History of Irish Americans in Philadelphia
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Philadelphia's Irish population have left their mark in a number of ways. Traditionally, the
History
Pre- and early America
The Irish had a major impact on the city even prior to its inception. William Penn, founder of Philadelphia and the Province of Pennsylvania, had notable ties to Ireland.[6] Penn converted to Quakerism as a result of a sermon preached in Cork.[6]
The Irish Catholics were a recognizable part in the city in the pre-Revolutionary War years.[7] Philadelphia had a large presence of Irish bars and taverns, such as "Isabella Barry's Faithful Irishman", and "The Jolly Irishman".[7] Patriotism became a well known characteristic of Irish in Philadelphia during the Revolution.[8]
The Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick was founded in 1771.[3]
The first St. Patrick's Day parade in Philadelphia was in 1771.[9] Prior to the first parade, the Irish were already celebrating St. Patrick's Day in Philadelphia. Before the America republic was founded, Irishmen came together in 1771 to pay honor to Ireland's patron as founding members of the Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick for the relief of Emigrants from Ireland. George Washington, who has encouraged the many Irish soldiers under his command during the American Revolution to fete St. Patrick's Day, was an honorary member of this society. The designation of March 17 as a day of special observance was a very early Philadelphia custom.[10] Philadelphia's Saint Patrick's Day parade is the second oldest in the United States.[11]
Many Irish fought in the Battle of White Marsh during the Philadelphia campaign in the Revolutionary War.[12] Perhaps no Irishman would have a bigger impact during the Revolutionary War than John Barry. He came to be widely credited as "The Father of the American Navy" (and shares that moniker with John Paul Jones) and was appointed a captain in the Continental Navy on December 7, 1775.[13] He was the first captain placed in command of a US warship commissioned for service under the Continental flag.[14] After the war, he became America's first commissioned naval officer, at the rank of commodore, receiving his commission from President George Washington in 1797.
19th century
Several Irish associations were formed in the 19th century. The first
Duffy's Cut
The site is located near
The famine generation
By 1846, Philadelphia had received Irish immigrants for six generations, but it was the seventh generation that was to greatly change the city's composition and posture with respect to immigrants.[21] The increase of Irish immigrants in the post-famine years introduced a ghetto system.[21] During the famine, the Society of Friends in Philadelphia distinguished itself by its dedication to the relief of the suffering in Ireland.[21] Although Quaker families had found hospitality and refuge in Ireland in the seventeenth century, they also found hostility. It is a mark of the high principles of these families that many of the descendants of the earlier Quaker emigrants contributed heavily in the 1840s to the Irish.
Nativist and Lombard street riots
The Lombard Street riot was a three-day
Irish Catholics, often competitors for the lowest-paying, unskilled and menial jobs, perceived the city's more successful African-American residents as flaunting their success, setting the stage for blacks to become targets for the immigrants' frustrations and jealous rage.[26][27]
On the morning of August 1, 1842, a parade was held by over 1,000 members of the black
Requests to the mayor and police for protection initially led to the arrest of several of the victims and none of the rioters. Over three days of attacks, the Second African American Presbyterian Church (on St. Mary's Street near 6th Street), the abolitionist Smith's Hall, and numerous homes and public buildings were looted, burned and mostly destroyed.[30] The mayor had credible evidence of a plan to burn several local churches, which he ignored. Eventually, as the rioting began to subside, the local militia was brought in to restore order.[23][24]
The
20th century
During the 20th century the Irish Center/Commodore Barry Club and the Irish American Club raised funds for Irish-related causes through meetings.[31]
The Kelly family
It was during the 20th century that Philadelphia's most prominent Irish family would gain notice.
The most well known Kelly family member was
Kelly retired from acting at the age of 26 to marry Rainier and began her duties as
Despite the Irish having a huge influence to the city and area, it wouldn't be until 1962 that Philadelphia would have its first Irish Catholic mayor. James Tate was Mayor Of Philadelphia from 1962 to 1972.
Perhaps the most well known Irish mayor the city ever had was
Green decided not to seek re-election during the Democratic primary and concentrated on his family when his wife Patricia became pregnant. Pat Green was 40 and Green feared for her health and the health of his unborn child if she faced the stress of a political campaign during the pregnancy. After his youngest child, Maura Elizabeth Green, was born healthy near the end of his term, Green joked, "I am the winner" of the 1983 mayoral contest.
