History of the Macedonian language
South Slavic languages and dialects |
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The history of the Macedonian language refers to the developmental periods of current-day
In 1903
According to
Overview of periods
Medieval
For many centuries, Slavic people who settled on the Balkans spoke their own dialects and used other dialects or languages to communicate with other people.
The 11th century saw the fall of the Proto-Slavic linguistic unity and the rise of Macedonian dialects, which were still within the borders of the Bulgarian-Macedonian dialect continuum.
This period, whose span also included the Ottoman conquest, witnessed grammatical and linguistic changes that came to characterize Macedonian as a member of the
The earliest lexicographic evidence of the Macedonian dialects, described as Bulgarian,
The earliest texts showing specifically Macedonian phonetic features are
Modern era
The latter half of the 18th century saw the rise of modern literary Macedonian.
During the period between 1840 and 1870, there was a struggle to define a dialectal base of the vernacular used, with two different literary centers arising – one in current-day northeastern Bulgaria and one in current-day southwestern North Macedonia. The two centers had opposing views concerning the dialectal basis that should be used as the new common standard language for the Macedonian and Bulgarian Slavic people due to the vast differences between western Macedonian and eastern Bulgarian dialects.[21] During this period, Macedonian intellectuals who proposed the creation of a Bulgarian literary language based on Macedonian dialects emerged.[10]
By the early 1870s, an independent Bulgarian autocepholous church and a separate Bulgarian ethnic community was recognized by the Ottoman authorities. Linguistic proposals for a common language were rejected by the Bulgarian Movement, proclaiming Macedonian a "degenerate dialect" and stating that Macedonian Slavs should learn standard Bulgarian.[21] The same period also saw the rise of the "Macedonists" who argued that the Macedonian language should be used for the Macedonian Slavs, who they saw as a distinct people on the Balkans.[25] Poetry written in the Struga dialect with elements from Russian also appeared.[9] At that time, textbooks were also published and they used either spoken dialectal forms of the language or a mixed Bulgarian-Macedonian language.[25]
Revival era
In 1875,
Between 1892 and 1894 the maganize Loza, which was run by IMRO revolutionaries, used a distinct style of writing for their monthly magazine: they dropped the usage of the letter ya (Я) and big yus (Ѫ) and instead used the letter i for je (J), while also taking some inspiration from Serbian grammar.[27][non-primary source needed]
Prior to the codification of the standard languages (incl. Standard Macedonian), the boundaries between the South Slavic languages had yet to be "conceptualized in modern terms" and the linguistic norms were still in the process of development (including the Bulgarian standard language).[29][25] Thus, the creation of boundaries within the South Slavic linguistic continuum is "relatively recent", with the distinction between Bulgarian and Serbian still being contested in 1822 among European Slavists.[26]
The period after the
Codification
On 2 August 1944 at the first
After the
History of the Macedonian alphabet
In the 19th and first half of the 20th century, Macedonian writers started writing texts in their own Macedonian dialects using
Political views on the language through history
Recognition
Politicians and scholars from North Macedonia, Bulgaria and Greece have opposing views about the existence and distinctiveness of the Macedonian language. Through history and especially before its codification, Macedonian has been referred to as a variant of Bulgarian,[58] Serbian[42] or a distinct language of its own.[59][60] During the late 19th/early 20th century, Greeks claimed that Macedonian dialects were "a corrupted version of ancient Macedonian".[61] Historically, after its codification, the use of the language has been a subject of different views in Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. In the interwar period, Macedonian was treated as a South Serbian dialect in Yugoslavia in accordance with claims made in the 19th century but the government permitted its use in dialectal literature.[10] The 1940s saw opposing views on the Macedonian language in Bulgaria; while its existence was recognized in 1946-47 and allowed as the language of instruction in schools in Pirin Macedonia, the period after 1948 saw its rejection and restricted domestic use.[21]
Until 1999, Macedonian had never been recognized as a minority language in Greece and attempts to have Macedonian-language books introduced in education have failed.[21] For instance, a Macedonian primer Abecedar was published in 1925 in Athens but was never used and eventually, most copies were destroyed.[10] Professor Christina Kramer argues that Greek policies have largely been based on denying connection between the Macedonian codified standard and that of the Slavophone minority in the country and sees it as "clearly directed towards the elimination of Macedonian".[21] The number of speakers of Macedonian in Greece has been difficult to establish since part of the Slavophone Greek population is also considered speakers of Bulgarian by Bulgarian linguists.[58][62][63] In recent years, there have been attempts to have the language recognized as a minority language in Greece.[64] In Albania, Macedonian was recognized after 1946 and mother-tongue instructions were offered in some village schools until grade four.[21]
Autonomous language dispute
Bulgarian scholars have and continue to widely consider Macedonian part of the
Although Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the independence of the Republic of Macedonia, most of its academics, as well as the general public, regarded the language spoken there as a form of Bulgarian.[2] Dialect experts of the Bulgarian language refer to the Macedonian language as македонска езикова форма i.e. Macedonian linguistic norm of the Bulgarian language.
