History of the Jews in the Soviet Union

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Location of the Soviet Union (dark green) in 1989.

The history of the Jews in the Soviet Union is inextricably linked to much earlier

USSR. They had now come under the jurisdiction of fifteen states, some of which had never existed and others that had passed out of existence in 1939."[2] Before the revolutions of 1989 which resulted in the end of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe, a number of these now sovereign countries constituted the component republics of the Soviet Union.[2]

Armenia

The history of the Jews in Armenia dates back more than 2,000 years. After Eastern Armenia came under Russian rule in the early 19th century, Jews began arriving from

Soviet republic finding more tolerance in the area than in Russia or Ukraine. After World War II, the Jewish population rose to approximately 5,000.[citation needed] However, with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, many left due to inadequate services and today the country's Jewish population has shrunk to 750. Despite small numbers, a high intermarriage rate, and relative isolation, a great deal of enthusiasm exists to help the community meet its needs.[3] There are about 100 Jews presently living in Armenia, mainly in the capital Yerevan.[citation needed] They are mostly of Ashkenazi origin and some are Mizrahi Georgian Jews
.

Azerbaijan

Mountain Jews in Quba rayon, Azerbaijan 1932

The History of the Jews in

Late Antiquity. Historically Jews in Azerbaijan have been represented by various subgroups, mainly Mountain Jews, Ashkenazi Jews and Georgian Jews. After Sovietization all Zionism-related activities including those of cultural nature that were carried out in Hebrew were banned. In the early 1920s, a few hundred Mountain Jewish families from Azerbaijan and Dagestan left for Palestine and settled in Tel Aviv. The next aliyah did not take place until the 1970s, after the ban on Jewish immigration to Israel was lifted (see Refusenik). Between 1972 and 1978 around 3,000 people left Azerbaijan for Israel. 1970 was the demographic peak for Azerbaijani Jews after World War II; according to the census, 41,288 Jews resided in Azerbaijan that year.[4]

Many Jewish émigrés from Azerbaijan settled in Tel-Aviv and

Soviet eras in Azerbaijan, Ashkenazi Jews appear to be linguistically Russified
. The majority of Ashkenazi Jews speak Russian as their first language with Azeri sometimes being spoken as the second. The number of Yiddish-speakers is unknown.

Belarus

German–occupied Belarus
, 1941

The Jews in Belarus, then known as

czars. Millions of Jews, including tens of thousands of Jews from Belarus, emigrated to the United States of America and South Africa. A small number also emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine
. During the first years of Soviet occupation of Belarus, Jews were able to get managing positions in the country. In WWII, atrocities against the Jewish population in the German-conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of Einsatzgruppen (task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them.

In the second half of the 20th century, there was a large wave of Belarusian Jews immigrating to Israel (see

Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s).[8] The 1999 census estimated that there were only 29,000 Jews left in the country. However, local Jewish organizations put the number at 50,000, and the Jewish Agency believes that there are 70,000. About half of the country's Jews live in Minsk. Despite anti-semitic government policies, national Jewish organizations, local cultural groups, religious schools, charitable organizations, and organizations for war veterans and Holocaust survivors have been formed.[8] Since the mass immigration of the 1990s, there has been some continuous immigration to Israel. In 2002, 974 Belarusians moved to Israel, and between 2003 and 2005, 4,854 followed suit.[8]

Estonia

The history of the Jews in Estonian SSR[9] starts with individual reports of Jews in what is now Estonia from as early as the 14th century. However, the process of permanent Jewish settlement in Estonia began in the 19th century, especially after they were granted the official right to enter the region by a statute of Russian Tsar Alexander II in 1865. This allowed the so-called Jewish 'Nicholas soldiers' (often former cantonists) and their descendants, First Guild merchants, artisans, and Jews with higher education to settle in Estonia and other parts of the Russian Empire outside their Pale of Settlement. The "Nicholas soldiers" and their descendants, and artisans were, basically, the ones who founded the first Jewish congregations in Estonia. The Tallinn congregation, the largest in Estonia, was founded in 1830. The Tartu congregation was established in 1866 when the first fifty families settled there. Synagogues were built, the largest of which were constructed in Tallinn in 1883 and Tartu in 1901. Both of these were subsequently destroyed by fire in World War II.

The life of the small Jewish community in Estonia was disrupted in 1940 with the

war crimes trials in 1961
. Two were later executed; the others avoided sentencing by having gone to exile. From 1944 until 1988 the Estonian Jewish community had no organisations, associations, or clubs. In March 1988, as the process towards regaining Estonia's independence was beginning, the Jewish Cultural Society was established in Tallinn. It was the first of its kind in the late Soviet Union. Unlike in other parts of the Soviet Union, there were no problems with registering either the society or its symbols. The Society began by organising concerts and lectures. Soon the question of founding a Jewish school arose. As a start, a Sunday school was established in 1989. The Tallinn Jewish Gymnasium on Karu Street was being used by a vocational school. In 1990, a Jewish School with grades 1 through 9 was established.

Georgia

Shechita, Shalom Koboshvili, 1940

The Georgian Jews (Georgian: ქართველი ებრაელები, romanized: kartveli ebraelebi) are from Georgia, in the Caucasus. Georgian Jews are one of the oldest communities in Georgia, tracing their migration into the country during the Babylonian captivity in 6th century BC.[12] In 1801, the Russian Empire annexed Eastern Georgia. In the beginning of the 19th century, Ashkenazi Russian Jews were forced to move to Georgia by the Russian government. The Ashkenazi Jews and the Georgian Jews began establishing contact with each other, but relations were strained. Georgian Jews viewed the Ashkenazim as godless and secular, while the Ashkenazim looked down on the Georgian Jews. Zionism was a uniting cause for the two groups. Beginning in 1863, groups of Jews began making aliyah, mostly for religious reasons. The Red Army invaded Georgia in February 1921, prompting a mass exodus from the region.

Initially, the Soviets allowed the Jews to maintain their religious customs, but after a Georgian rebellion in 1924, the Bolshevik government terminated all Zionist activity, imposed economic restrictions, and generally discriminated against the Jewish community.[citation needed] As a result, many Jewish businesses were bankrupted and 200 families applied for exit visas. Only 18 were allowed to emigrate. In the mid-1920s, the Soviets focused on industrializing and secularizing the Jews of Georgia. Mass numbers of Jews were forced to work in factories or to join craft cooperatives and collective farm projects. In 1927–1928, OZET, the organization for settling Jewish workers on farms, established a number of Jewish collective farms. These small homogeneous communities became isolated Jewish communities where Jewish learning was continued. Recognizing this, the Communists disbanded the communities in the 1930s, scattering the Jews among various farms and destroying Jewish communal life. The situation of the Jewish community of Georgia improved dramatically due to the end of the Soviet occupation.

Russia

Ukraine

Jews living in the

Ukrainian SSR underwent Sovietization, together with the rest of the population of the Soviet Union.[13]

The Ukrainian Jews were targeted and murdered during the

Germany, the Jews were put into ghettos and later sent to death camps where they were murdered. Additionally, the Einsatzgruppen, the mobile killing units, were responsible for the mass murder of up to a million Ukrainian Jews.[14]
Following the atrocities of World War II, there was a lot of antisemitic violence in Ukraine, diminishing after the period known as Glasnost. The number of Jews in Ukraine has drastically decreased since the late 20th century. The 2001 census showed that 380,000 Jews left Ukraine since 1989, which was 34 of the entire Jewish population.[13]

See also

Aspects of Jewish history specific to the Soviet era

Post-Soviet Union

Pre-Soviet Union

  • History of the Jews in the Russian Empire

Footnotes

  1. – via Google Books.
  2. ^ – via Google Books.
  3. ^ Advocates on Behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States, and Eurasia: Armenia and Jews Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ (in Russian) The Electronic Jewish Encyclopædia: Azerbaijan
  5. .
  6. ^ Associated Press, 21 October 2008, "Belarus marks ghetto's destruction 65 years on"
  7. ^ [1] Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b c "Belarus: Virtual Jewish History Tour". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 25 April 1991. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  9. ^ Jewish History in Estonia at www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
  10. Holocaust and Genocide Studies
    12.2, 308–325.
  11. ^ Berg, Eiki (1994). The Peculiarities of Jewish Settlement in Estonia. GeoJournal 33.4, 465–470.
  12. ^ The Wellspring of Georgian Historiography: The Early Medieval Historical Chronicle The Conversion of Katli and The Life of St. Nino, Constantine B. Lerner, England: Bennett and Bloom, London, 2004, p. 60
  13. ^ a b c "YIVO | Ukraine". www.yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  14. ^ "YIVO | Einsatzgruppen". www.yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 13 December 2016.

References

Further reading