21st century
Due to the change in demographics in the city, the Irish are no longer a dominant ethnicity. These events have brought changes to some of the cities neighborhoods that were predominantly known as Irish neighborhoods, such as
Culture
Media
18 Irish newspapers had been established since the 1800s. The
Irish radio broadcasts appeared during the 20th century. From March 17, 1926, the Irish Hour by Patrick Stanton operated over the radio airwaves, playing Irish music and news broadcasts. Stanton later acquired WJMJ, which played Irish music.[31]
Arts and entertainment
A Philadelphia tradition since the early twentieth century, the
Several Irish themed bands have emerged from the area. The Green Fields of America is an ensemble which performs and promotes Irish traditional music in the United States.
"The Green Fields of America" was formed in 1978 in Philadelphia and still led by musician and folklorist Mick Moloney. The band was created to present and tour some of Irish America's finest musicians and dancers. "The Green Fields of America" was the first group on either side of the Atlantic to bring together Irish vocal, instrumental, and dance traditions on the concert and festival stage. Featuring Irish stepdance they introduced their sound to general American audiences.
The television series "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" is perhaps the most well known Philadelphia entertainment with an Irish theme. The series follows the exploits of "The Gang", a group of self-centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy's Pub in South Philadelphia.
Cuisine
Oh Ryan's of
Sports
The
Rugby is a popular sport within the Philadelphia Irish community. The
Numerous colleges in the area offer club rugby teams, with most area teams competing as part of the Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union. The
Crime
The prominent Irish street gang pre-twentieth century were the Schuylkill Rangers headed by Jimmy Haggerty, whose boyhood home was located on Arch Street in the area between Eighteenth and Nineteenth Street known as "McAran's Garden".
After numerous arrests for theft and similar offenses, Haggerty and Schuylkill Ranger Hugh Murphy were convicted of the robbery of a Ninth Street store and sentenced to ten years imprisonment on December 12, 1865. He was pardoned by Governor
During
In the years following World War II, the K&A Gang was the dominant Irish gang in the city's underworld. A multi-generational organized crime group made up of predominantly Irish and Irish American gangsters, the gang originated from a youth street gang based around the intersections of Kensington and Allegheny, which grew in power as local hoods and blue collar Irish Americans seeking extra income joined its ranks. In time, the group expanded and grew more organised, establishing lucrative markets in gambling, loan sharking, and burglary.
The gang moved into the
Demographics
Philadelphia has a high percentage of Irish Americans, making up 14.2% of the population.[55] Due to the change of the city's demographics, most of Philadelphia's Irish population are now in the suburbs. Many surrounding towns have large Irish populations, such as Crum Lynne, Pennsylvania (39.2% Irish), Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania (37.9% Irish), and Gloucester City, New Jersey (38.8% Irish). Havertown, Pennsylvania (21.7% Irish) is often known as the "33rd county," a reference to the 32 counties of Ireland.[56]
Notable individuals
- Kevin Bacon, actor, musician
- Samuel Barber, composer[57]
- Brendan F. Boyle, politician[58]
- Kevin J. Boyle, politician[59]
- Peter Boyle, actor[60]
- John Barry, Revolutionary War naval officer, "The Father of the American Navy"[13]
- Ethel Barrymore, actress, "First Lady of the American Theater"
- John Barrymore, actor
- Lionel Barrymore, actor, director
- Georgiana Drew Barrymore, actress
- Bob Brady, politician, Chairman of the Democratic Party of Philadelphia[61]
- Samuel Brady, Irish colonial Indian fighter
- Joseph Breen, film censor, applied Hays Code[62]
- Samuel Brady Irish American frontiersman
- Gia Carangi, Often considered to be the world's first supermodel, one of the first famous women to die of AIDS[63]
- Mathew Carey, publisher, economist[64]
- Imogene Coca, actress, comedian[65]
- Bradley Cooper, actor, producer[66]
- Kim Delaney, Emmy Award-winning actress[67]
- Jack "Legs" Diamond, gangster[68]
- Johnny Dougherty, prominent labor leader[69]
- John Drew Jr., stage actor[70]
- Daniel Faulkner, Philadelphia police officer.[71]
- Kate Flannery, actress[72]
- Franklin B. Gowen, President of Philadelphia and Reading Railroad[73]
- John Joseph Graham, Auxiliary bishop, Archdiocese of Philadelphia[74][75]
- William J. Green Jr., politician[76]
- William J. Green III, 94th mayor[76]
- Jimmy Haggerty, gangster[77]
