History of the Jews in Dęblin and Irena during World War II
Thousands of Jews lived in the towns of
The first deportation was on 6 May 1942 and took around 2,500 Jews to
Background
German invasion
During the
At the end of the year, the German occupiers forced Jews to form a
Ghetto
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Houses and people in the ghetto |
A
In late 1941, non-Jewish Poles were banned from entering the ghetto, resulting in waste piling up and typhus and dysentery epidemics. The sick were treated at a thirty-bed hospital run by Isaar Kawa, a doctor from Konin; with the help of non-Jewish doctors, medicines were imported from Warsaw.[14][11] Simultaneously, new restrictions were imposed by the Germans: the use of stoves was banned, winter clothing confiscated, and fuel imports forbidden.[15][11] More Jews began to leave the ghetto to obtain essentials, resulting in twenty young women being discovered outside the ghetto and killed.[16] Because conditions were better in Lublin District than in Warsaw, some Jews fled to towns there including Irena;[17] twenty Jews were executed for being unregistered refugees. The Judenrat's leadership was altered again as Drayfish was executed, accused of filing complaints with the Puławy County administration; he was replaced by the businessman Yisrael Weinberg.[16]
In March 1941, 3,750 Jews lived in the ghetto, including 565 who were not from the area. These consisted mainly of Jews expelled from
Forced labor
Until late 1942, Jews earned wages as forced laborers, except those who were conscripted by the municipality for tasks such as street cleaning or snow clearing. Some Jews worked for German companies such as Schwartz and
In May 1941, in preparation for the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Luftwaffe commissioned the firm Autheried to improve the airfield.
Deportation, murder, and liquidation
First deportation
The first deportation was on 6 May 1942,
During the next two days, more than four thousand Jews from north Puławy County—200 from Bobrowniki (6 May), 1,800 from Ryki (7 May), 125 from Stężyca (7 May), 1,500 from Baranów (8 May) and 500 from Łysobyki (8 May)—were also marched to Dęblin and deported to Sobibór.[33] This was half of a countywide extermination action in Puławy County—the first in a series of systematic, countywide deportations in the Lublin District as part of Operation Reinhard. The county's administrator, Alfred Brandt ordered it shortly after Sobibór became operational; he was present in Dęblin during the deportation.[34][35]
Second deportation
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Polish and Slovak Jews at the train station prior to deportation. Four Jews murdered during the deportation. Both photographs by Janusz Uklejewski |
The next deportation, which coincided with the liquidation of the two remaining ghettos in Puławy (Opole and Końskowola),
Many of the Slovak Jews, not knowing what to expect, had lingered in the ghetto while packing their bags. About 215 to 500 Jews were shot and killed by the Ukrainians and Germans while the houses were being cleared.[19][16] Between 2,000[19] and 2,500 people were deported to Treblinka extermination camp; mostly the Slovaks.[16][37] Members of the Judenrat, Jewish police, and their families, about 100 in total, were retained to clean up the ghetto.[8][16] Perhaps another 100 Jews were hiding without permission in the ghetto.[8] On 28 October, the remaining Jews were sent to the Schultz labor camp, and the ghetto was officially liquidated. Either on that day or within the next few weeks, 1,000 people were removed from the labor camps, including the 200 workers at Dęblin Fortress and 200 to 500 of the Luftwaffe's workers.[8][16] They were deported to Końskowola[8] or Treblinka.[16]
After this, Farkash estimates that there were about 1,400 Jews were still alive in the labor camps around Irena.[8] Estimates of the number at the Luftwaffe camp range from 1,000[16] to 2,000,[27] with another 300 at a railway camp near the passenger station, and 120 at another camp near the railway loading station.[8] During May or July 1943, most of the remaining prisoners in the railway camps were deported to Poniatowa concentration camp via the transit ghetto in Końskowola; the rest were deported in late 1943.[8][16] Hundreds of Jews were still alive in the remaining labor camps in Puławy County, but they were murdered during Operation Harvest Festival (2–3 November 1943). This operation also killed the prisoners of Poniatowa but did not affect the Jews at the Luftwaffe camp in Irena,[39][40] who were unaware of it.[41] Following Operation Harvest Festival, there were ten labor camps for Jews in the Lublin District with more than 10,000 Jews still alive.[42]
Luftwaffe camp
Camp leader
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The camp after liberation, photographed by Janusz Uklejewski |
The camp leader (German:
Conditions
Conditions were relatively good compared to other camps.
