History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars
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The 1st Division was an
In 1914, the First World War broke out and the division fought on the
During the Cold War, it was garrisoned in various locations across Africa and the Middle East before it returned to the UK. It was then disbanded and reformed in Germany, where it became the 1st Armoured Division in the 1970s. It latter fought in the Gulf War, served in Bosnia, took part in the Iraq War, and in 2014 was renamed the 1st (United Kingdom) Division.
Background
The 1st Division was formed on 18 June 1809, by Lieutenant-General
Over the course of the 19th century, the division was raised on three more occasions for service in the Crimean War, the Anglo-Zulu War, and the Second Boer War.[2] In response to the lessons learnt following the latter, reforms were initiated throughout the British military. This included the founding of a permanent 1st Division in 1902, rather than one having to be formed on an ad hoc basis for a particular crisis or war.[8] The Haldane Reforms of 1907 saw additional changes. The division became part of Aldershot Command and had artillery, signals, and Royal Engineers permanently attached. It was also increased from two to three brigades to comprise the 1st Brigade based at Aldershot, the 2nd Brigade at Blackdown, and the 3rd Brigade at Bordon.[9][10] It subsequently took part in the Army Manoeuvres of 1912 and 1913.[11]
First World War
The division was a permanently established Regular Army division that was amongst the first to be sent to France at the outbreak of the First World War. It served on the
Interwar period
With the Armistice of 11 November 1918 ending the First World War, the Allied Powers agreed to occupy the Rhineland as a way to guarantee future reparation payments. On 18 November, after a six-day grace period during which only German forces were allowed to move, the 1st Division started towards Germany, crossed the frontier on 16 December, and reached the Bonn area on 24 December.[14][15] In January 1919, the occupation force became the British Army of the Rhine and demobilisation of veterans began. Starting at a rate of 1,200 men per day, this increased to 2,400 by the end of the month with drafts of teenagers replacing them.[16] In March, the division was redesignated as the Western Division and ceased to exist.[17]
The 1st Division reformed at Aldershot on 4 June 1919, and became the only UK-based formation maintained in a state of readiness that could be deployed in an emergency.
In December 1934, divisional engineers and signal personnel went to the Territory of the Saar Basin. They assisted international supervisors who oversaw the 1935 Saar status referendum.[20][23] In July 1935, the division was again observed by the king when they took part in a military review.[24] The following year, in September, it deployed to Mandatory Palestine to bolster the British presence during the opening stages of the Arab Revolt. The 1st and the 3rd Brigades moved to Jerusalem, while the 2nd Brigade went to Sarafand al-Amar to guard the southern coast. In December, with the exception of the 2nd Brigade, all returned to the UK.[20][25] The 2nd Brigade left Palestine in late 1937 and returned to the division by December.[26]
During the course of 1937, the division was mechanised and reorganised in line with new thinking. This saw each brigade decreased from four to three battalions, anti-tank companies added, and saw the arrival of Universal Carriers and more transport to make the infantry more mobile.[27] In September, army manoeuvres were conducted in East Anglia to test the changes. The 1st Division played the role of insurgents who had seized London (portrayed by Norwich) who were then attacked by pro-government forces who were portrayed by the 2nd Division.[28]
On 14 February 1938, Major-General
Second World War
Battle of France
The UK declared war on Germany, on 3 September 1939, following their invasion of Poland. The 1st Infantry Division landed in France on 20 September 1939 and arrived on the Franco–Belgian border on 3 October. Along with the three other divisions of the BEF, it was based east of Lille.[29][35] During the rest of the year and into 1940, training took place as well as the construction of field fortifications. David Fraser, a historian and former British general, wrote that the regular formations of the BEF were well-trained in small arms, but lacked tactical skill. Though mobile, the formations lacked specialist weapons, ammunition, spare parts, and communication equipment because of the budget cuts of the inter-war period.[36]
On 10 May 1940, Germany
Home defence
Once back in the UK, the division moved to
In 1942, the division moved to
