History of the Jews in Calabria
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The history of the
Early history
The history of the Jews in Calabria is presumed to date back several centuries before the common era. While there is evidence of
The
The first dated mentioning of Jewish communities in Calabria were by Roman officials in the service of the Western Emperor Honorius in the year 398. [8] Some ancient towns known to have had a Jewish community were Reggio (Rhegion)[9] and Catanzaro (Katantheros).[10] Today some physical remnants of the ancient Calabrian Jewish community still survives. For example, the remains of the 4th century, Bova Marina Synagogue are located in the town of Bova Marina[11] Another example is an inscription that mentions Calabria in the Jewish catacombs of Monteverde in Rome. These catacombs were in use from the first to the 3rd century.[12][13]
Another popular legend states that after the Sack of Rome in 410, Gothic general Alaric carried his booty, including the Temple Treasure of Jerusalem, South with him on his way to Africa. When Alaric died suddenly while in Calabria, he was believed to have buried the Temple Treasure somewhere near the Calabria town of Consentia.[14][15]
In the year 925, an army of Fatimite Muslims, led by
Middle Ages
During the early period of the
Many Jews of Calabria lived in special segregated neighborhoods known as La Giudecca. Remnants of these neighborhoods still exist in Calabrian towns such as Nicastro.[21] At their height, the Jews of Calabria, along with the other Jews of southern Italy were second only to the Jews from the Iberian Peninsula.
During the
After several centuries of relative peace and prosperity under the rule of the Kingdom of Naples, the persecution of the Calabrian Jews started in 1288 with accusations of blood libel.[23] Under
In 1348, during the years of the
The first type set
A short-lived revival of the Calabrian Jewish communities began after
As for the rest of Calabrian Jews too poor to emigrate during the Inquisition, they were subjected to a
During the Middle Ages, Calabria contributed much to the culture of the Jewish people in Europe. Many Jewish scholars, such as Rabbi Hayyim ben Joseph Vital and descendants of the Isaac Abarbanel were known to have come from or resided in Calabria.[44][45][46] Also, the 15th-century Christian Hebraist, Agathius Guidacerius, a well regarded Greek and Hebrew grammatical expert was born in the Calabrian town of Rocca-Coragio.[47]
Modern times
Benedetto Musolino (1809–1885), was a non-Jew from a Calabrian noble family. In 1851,
he wrote "Gerusalemme e il Popolo Ebreo" - "Jerusalem and the Jewish People",
a plan for the establishment of a Jewish state in Turkish Palestine, with Hebrew as its national language. Unfortunately, his writing was not published at that time.
During World War II, Italian Dictator, Benito Mussolini built the internment camp of Ferramonti di Tarsia near the Calabrian town of Cosenza. Many of the prisoners were Jews from all over Europe who had fled to Italy escaping the Holocaust. However, the Tarsia internment camp was not a death camp and the vast majority of Jews there survived the war unharmed.[49] [50]
Margherita Sarfatti, a wealthy Jewish woman who had a love affair with the Italian Dictator, Benito Mussolini then escaped Italy during the German occupation returned to Italy in 1947. She resided in Calabria until her death in 1961.
Today, over 50 descendants of Calabrian neofiti have revived a small Jewish community in Calabria.[51][52] In 2007, Calabria consecrated its first synagogue in 500 years. The Ner Tamid del Sud Synagogue in the town of Serrastretta, a European member congregation of Reconstructionist Judaism, serves the regional Jewish community.[53] This community began with the efforts of progressive Rabbi, Barbara Aiello.[54] Aiello is also active in Italian American community. Her organizational efforts have led some Italian Americans of Calabrian descent to search for their Jewish ancestry.[55] According to Aiello, many Jewish rituals still remain with modern Calabrian families. For example, the lighting of Friday evening candles, avoiding pork and shellfish, or meat mixed with dairy products. Other practices such as hanging a red string over a baby's crib, or tying it to their wrist, which are Kabbalah rituals.[56]
In 2007, Israeli land developer, David Appel, announced his plans to create one of the world's largest vacation/gambling resorts in the Calabrian town of Crotone. The project, named, EuroParidiso, will attract tourists from all over Europe and Israel.[57]
Since 2008,
Language and culture
As all of the original Jews of the
The Calabrian Jews followed the
With the arrival of the Iberian Jews after 1492, Ladino was also spoken throughout Calabria and the Sephardic rite was also practiced in Calabria.[67]
Despite Mosaic prohibitions against astrology, this occult art was popular with the Jews of Southern Italy, including Calabria, during the Byzantine era.[68]
Cuisine originally associated with the Jews of Sicily and Calabria included those dishes labelled "alla giudia" or "all'ebraica," such as pasta with anchovies and garlic, concia di zucchine, fried courgettes marinated in vinegar and caponata, a sweet and sour aubergine dish.[69] Another well known Jewish Italian dish from the south is
Christopher Marlowe's play, The Jew of Malta mentions Calabria.
Image gallery
-
An inscription written with Hebrew characters partially preserved on a wall, in Gerace, Calabria.
-
ADiamante Citron Tree in Calabriasupported with sticks.
See also
- History of the Jews in Apulia
- History of the Jews in Southern Central Italy
- History of the Jews in Livorno
- History of the Jews in Naples
- History of the Jews in Sardinia
- History of the Jews in Sicily
- History of the Jews in Trieste
- History of the Jews in Turin
- History of the Jews in Venice
Other
- History of the Jews in Italy
- History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
- History of the Jews of Thessaloniki
- Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
- Expulsion of the Jews from Sicily
- Marranos
- Hebrew incunabula
Further reading
- Cesare Colafemmina, The Jews in Calabria, Leiden: Brill, 2012
References
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- ^ Richard Gottheil; Samuel Krauss. "Honorius". Jewish Encyclopedia.
- ^ Isidore Singer; Umberto Cassuto. "Reggio". Jewish Encyclopedia.
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- ^ "Excavation at Bova Marina". Jewish Roots. Archived from the original on 2009-07-15.
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External links
- "Italy". Kulanu.
A non-profit organization
- Vincenzo Villella. The Judeca of Nicastro and the History of Calabrian Jews. Rabbi Barbara Aiello. Archived from the original on 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
- "Italia Judaica". Shlomo Simonsohn, Humanities, Tel Aviv University.
- Marc Alan Di Martino (2008-03-01). "Barbara Aiello". The American in Italia. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/still-jewish-after-all-these-years-1.283773
- http://escholarship.org/uc/item/91z342hv#page-1
- The Jewish Community of Calabria (in Hebrew), The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot