
- 1981 – Comvik introduces the world's first automatic mobile phone service followed a week later by Nordic Mobile Telephone
- 1991 – GSM is put into operation
- 1992 – Neil Papworth sends the first SMS (or text message), on the Vodafone network.[17][18][19][20]
- 2014 – The number of mobile connections surpasses the global population.[21]
Computers and Internet
- 1946 – The University of Pennsylvania introduces ENIAC, the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer
- 1949 – Claude Shannon, the "father of information theory", mathematically proves the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem.
- 1957 – Gordon Gould invents the laser and the optical amplifier.[22]
- 1965 – First MIT).[23]
- 1966 – optical waveguides offer a practical way to transmit light via total internal reflection.
- 1969 – The first hosts of ARPANET, Internet's ancestor, are connected.[24]
- 1971 – Erna Schneider Hoover invents a computerized switching system for telephone traffic.
- 1971 – 8-inch floppy disk removable storage medium for computers is introduced.[25]
- 1973 – Optelecom, Inc. delivers the first operational optical communications system under an ARPA contract to the US Army Missile Command, and the first commercial fiber optic system to Chevron.[26]
- 1975 – "First list servers are introduced."[25]
- 1976 – The personal computer (PC) market is born.
- 1977 – Donald Knuth begins work on TeX.
- 1980 – Usenet is established.
- 1981 – Hayes Smartmodem introduced.[27]
- 1983 – Microsoft Word software is launched.[28]
- 1985 – AOL is launched.
- 1988 – Internet Relay Chat(IRC) is released.
- 1989 – Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau build the prototype system which became the World Wide Web at CERN.
- 1989 – WordPerfect 5.1 word processing software released.[27]
- 1989 – Lotus Notes software is launched.[29]
- 1990 – Adobe Photoshop is released.
- 1991 – Anders Olsson transmits solitary waves through an optical fiber with a data rate of 32 billion bits per second.
- 1992 – Internet2 organization is created.
- 1992 – IBM ThinkPad 700C laptop computer created. It was lightweight compared to its predecessors.[27]
- 1993 – Mosaic graphical web browser is launched.[29]
- 1994 – Internet radio broadcasting is born.
- 1996 – The first Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) system was installed by Ciena Corp.[30] WDM subsequently became the common basis of all telecommunications networks[31] and a foundation of the Internet.
- 1996 – Motorola StarTAC mobile phone introduced. It was significantly smaller than previous cellphones.[27]
- 1997 – SixDegrees.com is launched, the first of several early social networking services
- 1999 – Napster peer-to-peer file sharing is launched.[27]
- 1999 – XMPP is released.
- 2001 – Cyworld adds social networking features and becomes the first of several mass-market social networking service
- 2003 – Skype video calling software is launched.
- 2004 – Facebook is launched, becoming the largest social networking site in 2009.
- 2005 – YouTube, the video-sharing site, is launched.
- 2005 – Reddit is launched.
- 2006 – Twitter is launched.
- 2007 – iPhone is launched.
- 2009 – WhatsApp is launched.
- 2010 – Instagram is launched.
- 2011 – Snapchat is launched.
- 2015 – Discordis launched.
See also
References
- ^ PMID 24936195.
- ^ According to a claim by Michael Rappenglueck, of the University of Munich (2000) [1]
- ISBN 0-905418-12-3.
- ^ "Linguistics 201: The Invention of Writing". Pandora.cii.wwu.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
- ^ S2CID 193106657.
- PMID 26005935.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - OCLC 875096147.
- ^ "History of the Arabs". History World.
- ^ a b c "Invention and Technology". Volume Library 1. The Southwestern Company. 2009. pp. 9–15.
- ^ O'Connell, Kate. "Happy Birthday, Copy Machine! Happy Birthday, Copy Machine!". NPR. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
- ^ Heine, William K. "A laser scanning phonograph record player." Audio Engineering Society Convention 57. Audio Engineering Society, 1977.
- ^ "The World's Only Commercially-Sold Laser Turntable". Diffuser.fm. 4 May 2015. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
- ^ US3173996A, Rypinski, Jr Chandos A., "Multiple channel radio telephone system", issued 1965-03-16
- ^ "Marty Cooper's History of Radio — Urgent Communications article". urgentcomm.com. November 2009. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
- ^ "Hppy bthdy txt!". BBC. 3 December 2002. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
- ^ "Vodafone marks the 20th Anniversary of the world's first SMS". Malta Independent. 3 December 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
- ^ Rashmee Ahmed (December 4, 2002). "UK hails 10th birthday of SMS". Times of India. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
- ^ Roberto Rocha (December 8, 2007). "OMG! Txt msgs r 15 yrs old :)". Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
- ^ Name (2014-10-06). "Number of mobile connections to surpass global population". Tech Monitor. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
- ^ Taylor, Nick (2007). Laser: The Inventor, the Nobel Laureate, and the Thirty-Year Patent War. Backinprint.com.
- ^ Tom Van Vleck (2001), "History of Electronic Mail", Multicians.org
- ISBN 978-0-471-20505-0.
- ^ a b Cornell University Library (2003). "Digital Preservation and Technology Timeline". Digital Preservation Management. Archived from the original on 2015-08-06. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
- ^ Taylor, Nick (2007). Laser: The Inventor, the Nobel Laureate, and the Thirty-Year Patent War. Backinprint.com. pp. 225–226.
- ^ a b c d e Christopher Null (April 2, 2007). "The 50 Best Tech Products of All Time". PC World.
- Medium
- ^ a b Matthew Kirschenbaum (July 2013), "10 Most Influential Software Programs Ever", Slate, USA
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
- OCLC 849801363.
- (in Polish) Piotr Konieczny, Komunikacja: od mowy do Internetu, Histmag #49
Further reading
- Asante, Molefi Kete, Yoshitaka Miike, and Jing Yin, eds. The global intercultural communication reader (Routledge, 2014)
- Berger, Arthur Asa. Media and communication research methods: An introduction to qualitative and quantitative approaches (SAGE 2013)
- Briggs, Asa, and Peter Burke. A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet. Cambridge: Polity, 2002.
- Burke, Peter. A Social History of Knowledge: From Gutenberg to Diderot (2000)
- Burke, Peter. A Social History of Knowledge II: From the Encyclopaedia to Wikipedia (2012)
- de Mooij, Marieke. "Theories of Mass Communication and Media Effects Across Cultures." in Human and Mediated Communication around the World (Springer 2014) pp 355–393.
- Esser, Frank, and Thomas Hanitzsch, eds. The handbook of comparative communication research (Routledge, 2012)
- Gleick, James (2011). ISBN 978-0-375-42372-7.
- Jensen, Klaus Bruhn, ed. A handbook of media and communication research: qualitative and quantitative methodologies (Routledge, 2013)
- Paxson, Peyton. Mass Communications and Media Studies: An Introduction (Bloomsbury, 2010)
- Poe, Marshall T. A History of Communications: Media and Society From the Evolution of Speech to the Internet (Cambridge University Press; 2011) 352 pages; Documents how successive forms of communication are embraced and, in turn, foment change in social institutions.
- Schramm, Wilbur. Mass Communications (1963)
- Schramm, Wilbur, ed. Mass Communications: A Reader (1960)
- Simonson, Peter. Refiguring Mass Communication: A History (2010)