Naming dispute
The Greek scientific and local community was opposed to using the denomination Macedonian to refer to the language in light of the
Gallery
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The 11th centuryGlagoliticwriting system.
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Cyrillic manuscript in Church Slavonic from the 13th century found inVranestica.
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Page from a Bulgarian-Greek dictionary from the 16th century written in Greek letters in Kostur dialect.
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Marko Teodorrovic's primer. Teodorovic, who was Bulgarian from Bansko, printed it in 1792 in mixture of Church Slavonic and vernacular in Belgrade.
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Yoakim Karchovski's vernacular book, 1814. Per its author it was written in "the plainest Bulgarian language".
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Konikovo Gospel, 1852 typed with Greek letters in vernacular. On the title page is inscription "Written in Bulgarian language".
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Kulakia Gospel, 1863. It represents translation from Greek evangeliarium to Solun-Voden dialect and was written by hand with Greek letters from Evstati Kipriadi in "Bulgarian language".
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"A Dictionary of Three languages" published by Gjorgjija Pulevski in 1875 in Belgrade. It presented Macedonian, Albanian and Turkish.
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TheMacedonian dialects much more in the standard Bulgarian language. The magazine was banned as separatist by the authorities.
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Front cover of Za Makedonckite Raboti. In 1903 Krste Misirkov argued for the codification of a standard literary Macedonian language in it.
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"Abecedar" was a primer prepared by the Greek government in 1925, intended for the Slavic speaking minority in Greek Macedonia.
-
Issue of theIMRO newspaper "Svoboda ili smart" from April 1933. All official documents of the Macedonian revolutionary organization from its foundation in 1893 until its ban in 1934 were in standard Bulgarian.
See also
References
- ^ ISSN 1857-6060.
- ^ Koneski, Blazhe (1967). Историја на македонскиот јазик [History of the Macedonian Language] (in Macedonian). Skopje: Kultura.
- ^ Friedman 2001, p. 435
- ^ a b c "Повелба за македонскиот јазик" [Charter for the Macedonian language] (PDF) (in Macedonian). Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ a b Usikova 2005, p. 103
- ^ a b Browne, Wayles; Vsevolodovich Ivanov, Vyacheslav. "Slavic languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Old Church Slavonic language". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ISBN 3110162849, p. 4.
- ^ a b c d e f Usikova 2005, p. 106
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Friedman 2001, p. 436
- ^ Friedman 2001, p. 438
- ^ a b Lunt, H. (1953) "A Survey of Macedonian Literature" in Harvard Slavic Studies, Vol. 1, pp. 363-396
- ^ a b Lunt, H. (1952) Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language (Skopje)
- ^ a b Lunt, H. (1986) "On Macedonian Nationality" in Slavic Review, Vol. 45, pp. 729-734
- ^ "Bulgarians" were they called by the Greeks of Macedonia and "Bulgarian" was their dialect termed, as is shown by the 16th century "Macedonian Dictionary", a glossary of 301 Slavic words and phrases that were current in the region of Kastoria. For more see: Nikolaos P. Andriōtēs, The Federative Republic of Skopje and its language, Volume 77 of Macedonian Bibliotheca, Edition 2, Society for Macedonian Studies, 1991, p. 19.
- ISBN 978-954-680-768-7, 2011, pp. 53-55.(in Bulgarian).