Tunisian campaign
The division arrived in North Africa on 9 March 1943 and moved to the
Two days later, the 1st Division began their part of the operation. Backed by massed artillery and 45 tanks of the 142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, the 2nd Brigade assaulted a ridge between Grich el Oued and Gueriat el Atach. Initial success was thwarted by the inability to dig in and construct defensive fighting positions and a swift German counterattack. Back and forth fighting continued throughout the day, resulting in the ridge remaining in German hands. The 2nd Brigade suffered over 500 casualties and 29 of the supporting tanks were rendered disabled or destroyed. Notably, Lieutenant Willward Alexander Sandys-Clarke was posthumously awarded a Victoria Cross for his actions during this fighting. The next day, 24 April, the 3rd Brigade launched a new attack and seized the ridge. They were then subjected to German bombardments and suffered over 300 casualties.[55][56] On 27 April, the division's next major attack started when the 24th Infantry Brigade (Guards) attacked Djebel bou Aoukaz, another defended ridge. The initial attack was almost successful, but ultimately failed. A renewed effort the following day seized the ridge, but it was lost following a German counterattack by elements of the 10th Panzer Division. With the overall Allied advance having slowed, Operation Vulcan came to end 25 miles (40 km) short of Tunis. However, the division continued back and forth fighting until the ridge was eventually secured on 5 May. The fighting resulted in over 300 casualties in one battalion, and two more Victoria Crosses being earned by members of the division.[57][58] The capture of Djebel bou Aoukaz secured the flank for the new offensive, which started on 6 May and used forces other than the 1st Division. Tunis was captured the following day, and Axis forces in North Africa capitulated on 12 May 1943.[59]
Pantelleria
Pantelleria, part of the Pelagie Islands, is located between Sicily and Tunisia. The Italians had fortified the island as a strategic counterweight to Malta. By 1943, it was garrisoned by 12,000 troops (five untried battalions supported by militia), contained radar sites that could track movement from North Africa towards Italy, and included an airbase with underground hangars. With Axis forces defeated in North Africa, the Allied powers set their sights on Sicily and made the decision to capture Pantelleria (Operation Corkscrew) as a prelude to the Allied invasion of Sicily. To avoid the need for a bloody assault, which would be conducted by the 1st Infantry Division, the island was subjected to a heavy aerial bombardment. From 18 May until 11 June, around 6,400 long tons (6,500 t) of bombs were dropped.[60][61] Unbeknown to the Italian garrison, the ships carrying the 1st Division arrived 8 miles (13 km) offshore on the morning of 11 June. Around the same time, the ranking members of the Italian garrison held a conference where they acknowledged their situation was untenable and made the decision to surrender. The latter coincided with the start of the division's landing operations. Under the cover of fighters, a final bombing raid, and naval gunfire, the 1st Division came ashore around noon and were greeted by white flags. The remaining Pelagie Islands were taken the next day, without incident. With the islands secured, the division was withdrawn back to North Africa on 14 June. Four days later, the first Allied aircraft started operating from the island and would go on to provide air cover during the assault on Sicily.[29][62] The capture of Pantelleria resulted in a German decision to send additional troops to Sardinia and Sicily. Allied deception, however, had convinced the Germans that it was just the first step in a series of attacks that would conclude with an invasion of Greece.[63]
Anzio landing
Back in North Africa, the division trained and guarded
The initial assault was carried out by the 2nd Infantry Brigade (reinforced with tanks, reconnaissance troops, artillery, engineers, and additional infantry), while the rest of the division was held as a floating reserve to be committed as needed across the entire landing zone. Just after 02:00, on 22 January, the 2nd Brigade went ashore and advanced inland against little resistance. The rest of the division started to land a few hours later and were all ashore by the end of the next day although still in a reserve role. During the day, the first German counterattacks began when several infantry companies attacked the 2nd Brigade and were repulsed. On 24 January, the division was relieved of its reserve duties and its forward patrols reached Aprilia (nicknamed 'the factory' by the advancing troops) as well as positions along the Moletta River to secure the left flank of the landing zone. By this point, German troops from Germany, France, Yugoslavia, and elsewhere in Italy had started to redeploy to oppose the landing.[66][67][68]
Route 7, a highway and a vital supply line from central Italy to German forces based at the Winter Line, passes through Cisterna di Latina. The town was thus a target of the Allied landing. Carroceto and Aprilia were captured on 25 January, as the division worked to assist VI Corps achieve this goal. Over the course of the following days, patrols were conducted, minor tactical gains were made, and the division fended off several further German counterattacks that saw at least one British company overrun.[69][70][71] While the initial corps-wide attack had failed, a renewed effort began on 30 January after sufficient forces had landed and the corps had secured its logistical base. For the divisions part, it had to advance towards Albano Laziale and Genzano di Roma, with the aim to create conditions for the US 1st Armored Division to exploit potentially towards Rome. While the division reached Campoleone, it was unable to push beyond, and the US tanks failed to make their own impact due to mud and terrain limitations. The division regrouped to consolidate the ground captured, a salient 7,000 yards (6,400 m) deep.[72][73][74] By early February, the Germans had assembled a force that was almost on parity with the Allied forces in the bridgehead. On the division's front, between 3–4 February, German efforts concentrated on destroying the salient. Due to terrain, some the division's units were not able to set up mutually supporting positions and this was exploited by the German who infiltrated between them. While some of the initial German attacks were fought back, some British positions were overrun, or the troops forced to fall back. By the end of 4 February, the German assault had forced the division back to the positions held on 30 January and had inflicted 1,400 casualties.[75][76][77] Further German attacks steadily gained ground and by the end of 10 February, Aprilia and Carroceto had also been lost by the division.[78] It then moved into reserve. During this period, the divisional commander Major-General Ronald Penney was wounded necessitating several days away.[29][79][80]
Stalemate at Anzio
There was severe fighting throughout the next few weeks as the Germans launched several fierce counterattacks in an attempt to drive the Allied force back into the sea. Testimony to this was when, on 17 February, Penney was wounded by shellfire and command of the 1st Division was taken by Major General Gerald Templer of the recently arrived 56th (London) Infantry Division, from 18 to 22 February, when Penney resumed command.[81] Because of the fighting seen by the division throughout February and March, the 24th Infantry Brigade (Guards) was withdrawn from the division, due to a lack of Guards replacements (even at this stage of the war the Guards were the only infantry regiments in the British Army to receive drafts of replacements from their own regiment), and replaced by the 18th Infantry Brigade from the 1st Armoured Division, which was in North Africa at the time.[82]
Operation Diadem was the final battle for Monte Cassino the plan was the U.S. II Corps on the left would attack up the coast along the line of Route 7 towards Rome. The French Expeditionary Corps (CEF) to their right would attack from the bridgehead across the Garigliano into the Aurunci Mountains. British XIII Corps in the centre right of the front would attack along the Liri valley whilst on the right 2nd Polish Corps would isolate the monastery and push round behind it into the Liri valley to link with XIII Corps. I Canadian Corps would be held in reserve ready to exploit the expected breakthrough. Once the German Tenth Army had been defeated, the U.S. VI Corps would break out of the Anzio beachhead to cut off the retreating Germans in the Alban Hills.[83]
As the Canadians and Polish launched their attack on 23 May, Major General Lucian Truscott, who had replaced Lucas as commander of U.S. VI Corps, launched a two pronged attack using five (three American and two British) of the seven divisions in the bridgehead at Anzio. The German 14th Army facing this thrust was without any armoured divisions because Kesselring had sent his armour south to help the German 10th Army in the Cassino action. The 18th Infantry Brigade, which was temporarily attached to the division from February to August, returned to command of the 1st Armoured Division and were replaced by the 66th Infantry Brigade became a part of the division for the rest of the war.[84]
In the fighting for the Anzio beachhead, 8,868 officers and men of the 1st Infantry Division were killed, wounded or missing in action.
