Arab League
League of Arab States
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Parliament Speaker | Ali Al-Daqbaashi | |
Legislature | Greater Free Trade Area | 2 January 2005 |
Population | ||
• 2022 estimate | 462,940,089[1] (3rd) | |
• Density | 27.17/km2 (70.4/sq mi) | |
GDP (nominal) | 2022 estimate | |
• Total | $3.4 trillion[2] (5th) | |
• Per capita | $6,600 | |
Currency |
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Time zone | UTC+0 to +4 | |
Website www | ||
Part of a series on the |
Politics of the Arab world |
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The Arab League (
The League's main goal is to "draw closer the relations between member states and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries".[4] The organization has received a relatively low level of cooperation throughout its history.[5]
Through institutions, notably the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) and the Economic and Social Council of its Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU), the League facilitates political, economic, cultural, scientific, and social programmes designed to promote the interests of the Arab world.[6][7] It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate policy, arrange studies of and committees as to matters of common concern, settle inter-state disputes and limit conflicts such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis. The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration. One example is the Joint Arab Economic Action Charter, which outlines the principles for economic activities in the region.
Each member state has one vote in the
In the early 1970s, the Economic Council put forward a proposal to create the Joint Arab Chambers of Commerce across international states. That led to the setting up of mandates to promote, encourage and facilitate bilateral trade between the Arab world and significant trading partners.
History
Following adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944, the Arab League was founded on 22 March 1945.[9] The official headquarters of the League was the Boustan Palace in Cairo.[10] It aimed to be a regional organisation of Arab states with a focus to developing the economy, resolving disputes and coordinating political aims.[10] Other countries later joined the league.[11] Each country was given one vote in the council. The first major action was joint intervention to keep Palestine from being divided into two states in keeping with the decision of the United Nations General Assembly. When Transjordan agreed to this proposal, Egypt intervened to prevent this from happening.[12] It was followed by the creation of a mutual defence treaty two years later. A common market was established in 1965.[13]
The Arab League has not achieved much cooperation throughout its history. According to Michael Barnett and Etel Solingen, the design of the Arab League reflects Arab leaders' individual concerns for regime survival: "the politics of Arab nationalism and a shared identity led Arab states to embrace the rhetoric of Arab unity in order to legitimize their regimes, and to fear Arab unity in practice because it would impose greater restrictions on their sovereignty."[5] The Arab League was "specifically designed to fail at producing the kind of greater collaboration and integration that might have weakened political leaders at home."[5]
Geography
The Arab League member states cover over 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq mi) and straddles two continents:
Membership
The Charter of the Arab League, also known as the Pact of the League of Arab States, is the founding treaty of the Arab League. Adopted in 1945, it stipulates that "the League of Arab States shall be composed of the independent Arab States that have signed this Pact."[14]
In 1945, there were six members, but the Arab League now has 22 members, including three African countries:
and 7 observer states (note: the observer states below have been invited to participate during select Arab League sessions but do not hold voting privileges):
Suspensions
Egypt was suspended from the Arab League on 26 March 1979 due to the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, with the League's headquarters moving from Cairo to Tunis, Tunisia. In 1987, Arab League states restored diplomatic relations with Egypt, the country was readmitted to the League in May 1989 and the League's headquarters were moved back to Cairo in September 1990.[22]
Politics and administration
The Arab League is a political organization which tries to help integrate its members economically, and solve conflicts involving member states without asking for foreign assistance. It possesses elements of a state representative parliament while foreign affairs are often conducted under UN supervision.
The Charter of the Arab League[4] endorsed the principle of an Arab nation-state while respecting the sovereignty of the individual member states. The internal regulations of the Council of the League[29] and the committees[30] were agreed in October 1951. Those of the Secretariat-General were agreed in May 1953.[31]
Since then, governance of the Arab League has been based on the duality of supra-national institutions and the sovereignty of the member states. Preservation of individual statehood derived its strengths from the natural preference of ruling elites to maintain their power and independence in decision making. Moreover, the fear of the richer that the poorer may share their wealth in the name of Arab nationalism, the feuds among Arab rulers, and the influence of external powers that might oppose Arab unity can be seen as obstacles towards a deeper integration of the league.
