History of the Philippines (900–1565)
Rajahnate of Butuan, Rajahnate of Sanmalan, Kota Wato, Kota Sug, Ma-i, Dapitan, Gold artifacts, Singhapala | |
Characteristics | Indianized kingdoms, Hindu and Buddhist Nations, Malay Sultanates |
---|---|
Preceded by | Prehistory of the Philippines |
Followed by | Colonial era |
The recorded history of the Philippines between 900 and 1565 begins with the creation of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription in 900 and ends with the beginning of Spanish colonization in 1565. The inscription records its date of creation in 822 Saka (900 CE). The discovery of this document marks the end of the prehistory of the Philippines at 900 AD. During this historical time period, the Philippine archipelago was home to numerous kingdoms and sultanates and was a part of the Indosphere and Sinosphere.[1][2][3][4]
Sources of precolonial history include archeological findings; records from contact with the Song dynasty, the Brunei Sultanate, Korea, Japan, and Muslim traders; the genealogical records of Muslim rulers; accounts written by Spanish chroniclers in the 16th and 17th centuries; and cultural patterns that at the time had not yet been replaced through European influence.
Societal categories
Early Philippine society was composed of such diverse subgroups as e.g., fishermen, farmers and hunter/gatherers, with some living in mountainside swiddens, some on houseboats and some in commercially developed coastal ports. Some subgroups were economically self-sufficient, and others had symbiotic relationships with neighboring subgroups.[5]: 138 Society can be classified into four categories as follows:[5]: 139
- Classless societies, societies with no terms which distinguish one social class from another;
- Warrior societies, societies with a recognized class distinguished by prowess in battle;
- Petty plutocrats, societies with a recognized class characterized by inherited real property; and
- Principalities, societies with a recognized ruling class with inherited rights to assume political office, or exercise central authority
Laguna Copperplate Inscription
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) is the earliest record of a Philippine language and the presence of writing in the islands.[6] The document measures around 20 cm by 30 cm and is inscribed with ten lines of writing on one side.
Text
The text of the LCI was mostly written in
The text notes the acquittal of all descendants of a certain honorable Namwaran from a debt of 1 kati and 8 suwarna, equivalent to 926.4 grams of
Politics
Emergence of Independent polities
Locations of pre-colonial principalities, polities, kingdoms and sultanates in the Philippine archipelagoEarly settlements, referred to as barangays, ranged from 20 to 100 families on the coast, and around 150–200 people in more interior areas. Coastal settlements were connected over water, with much less contact occurring between highland and lowland areas.[7] By the 1300s, a number of the large coastal settlements had emerged as trading centers, and became the focal point of societal changes.[8] Some polities had exchanges with other states across Asia.[9][10][11][12][13]
Polities founded in the Philippines from the 10th–16th centuries include
Social classes
The fourth societal category above can be termed the datu class, and was a titled aristocracy.[5]: 150–151 [21]
The early polities were typically made up of three-tier social structure: a nobility class, a class of "freemen", and a class of dependent debtor-bondsmen:[8][9]
- Datu (ruling class)
- Maginoo (noble class, where the datu ascends from)
- Maharlika (warrior class)[22]
- Timawa (freemen)
- Alipin (dependent class), classified into aliping namamahay (serfs) and aliping saguiguilid (slaves)[23]
Polity / Kingdom | Period | Today part of |
---|---|---|
Ijang | unknown – 1790 | Batanes |
Lakanate of Lawan | unknown –1605 | Samar, parts of Eastern Visayas |
Samtoy | unknown – 1572 | Ilocos Region |
Tondo
|
Before 900 – 1589 | Bicol
|
Ma-i | Before 971 – c. 1339 | Southern Luzon
|
Rajahnate of Sanmalan | Before 982 – 1500s | Zamboanga |
Sandao | c.1000 – c. 1300s | |
Rajahnate of Butuan | c.989 – 1521 | Butuan, parts of Northern Mindanao and Caraga |
Cainta | unknown – 1571 | Cainta |
Kedatuan of Mairete | unknown – 1569 | parts of Northern Leyte |
Kedatuan of Bohol/Dapitan | unknown –1595 | Bohol, parts of Northern Mindanao |
Namayan | Before 1175–1571 | Manila, parts of Calabarzon |
Kedatuan of Madja-as | c.1200 – 1569 | Western Visayas |
Kumintáng | unknown – 1572 | Batangas |
Pulilu | unknown – 1571 | Polillo, Quezon |
Ibalon | unknown – 1573 | Bicol Region |
Taytay | c.1300 – 1623 | Northern Palawan |
Sultanate of Buayan | c.1350-1905 | Parts of Maguindanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur, Cotabato, South Cotabato and General Santos City |
Rajahnate of Sugbu | c.1400–1565 | Cebu, parts of Central Visayas |
Sultanate of Sulu | 1457–1915 | Sulu Archipelago, parts of Southern Palawan, Sabah, North and East Kalimantan in north-eastern Borneo |
Caboloan | Before 1225 – 1576 | Northern Luzon
|
Maynila | c.1500–1571 | Manila, parts of Central Luzon
|
Sultanate of Maguindanao | 1515–1928 | |
Sultanates of Lanao | 1515 – Present | Bangsamoro
|
Other political systems by ethnic group
In Luzon
In the Cagayan Valley, the head of the Ilongot city-states was called a benganganat, while for the Gaddang it was called a mingal.[24][25][26]
The Ilocano people in northwestern Luzon were originally located in modern-day Ilocos Sur and were led by a babacnang. Their polity was called Samtoy which did not have a royal family but, rather, was a collection of certain barangays (chiefdoms).