Post war
After the war, the division only remained in Palestine for a short time. It was transferred to Egypt for a few months before going back to Palestine in April 1946. Two years later, as the British mandate over Palestine ended, the division returned to Egypt, also spending periods in Libya up until 1951. In October of that year, as British forces pulled out of Egypt outside of the
See also
- List of commanders of the British 1st Division
- List of wartime orders of battle for the British 1st Division (1809–1945)
- List of Victoria Cross recipients from the British 1st Division
- British Army Order of Battle (September 1939)
- Medjez-El-Bab Memorial
- Tiger 131
Notes
Footnotes
- ^ 1st Infantry Division is the title used in the official publication for the British order of battle during the Second World War.[29] Other government publications as well as those made by the division itself, refer to the formation simply as the 1st Division.[33][34]
- ^ Infantry tanks were initially designed to be heavily armoured and slow moving, so to provide intimate support to infantry.[48] Pre-war doctrine called for independent tank brigades, equipped with infantry tanks, to be attached to an infantry division as needed to assist in penetrating enemy defensive positions. Such penetrations would then be exploited by more mobile forces such as an armoured division.[49]
Citations
- ^ "1 (UK) Division". Twitter. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022., "1 (UK) Division". Twitter. 22 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021., "1(UK) Division". Twitter. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020., and "1 (UK) Division". Twitter. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ a b c "1st (UK) Division". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
- ^ Haythornthwaite 2016, The Divisional System.
- ^ Oman 1930, pp. 496, 504–513, 561.
- ^ Siborne 1900, pp. 186–190, 339–342, 521, 570.
- ^ Ross-of-Bladensburg 1896, pp. 48–50.
- ^ Veve 1992, p. 159.
- ^ Satre 1976, p. 117, 121.
- ^ "Hart's Annual Army List, 1909". National Library of Scotland. pp. 97–98.
- ^ Dunlop 1938, pp. 245, 262.
- ^ Whitmarsh 2007, pp. 337, 343.
- ^ Davies and Maddocks 1995, p. 83
- ^ a b "War Memorial To 1st Division". The Times. No. 44557. 16 April 1927. p. 9.
- ^ Becke 1935, p. 39.
- ^ Pawley 2007, p. 2–3.
- ^ Pawley 2007, pp. 25, 29.
- ^ Kennedy & Crabb 1977, p. 243.
- ^ "War Office, Monthly Army List, December 1920". London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1920. p. 29.
- ^ a b "Army Exercises". The Times. No. 43747. 3 September 1924. p. 7.
- ^ a b c Lord & Watson 2003, p. 24.
- ^ "First Division On The March". The Times. No. 43443. 11 September 1923. p. 7. and "Army Training". The Times. No. 43644. 6 May 1924. p. 15.
- ^ "The King's Review To-Day At Aldershot". The Times. No. 43984. 10 June 1925. p. 5.
- ^ "Troops For Saar". The Times. No. 46936. 13 December 1934. p. 15.
- ^ "The Aldershot Review". The Times. No. 47114. 12 July 1935. p. 9.
- ^ "British Troops In Palestine". The Times. No. 47488. 24 September 1936. p. 12. and "The Army: Return of the 1st Division". The Times. No. 47562. 19 December 1936. p. 10.
- ^ "British Troops in Palestine: Reliefs This Winter". The Times. No. 47765. 17 August 1937. p. 10., "War Office, Monthly Army List, November 1937". National Library of Scotland. p. 22. Retrieved 20 December 2022. and "War Office, Monthly Army List, December 1937". National Library of Scotland. p. 22. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- ^ "Reorganizing the Infantry". The Times. No. 47562. 1 March 1937. p. 8.
- ^ "The Army". The Times. No. 47768. 20 August 1937. p. 15. and ""Civil War" In England". The Times. No. 47785. 9 September 1937. p. 17.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Joslen 2003, pp. 35–36.
- ^ "No. 34487". The London Gazette. 25 February 1938. p. 1261.