The camp had three German commanders, all at the rank of sergeant major: Kattengel (through March 1943), Dusy, and Rademacher (during the last two months). Although Kattengel was distrusted because he roamed the camp with a dog and whip, both Dusy and Rademacher were described positively by survivors. Dusy even arranged for one woman to receive treatment at a German hospital after she was badly injured. Wiszniewski, a local Volksdeutscher, was the lead foreman of the Jewish laborers and did not mistreat them. Autheried engineer Kozak brought food to the Jews he worked with.[53] The Slovak Jews at the camp were the last major group to survive of the almost 40,000 Slovak Jews deported to the Lublin District in 1942.[54][55] The Jews remaining in Prešov hired couriers (non-Jews from the Polish–Slovak border) to travel to the camp regularly until it was dissolved, carrying letters and bringing valuables and money. A committee was formed in the camp to distribute these among the Slovak Jews. Cases of theft by Polish Jews led to friction between the two communities.[56][54]
Despite the relatively good conditions, some Jews tried to escape because they feared that the camp would be liquidated. The Luftwaffe camp command imposed
Liquidation
The camp was liquidated on 22 July 1944, the same day that the
According to Farkash, the airfield camp in Irena is a "singular case" in the Lublin district and possibly in the entirety of occupied Poland.
Aftermath
Dęblin was liberated by the
Notes
References
Citations
- ^ Aronson & Longerich 2001, p. 194.
- ^ a b c d e f g Crago 2012b, p. 636.
- ^ a b c d e f g Yad Vashem 2009, p. 156.
- ^ Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archivedfrom the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
- ^ Rubin 2006, pp. 89–90.
- ^ Rubin 2006, p. 90.
- ^ Protassewicz 2019, p. 210.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Farkash 2014, p. 63.
- ^ a b c Rubin 2006, p. 91.
- ^ Farkash 2014, p. 59.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Crago 2012b, p. 637.
- ^ Silberklang 2013, pp. 58–59.
- ^ Silberklang 2013, p. 67.
- ^ a b c Yad Vashem 2009, p. 157.
- ^ a b c Rubin 2006, p. 92.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Crago 2012b, p. 638.
- ^ Silberklang 2013, p. 196.
- ^ Büchler 1991, p. 166.
- ^ a b c Farkash 2014, p. 62.
- ^ a b c Farkash 2014, p. 61.
- ^ a b Snyder 2012, p. 180.
- ^ Silberklang 2013, pp. 274, 399.
- ^ Silberklang 2013, pp. 399–400.
- ^ Silberklang 2013, p. 274.
- ^ Farkash 2014, pp. 61, 70.
- ^ a b c d e f Farkash 2014, p. 64.
- ^ a b c d Silberklang 2013, p. 400.
- ^ Weinstein 2006, p. 459.
- ^ Musiał 2000, p. 244.
- ^ Crago 2012a, p. 608.
- ^ Yad Vashem 2009, p. 158.
- ^ Farkash 2014, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Silberklang 2013, pp. 308, 317.
- ^ Farkash 2014, pp. 60–61.
- ^ Silberklang 2013, p. 309.
- ^ Farkash 2014, p. 60.
- ^ a b Silberklang 2013, p. 329.
- ^ a b Farkash 2014, p. 66.
- ^ Farkash 2014, pp. 60–61, 63.
- ^ a b Silberklang 2013, p. 402.
- ^ a b c Silberklang 2013, p. 409.
- ^ a b Silberklang 2013, p. 365.
- ^ a b c Farkash 2014, p. 65.
- ^ a b Silberklang 2013, p. 401.
- ^ a b Farkash 2014, p. 67.
- ^ Silberklang 2013, p. 66.
- ^ Silberklang 2013, pp. 401–402.
- ^ Rubin 2006, p. 93.
- ^ Farkash 2014, p. 78.
- ^ Farkash 2014, pp. 72–73.
- ^ Farkash 2014, p. 69.
- ^ Farkash 2014, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Farkash 2014, pp. 69–70.
- ^ a b c Büchler 1991, p. 159.
- ^ Silberklang 2013, p. 296.
- ^ a b Farkash 2014, p. 70.
- ^ Farkash 2014, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Zimmerman 2015, pp. 213, 361.
- ^ Farkash 2014, p. 74.
- ^ "Kowalczyk family". The Righteous Among the Nations Database. Yad Vashem. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- ^ "Szabó Árpád". The Righteous Among the Nations Database. Yad Vashem. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- ^ a b Farkash 2014, p. 75.
- ^ Farkash 2014, pp. 76–77.
- ^ Farkash 2014, p. 77.