Mindful of their previous announcements in support of the Arabs of Palestine the framers of the Pact were determined to include them within the League from its inauguration.[32] This was done by means of an annex that declared:[4]
Even though Palestine was not able to control her own destiny, it was on the basis of the recognition of her independence that the Covenant of the League of Nations determined a system of government for her. Her existence and her independence among the nations can, therefore, no more be questioned de jure than the independence of any of the other Arab States. [...] Therefore, the States signatory to the Pact of the Arab League consider that in view of Palestine's special circumstances, the Council of the League should designate an Arab delegate from Palestine to participate in its work until this country enjoys actual independence
At the Cairo Summit of 1964, the Arab League initiated the creation of an organisation representing the Palestinian people. The first
At the
The Arab League is a member of the
In 2015, the Arab League voiced support for
On 15 April 2018, in response to the
In September 2019, the Arab League condemned Benjamin Netanyahu's plans to annex the eastern portion of the occupied West Bank known as the Jordan Valley.[39]
The Arab League met in Cairo on 12 October 2019 to discuss Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Upon meeting, its member states voted to condemn the Turkish offensive, dubbing it both an 'invasion' and an 'aggression' against an Arab state, adding that the organization saw it as a violation of international law.[40]
On 9 September 2020, the Arab League refused to condemn the
List of summits
No. | Date | Host Country | Host City |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 13–17 January 1964 | United Arab Republic | Cairo |
2 | 5–11 September 1964 | United Arab Republic | Alexandria |
3 | 13–17 September 1965 | Morocco | Casablanca |
4 | 29 August 1967 | Sudan | Khartoum |
5 | 21–23 December 1969 | Morocco | Rabat |
6 | 26–28 November 1973 | Algeria | Algiers |
7 | 29 October 1974 | Morocco | Rabat |
8 | 25–26 October 1976 | Egypt | Cairo |
9 | 2–5 November 1978 | Iraq | Baghdad |
10 | 20–22 November 1979 | Tunisia | Tunis |
11 | 21–22 November 1980 | Jordan | Amman |
12 | 6–9 September 1982 | Morocco | Fes |
13 | 1985 | Morocco | Casablanca |
14 | 1987 | Jordan | Amman |
15 | June 1988 | Algeria | Algiers |
16 | 1989 | Morocco | Casablanca |
17 | 1990 | Iraq | Baghdad |
18 | 1996 | Egypt | Cairo |
19 | 27–28 March 2001 | Jordan | Amman |
20 | 27–28 March 2002 | Lebanon | Beirut |
21 | 1 March 2003 | Egypt | Sharm el-Sheikh
|
22 | 22–23 May 2004 | Tunisia | Tunis |
23 | 22–23 March 2005 | Algeria | Algiers |
24 | 28–30 March 2006 | Sudan | Khartoum |
25 | 27–28 March 2007 | Saudi Arabia | Riyadh |
26 | 29–30 March 2008 | Syria | Damascus |
27 | 28–30 March 2009 | Qatar | Doha |
28 | 27–28 March 2010 | Libya | Sirte |
29 | 27–29 March 2012 | Iraq | Baghdad |
30 | 21–27 March 2013 | Qatar | Doha[43] |
31 | 25–26 March 2014 | Kuwait | Kuwait City[44] |
32 | 28–29 March 2015 | Egypt | Sharm El Sheikh[45] |
33 | 20 July 2016 | Mauritania | Nouakchott |
34 | 23–29 March 2017 | Jordan | Amman[46] |
35 | 15 April 2018 | Saudi Arabia | Dhahran |
36 | 31 March 2019 | Tunisia | Tunis[47] |
37 | 1 November 2022 | Algeria | Algiers |
38 | 19 May 2023 | Saudi Arabia | Jeddah |
39 | 16 May 2024 | Bahrain | Manama |
Emergency summits
No. | Date | Host Country | Host City |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 21–27 September 1970 | Egypt | Cairo |
2 | 17–28 October 1976 | Saudi Arabia | Riyadh |
3 | 7–9 September 1985 | Morocco | Casablanca |
4 | 8–12 November 1987 | Jordan | Amman |
5 | 7–9 June 1988 | Algeria | Algiers |
6 | 23–26 June 1989 | Morocco | Casablanca |
7 | 28–30 May 1990 | Iraq | Baghdad |
8 | 9–10 August 1990 | Egypt | Cairo |
9 | 22–23 June 1996 | Egypt | Cairo |
10 | 21–22 October 2000 | Egypt | Cairo |
11 | 7 January 2016 | Saudi Arabia | Riyadh |
12 | 11 November 2023 | Saudi Arabia | Riyadh |
- Two summits are not added to the system of Arab League summits:
- Anshas, Egypt: 28–29 May 1946.
- Beirut, Lebanon: 13 – 15 November 1958.
- Summit 12 in Fes, Morocco, occurred in two stages:
- On 25 November 1981: the 5-hour meeting ended without an agreement on document.
- On 6–9 September 1982.
Military
The Joint Defence Council of the Arab League is one of the Institutions of the Arab League.[48] It was established under the terms of the Joint Defence and Economic Co-operation Treaty of 1950 to coordinate the joint defence of the Arab League member states.[49]
The Arab League as an organisation has no military Force, similar to the UN, but at the 2007 summit, the Leaders decided to reactivate their joint defence and establish a peacekeeping force to deploy in South Lebanon, Darfur, Iraq, and other hot spots.
At a 2015 summit in Egypt, member states agreed in principle to form a joint military force.[50]
Economic resources
The Arab League is rich in resources, such as enormous oil and natural gas resources in certain member states.