- ^ Bell 1997, pp. 3–4, 258–278, 281.
- ^ "British Generals In France". The Times. No. 48300. 9 May 1939. p. 14. and "Militiamen For A.A. Defences". The Times. No. 48389. 21 August 1939. p. 17.
- ^ 1st Division 1944, p. 9.
- ^ "War Office, Monthly Army List, August 1939 Security Edition". National Library of Scotland. p. 42. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- ^ Ellis 1954, pp. 15–17.
- ^ Fraser 1999, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Ellis 1954, pp. 23, 39, 46, 63, 67.
- ^ Fraser 1999, pp. 30, 55–57.
- ^ Ellis 1954, pp. 69, 100, 121, 193.
- ^ Fraser 1999, pp. 67–69.
- ^ Ellis 1954, pp. 193, 205, 232, 242–243.
- ^ Thompson 2009, p. 269.
- ^ Collier 1957, p. 219.
- ^ Newbold 1988, p. 201.
- ^ Newbold 1988, p. 262, 282–283, 367.
- ^ Collier 1957, p. 229.
- ^ a b Crow 1972, pp. 35–36.
- ^ Crow 1972, p. 11.
- ^ French 2001, pp. 37–41.
- ^ Place 2000, p. 134.
- ^ Blaxland 1977, pp. 227, 235.
- ^ Playfair et al. 2004, p. 364.
- ^ Playfair et al. 2004, pp. 430, 434.
- ^ Blaxland 1977, p. 236.
- ^ Playfair et al. 2004, p. 437.
- ^ Blaxland 1977, p. 242.
- ^ Playfair et al. 2004, pp. 438–439, 441, 449.
- ^ Atkinson 2002, p. 498.
- ^ Playfair et al. 2004, pp. 441, 449, 452 457–458.
- ^ Molony et al. 2004, p. 49.
- ^ Garland & McGaw Smyth 1993, pp. 69–71, 572.
- ^ Garland & McGaw Smyth 1993, pp. 71–73, 119.
- ^ Garland & McGaw Smyth 1993, pp. 75, 203.
- ^ 1st Division 1944, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Joslen 2003, pp. 35–36; 1st Division 1944, pp. 10–17; Blumenson 1993, pp. 235–242; Molony et al. 2004, pp. 213–216, 594, 650.
- ^ 1st Division 1944, pp. 12, 19–23, 26.
- ^ Molony et al. 2004, pp. 651, 668–669.
- ^ Blumenson 1993, p. 363.
- ^ 1st Division 1944, pp. 25–31.
- ^ Molony et al. 2004, pp. 675–677.
- ^ Blumenson 1993, p. 387.
- ^ 1st Division 1944, pp. 32–40.
- ^ Molony et al. 2004, pp. 674–677.
- ^ Blumenson 1993, pp. 389–390.
- ^ 1st Division 1944, pp. 48–52.
- ^ Molony et al. 2004, pp. 726, 727–729.
- ^ Blumenson 1993, p. 392.
- ^ 1st Division 1944, p. 53.
- ^ Molony et al. 2004, p. 746.
- ^ Blumenson 1993, pp. 421.
- ^ Mead, p. 343
- ^ Sheehan, p. 159
- ^ Sheehan, p. 186
- ^ "1st Infantry Division". Unit Histories. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ISBN 978-1874622925.
- ^ Lord & Watson 2003, p. 25; Smart 2005, Murray, General Sir Horatius (1903–1989), GCB, KBE, DSO.
- .
- ^ Lord & Watson 2003, p. 25; Blume 2007, p. 7.
- ^ Blume 2007, p. 7; Heyman 2007, p. 36.
- ^ Tanner 2014, pp. 50–51.
- ^ Kemp, Ian (2020). "The UK's Armoured Fist". EDR Magazine (European Defence Review). No. 52 July/August 2020: 30–40.
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References
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Further reading
External links
- "Memorial: 1st and 2nd Infantry Divisions". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
- "1st Division Porchway". War Memorials Online. Retrieved 27 June 2022.