- ^ Farkash 2014, p. 58.
- ^ Farkash 2014, p. 68.
- ^ Silberklang 2013, p. 364.
- ^ Farkash 2014, pp. 68, 78.
- ^ Silberklang 2013, p. 411.
- ^ a b c Farkash 2014, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Silberklang 2013, p. 431.
- ^ Weinstein 2006, p. 536.
- ^ Schmeitzner et al. 2015, p. 67.
- ^ Kopciowski 2008, p. 202.
- ^ Rice 2017, p. 29.
- ^ Koźmińska-Frejlak 2014, p. 154.
- ^ Krzyżanowski 2013, p. 253.
- ^ a b c d "Odsłonięcie tablicy pamiątkowej" [Unveiling of a commemorative plaque]. Miasto Dęblin (in Polish). 27 October 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ^ Krzyżanowski 2020, p. 125.
- ^ Bergman & Jagielski 2014, p. 565.
- ^ Friedlander, Albert (16 August 1999). "Obituary: Ignatz Bubis". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
Sources
- ISBN 978-0-300-08432-0.
- ISBN 978-965-308-449-0.
- ISSN 8756-6583.
- Crago, Laura (2012a). "Lublin Region (Distrikt Lublin)". In ISBN 978-0-253-00202-0.
- Crago, Laura (2012b). "Irena (Dęblin–Irena)". In Geoffrey P., Megargee; Dean, Martin (eds.). Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. Vol. 2. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 636–639. ISBN 978-0-253-00202-0.
- Farkash, Talia (2014). "Labor and Extermination: The Labor Camp at the Dęblin-Irena Airfield Puławy County, Lublin Province, Poland – 1942–1944". Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust. 29 (1): 58–79. .
- Kopciowski, Adam (2008). "Anti-Jewish Incidents in the Lublin Region in the Early Years after World War II". Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały: 177–205. ISSN 2657-3571.
- Koźmińska-Frejlak, Ewa (2014) [2011]. "The Adaptation of Survivors to the Post-War Reality from 1944 to 1949". In Tych, Feliks; Adamczyk-Garbowska, Monika (eds.). Jewish Presence in Absence: the Aftermath of the Holocaust in Poland, 1944–2010 (PDF). Translated by Dąbkowski, Grzegorz; Taylor-Kucia, Jessica. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. pp. 125–164. ISBN 978-965-308-449-0.
- Krzyżanowski, Łukasz (2013). "Homecomers: Jews and Non-Jews in Post-War Radom". .
- Krzyżanowski, Łukasz (2020). Ghost Citizens: Jewish Return to a Postwar City. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-98466-0.
- ISBN 978-3-447-05063-0.
- Protassewicz, Irena (2019). A Polish Woman's Experience in World War II: Conflict, Deportation and Exile. New York: ISBN 978-1-350-07993-9.
- Rice, Monika (2017). ISBN 978-0-8156-5419-3.
- Rubin, Arnon (2006) [1999]. "Dęblin–Irena". District Lublin. The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communities in Poland and their Relics Today. Vol. 2. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press. pp. 89–93. ISBN 978-965-90744-2-6.
- ISBN 978-3-647-36968-6.
- Silberklang, David (2013). ISBN 978-965-308-464-3.
- ISBN 978-0-465-03297-6.
- Weinstein, Frederick (2006). Schieb, Barbara; Voigt, Martina (eds.). Aufzeichnungen aus dem Versteck: Erlebnisse eines polnischen Juden 1939–1946 [Notes from Hiding: Experiences of a Polish Jew 1939–1946] (in German). Berlin: ISBN 978-3-936872-70-5. Secondhand account of first deportation on pages 206–208.
- Miron, Gai; Shulhani, Shlomit, eds. (2009). "Dęblin–Irena". The Yad Vashem Encyclopedia of the Ghettos During the Holocaust. Vol. 1. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. pp. 156–158. ISBN 978-965-308-345-5.
- ISBN 978-1-107-01426-8.
Further reading
- Stokfish, David, ed. (2003) [1969]. Sefer Deblin-Modzjitz [Deblin-Modzjitz ISBN 978-0-657-14368-8.
- Wenkart, Hermann (2013) [1969]. Befehlsnotstand anders gesehen: Tatsachenbericht eines jüdischen Lagerfunktionärs [An Alternate View of ISBN 978-3-7322-4754-7.
External links
- Video and audio testimonies from Poles and Jews who lived in Dęblin during the war (English, Polish, Hebrew)
51°33′48″N 21°51′53″E / 51.56333°N 21.86472°E