- ^ 'Un Lexique Macedonien Du XVIe Siecle', Giannelli, Ciro. Avec la collaboration de Andre Vaillant, 1958
- ^ F. A. K. Yasamee "NATIONALITY IN THE BALKANS: THE CASE OF THE MACEDONIANS" in Balkans: A Mirror of the New World Order, Istanbul: EREN, 1995; pp. 121–132.
- ^ ISBN 0-631-22039-9
- ISBN 978-90-5201-374-9. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kramer 1999, p. ?
- ISBN 978-0-8108-6295-1. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ Theodora Dragostinova, From Rum Millet to Greek and Bulgarian Nations: Religious and National Debates in the Borderlands of the Ottoman Empire, 1870–1913. Ohio State University, 2011, Columbus, OH.
- ^ "Венедиктов Г. К. Болгарский литературный язык эпохи Возрождения. Проблемы нормализации и выбора диалектной основы. Отв. ред. Л. Н. Смирнов. М.: "Наука"" (PDF). 1990. pp. 163–170. (Rus.). Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d Nihtinen 1999, p. ?
- ^ a b c Victor A. Friedman (1975). "Macedonian language and nationalism during the 19th and early 20th centuries" (PDF). Balcanistica. 2: 83–98. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ Loza Magazines between 1892 and 1894
- ^ a b Pejoska-Bouchereau 2008, p. 146
- ^ Joseph, Brian D. et al. When Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Competition and Coexistence; Ohio State University Press (2002), p.261
- ISBN 0-312-12116-4. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ Duncan Perry, "The Republic of Macedonia: finding its way" in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrot (eds.), Politics, power and the struggle for Democracy in South-Eastern Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 228-229.
- ISBN 1784770841, p. 47.
- ^ Friedman 1998, p. ?
- S2CID 174770777. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 February 2020.
- ^ ISBN 0230523889, p. 126.
- ISBN 3110215470.
- ISBN 3110393689, chapter 109.
- ^ The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- ^ Florin Curta. Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages; 500–1250.; Cambridge. Pg 216
- ISBN 1139457284.
- ISBN 0-7486-1515-6. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- ^ a b Comrie & Corbett 2002, p. 251
- ^ Dedaić, Mirjana N. et al. South Slavic Discourse Particles; John Benjamins Publishing (2010) p. 13
- ^ Keith Brown, Macedonia's Child-grandfathers: The Transnational Politics of Memory, Exile, and Return, 1948-1998; Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, 2003, p. 32.
- ^ ISBN 900425076X, pp. 479–480.
- ISBN 0892415401, p. 203.
- ^ The Macedonian Times, issues 51–62; MI-AN, 1999, p. 141.
- ISBN 3110215470, p. 1476.
- ^ Проф. д-р Антони Стоилов и колектив, Крайно време е за сътрудничество. За езиковия спор, македонската литературна норма, Мисирков и възможностите за сътрудничество между езиковедите от Република Македония и Република България във В-к Култура – Брой 28 (2908), 21 юли 2017 г.
- ^ Стефан Дечев: Българските и македонски политици задминаха националните историци; списание Marginalia, 24.06.2019 г.
- ^ Кочев, Иван, Александров Иван, Документи за съчиняването на „македонския книжовен език", сп. Македонски преглед, Македонски научен институт, стр. 5-22; кн. 4. 1991 г.
- ^ When Blaze Koneski, the founder of the Macedonian standard language, as a young boy, returned to his Macedonian native village from the Serbian town where he went to school, he was ridiculed for his Serbianized language. Cornelis H. van Schooneveld, Linguarum: Series maior, Issue 20, Mouton., 1966, p. 295.
- ISBN 3954770369, pp. 367-375.
- ^ Kronsteiner, Otto, Zerfall Jugoslawiens und die Zukunft der makedonischen Literatursprache: Der späte Fall von Glottotomie? in: Die slawischen Sprachen (1992) 29, 142-171.
- ^ Usikova 2005, p. 105.
- .
- ^ "Со решение на АСНОМ: 72 години од усвојувањето на македонската азбука". Javno (in Macedonian). 5 May 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ OCLC 6430481.