- Alexander Haig, Army general, 59th Secretary of State[78]
- William Harnett, painter[79]
- Edward "Babe" Heffron, soldier, "Band of Brothers"[80]
- Bobby Henon, politician[81]
- Edward Hughes, bishop, Metuchen, New Jersey[82][75]
- William F. Keller, politician
- Dorothy Kelly, actress[83]
- George Kelly, playwright, screenwriter, director, and actor[84]
- Grace Kelly, actress, Princess of Monaco[84]
- Jack Kelly Jr., four-time Olympian rower[84]
- Jack Kelly Sr., triple Olympic gold medal winner, patriarch of Kelly family[84]
- Walt Kelly, animator, cartoonist
- Jamie Kennedy, actor, comedian[84]
- Jim Kenney, 99th mayor[85]
- James V. Lafferty, inventor, Lucy the Elephant[86]
- James Logan, 14th mayor, statesman[87]
- Jeanette MacDonald, actress, singer of musicals[88]
- Chris Matthews, political commentator, talk show host, and author[89]
- Seamus McCaffery, Philadelphia police officer, Justice of Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, "Eagles Court"[90]
- John McDermott, professional golfer, U.S. Open champion
- Maje McDonnell, baseball coach, scout, official with the Philadelphia Phillies
- Brian McDonough, Television and Radio personality, author, physician, dual citizen of Ireland and United States
- Joseph McGarrity, founder, Society of the Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick for the Relief of Emigrants
- Mike McGeary, baseball player[91]
- Kathleen McGinty, Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality[92]
- Rob McElhenney, actor, comedian, creator of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
- Joseph P. McFadden, auxiliary bishop, Archdiocese of Philadelphia, Bishop of Harrisburg[93]
- Henry Plumer McIlhenny, chairman of the Philadelphia Museum of Art[94]
- Jim McKay, television sports journalist, reported on the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics[95]
- Joseph McKenna, 42nd United States Attorney General[96]
- Benny McLaughlin, 1948 Olympic soccer player
- James McNulty (Irish activist), commandant of the Doe Battalion, 1916 Easter Rising
- Chris Mooney, basketball coach, University of Richmond[97]
- Alecia Beth "Pink" Moore, singer, songwriter, dancer, actress[98]
- St. Clair Augustine Mulholland, American Civil War colonel, Medal of Honor recipient[99]
- Patrick Murphy, politician, Secretary of the Army[100]
- Jim Murray, co-founder of the Ronald McDonald House, General Manager of the Eagles
- Philadelphia Jack O'Brien, world light heavyweight boxing champion
- Fran O'Hanlon, basketball coach, Lafayette College[101]
- Danny O'Leary, gangster, bootlegger
- Danny Rapp, singer, frontman of "Danny & the Juniors"[102]
- Ed Reavy, fiddler and composer
- Frank Sheeran, gangster, labor union official[103]
- Michael J. Stack, politician
- Mike Stack (III), 33rd Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania
- James Tate, 92nd mayor, first Irish Catholic mayor
- Charles Thomson, secretary of the Continental Congress, Revolutionary War[104]
- Brian Tierney, publisher of The Philadelphia Inquirer[105]
- William Wrigley Jr., chewing gum industrialist, founder and eponym of the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company
- John Russell Young, seventh Librarian of the United States Congress
- Sean Tobin [1], Television Reporter
See also
- Irish Americans
- Demographics of Philadelphia
- Northeast Philadelphia
- History of the Irish in Baltimore
- History of Irish Americans in Boston
- Irish Americans in New York City
- Irish Americans in the American Civil War
- Friendly Sons of St. Patrick
- Green Fields of America
- Acme Markets
Notes
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- ^ a b Clark, p. 8.
- ^ Clark, p. 10.
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- ^ "St. Patrick's Day Parade--Home Page". Retrieved February 14, 2017.
- ^ "Philadelphia's St. Patrick's Day Parade". The St. Patrick's Day Observance Association. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ McGuire, p. 232. Most notably, Loyalist dragoons were raised by Richard Hovenden in Philadelphia County and Jacob James in Chester County, and a Bucks County regiment raised by Thomas Sandford.
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- ^ Contosta, Nicole. University City Review, "The Lombard Street Riot: an often-ignored chapter in Philadelphia's history", yudu.com, July 11, 2012; accessed December 28, 2012.
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References
- Clark, Dennis. The Irish in Philadelphia: Ten Generations of Urban Experience. ISBN 0877222274, 9780877222279.
- Leigh, Wendy (2007). True Grace: The Life and Times of an American Princess. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0-312-34236-4.
- Poxon, Marita Krivda. Irish Philadelphia. ISBN 0738597708, 9780738597706.
Further reading
- Clark, Dennis. The Irish Relations: Trials of an Immigrant Tradition. ISBN 0838630839, 9780838630839.