Economic achievements initiated by the League amongst member states have been less impressive than those achieved by smaller Arab organisations such as the
.The Arab League also includes great fertile lands in the southern part of
leading the way. Another industry that is growing steadily in the Arab League is telecommunications.Economical achievements within members have been low in the league's history, other smaller Arab Organizations have achieved more than the league has, such as the
Transport
The Arab League is divided into five parts when it comes to transport, with the
Literacy
In collecting literacy data, many countries estimate the number of literate people based on self-reported data. Some use educational attainment data as a proxy, but measures of school attendance or grade completion may differ. Because definitions and data collection methods vary across countries, literacy estimates should be used with caution. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2010. The Persian Gulf region has had an oil boom, enabling more schools and universities to be set up.
Rank | Country | Literacy rate |
---|---|---|
1 | Qatar | 97.3[52] |
2 | Palestine | 96.5[52] |
3 | Kuwait | 96.3[52] |
4 | Bahrain | 95.7[52] |
5 | Jordan | 95.4[52] |
6 | Saudi Arabia | 94.4[52] |
7 | Lebanon | 93.9[52] |
8 | United Arab Emirates | 93.8[52] |
9 | Oman | 91.1[52] |
10 | Libya | 91[52] |
11 | Syria | 86.4[52] |
12 | Iraq | 85.7[52] |
13 | Tunisia | 81.8[52] |
14 | Comoros | 81.8[52] |
15 | Algeria | 80.2[52] |
16 | Sudan | 75.9[52] |
17 | Egypt | 73.8[52] |
18 | Yemen | 70.1[52] |
19 | Djibouti | 70.0[53] |
20 | Morocco | 68.5[52] |
21 | Mauritania | 52.1[52] |
22 | Somalia | 44–72[54] |
Demographics
While
Rank | Country | Population | Density (/km2) | Density (sq mi) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Egypt | 104,635,983 | 108 | 280 | [56] |
2 | Sudan | 49,197,555 | 16 | 41 | [57] |
3 | Iraq | 45,318,011 | 84 | 218 | [58] |
4 | Algeria | 44,700,000 | 16 | 41 | [59] |
5 | Saudi Arabia | 32,175,224 | 12 | 31 | [60] |
6 | Morocco | 37,984,655 | 71 | 184 | [59] |
7 | Yemen | 34,277,612 | 45 | 117 | [59] |
8 | Syria | 22,125,249 | 118 | 306 | [59] |
9 | Somalia | 17,066,000 | 18 | 47 | [59] |
10 | Tunisia | 11,708,370 | 65 | 168 | [61] |
11 | Jordan | 11,180,568 | 71 | 184 | [59] |
12 | United Arab Emirates | 9,269,612 | 99 | 256 | [62] |
13 | Libya | 7,054,493 | 3.8 | 9.8 | [59][63] |
14 | Lebanon | 5,296,814 | 404 | 1,046 | [59] |
15 | Palestine | 5,227,193 | 756 | 1,958 | [64] |
16 | Oman | 4,520,471 | 9.2 | 24 | [59] |
17 | Mauritania | 4,614,974 | 3.2 | 8.3 | [59] |
18 | Kuwait | 4,294,621 | 200 | 518 | [59] |
19 | Qatar | 2,795,484 | 154 | 399 | [59] |
20 | Bahrain | 1,463,265 | 1,646 | 4,263 | [65] |
21 | Djibouti | 957,273 | 37 | 96 | [59] |
22 | Comoros | 850,886 | 309 | 800 | [59] |
Total | Arab League | 462,940,089 | 30.4 | 78.7 |
Religion
The majority of the Arab League's citizens adhere to
Languages
The official language of the Arab League is
Culture
Sports
The
The
]See also
- Arab Charter on Human Rights
- Arab Cold War
- Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
- Arab leaders
- Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict
- Arab League boycott of Israel
- Arab Maghreb Union (UMA)
- Arab Monetary Fund
- Arab Organization for Industrialization
- Arab Parliament
- Arab Union
- Bloudan Conference of 1937
- Bloudan Conference of 1946
- Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
- Flag of the Arab League
- General Arab Insurance Federation
- General Union of Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture for Arab Countries
- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
- Inshas
- International Association of Arabic Dialectology (AIDA)
- International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions
- List of conflicts in the Arab League
- List of country groupings
- List of largest cities in the Arab world
- List of multilateral free-trade agreements
- Lists of the Arab League
- Model Arab League
- Orange card system – motor insurance scheme of the Arab League
- Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
- Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
- Pan Arab Games
- Pan-Arabism
- Summit of South American-Arab Countries
- United Arab Command
- Arab Standardization and Metrology Organization
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External links
- (in Arabic) The League of Arab States (official site).
- (in English) League of Arab States Office Archived 31 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine in Washington D.C.
- The League of Arab States at Al-Bab.com
- The Arab League at Council on Foreign Relations
- Profile: Arab League, BBC News, updated 9 August 2011
- Arab League collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post
- Arab League collected news and commentary at The New York Times