- ^ Max K. Adler. Marxist Linguistic Theory and Communist Practice: A Sociolinguistic Study; Buske Verlag (1980), p.215
- ^ Seriot 1997, pp. 270–271
- ^ Alexis Heraclides (2021). The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians. Taylor & Francis. p. 152.
- ^ Shklifov, Blagoy (1995). Проблеми на българската диалектна и историческа фонетика с оглед на македонските говори (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Kacharmazov. p. 14.
- ^ Shklifov, Blagoy (1977). Речник на костурския говор, Българска диалектология (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Book VIII. pp. 201–205.
- ^ "Report of the independent expert on minority issues, Gay McDougall Mission to Greece 8–16 September 2008" (PDF). Greek Helsinki Monitor. United Nations Human Rights Council. 18 February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2011.
- ISBN 3-11-013530-2. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- ISBN 0-691-04356-6. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- ^ a b Shklifov, Blagoy; Shklifova, Ekaterina (2003). Български деалектни текстове от Егейска Македония [Bulgarian dialect texts from Aegean Macedonia] (in Bulgarian). Sofia. pp. 28–36.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ ISBN 978-3823368250.
- ^ "Bulgarian Academy of Sciences is firm that "Macedonian language" is Bulgarian dialect". Bulgarian National Radio. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ^ Jakov Marusic, Sinisa (10 October 2019). "Bulgaria Sets Tough Terms for North Macedonia's EU Progress". Balkan Insights. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ Trudgill 1992, p. ?
- ^ Lois Whitman (1994): Denying ethnic identity: The Macedonians of Greece Helsinki Human Rights Watch. p.39 [1] at Google Books
- ^ "Greek Helsinki Monitor – Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities". Archived from the original on 23 May 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ Danforth, Loring M. The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. p. 62. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- ISBN 1564321320.
- ^ "Republic of North Macedonia with Macedonian language and identity, says Greek media". Meta.mk. Meta. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
- ^ Friedman, V. (1998) "The implementation of standard Macedonian: problems and results" in International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Vol. 131, pp. 31-57
- ^ Topolinjska, Z. (1998) "In place of a foreword: facts about the Republic of Macedonia and the Macedonian language" in International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Vol. 131, pp. 1-11
- ^ Friedman, V. (1985) "The sociolinguistics of literary Macedonian" in International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Vol. 52, pp. 31-57
- ^ Tomić, O. (1991) "Macedonian as an Ausbau language" in Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations, pp. 437-454
- ^ Mahon, M. (1998) "The Macedonian question in Bulgaria" in Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 4, pp. 389-407
Bibliography
- Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville (2002), "The Macedonian language", The Slavonic Languages, New York: Routledge Publications
- Friedman, Victor (1998), "The implementation of standard Macedonian: problems and results", International Journal of the Sociology of Language (131): 31–57, S2CID 143891784
- Friedman, Victor (2001), Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (eds.), Macedonian: Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the Worlds Major Languages, Past and Present (PDF), New York: Holt, pp. 435–439, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2019, retrieved 18 March 2020
- Nihtinen, Atina (1999), "Language, Cultural Identity and Politics in the Cases of Macedonian and Scots", Slavonica, 5 (1): 46–58,
- Pejoska-Bouchereau, Frosa (2008), "Histoire de la langue macédonienne" [History of the Macedonian language], Revue des Études Slaves (in French), pp. 145–161
- Seriot, Patrick (1997), "Faut-il que les langues aient un nom? Le cas du macédonien" [Do languages have to have a name? The case of Macedonian], in Tabouret-Keller, Andrée (ed.), Le nom des langues. L'enjeu de la nomination des langues (in French), vol. 1, Louvain: Peeters, pp. 167–190, archived from the original on 5 September 2001
- Trudgill, Peter (1992), "Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe", International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 2 (2): 167–177,
- Usikova, Rina Pavlovna (2005), Языки мира. Славянские языки: Македонский язык [Languages of the world. Slavic languages: Macedonian language] (in Russian), Moscow: ISBN 5-87444-216-2
External links
- The first phonological conference for Macedonian Archived 16 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine with short history, Victor Friedman.
- Dictionary of Three Languages by Georgi Pulevski (1875)