In Mindanao
The Lumad people from inland Mindanao are known to have been headed by a datu.
The Subanon people in the Zamboanga Peninsula were ruled by a timuay until they were overcame by the Sultanate of Sulu in the 13th century.
The Sama-Bajau people in Sulu who were not Muslims nor affiliated with the Sultanate of Sulu were ruled by a nakurah before the arrival of Islam.
Trade
Trade with China is believed to have begun during the Tang dynasty, but grew more extensive during the Song dynasty.[27] By the 2nd millennium CE, some Philippine polities were known to have sent trade delegations which participated in the Tributary system enforced by the Chinese imperial court, trading but without direct political or military control.[28][page needed][9] The items much prized in the islands included jars, which were a symbol of wealth throughout South Asia, and later metal, salt and tobacco. In exchange were traded feathers, rhino horns, hornbill beaks, beeswax, bird's-nests, resin, and rattan.
Indian influence
Indian cultural traits, such as linguistic terms and religious practices, began to spread within the Philippines during the 10th century, likely via the Hindu Majapahit empire.[12][8][29]
Writing systems
Brahmic scripts reached the Philippines in the form of the Kawi script, and later the Baybayin writing system.[30] The Laguna Copperplate Inscription was written using the Kawi script.
Baybayin
By the 13th or 14th century, the baybayin script was used for the Tagalog language. It spread to Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan, Panay and Leyte, but there is no proof it was used in Mindanao.
There were at least three varieties of baybayin in the late 16th century. These are comparable to different variations of Latin which use slightly different sets of letters and spelling systems.
In 1521, the chronicler
Earliest documented Chinese contact
The earliest date suggested for direct Chinese contact with the Philippines was 982. At the time, merchants from "
Arrival of Islam
Beginnings
The Sultanate of Sulu once encompassed parts of modern-day Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Its royal house claims descent from Muhammad.[citation needed]
Bruneian attacks
Early in the 16th century, the
Spanish expeditions
This article or section appears to contradict itself on leaders of the expeditions subsequent to Magellen's expedition in 1521.(September 2020) |
The following table summarizes expeditions made by the Spanish to the Philippine archipelago.
Year | Leader | Ships | Landing |
---|---|---|---|
1521 | / Ferdinand Magellan | Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago and Victoria | Homonhon, Limasawa, Cebu |
1525 | García Jofre de Loaísa
|
Santa María de la Victoria, Espiritu Santo, Anunciada, San Gabriel, Jayson Ponce, Santa María del Parral, San Lesmes and Santiago | Surigao, Visayas, Mindanao |
1527 | Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón | 3 unknown ships | Mindanao |
1542 | Ruy López de Villalobos | Santiago, Jorge, San Antonio, San Cristóbal, San Martín, and San Juan | Saranggani
|
1564 | Miguel López de Legazpi | San Pedro, San Pablo, San Juan and San Lucas | first landed on Samar, established colonies as part of Spanish Empire |
First expedition
Although the archipelago may have been visited before by the Portuguese (who conquered Malacca City in 1511 and reached Maluku Islands in 1512),[citation needed] the earliest European expedition to the Philippine archipelago was led by the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan in the service of King Charles I of Spain in 1521.[38]
The Magellan expedition sighted the mountains of
Magellan sought alliances among the people in the islands beginning with Datu Zula of
At dawn on April 27, 1521, Magellan with 60 armed men and 1,000 Visayan warriors had great difficulty landing on the rocky shore of Mactan where Lapulapu had an army of 1,500 waiting on land. Magellan waded ashore with his soldiers and attacked Lapulapu's forces, telling Datu Zula and his warriors to remain on the ships and watch. Magellan underestimated the army of Lapulapu, and, grossly outnumbered, Magellan and 14 of his soldiers were killed. The rest managed to reboard the ships.[citation needed]
The battle left the expedition with too few crewmen to man three ships, so they abandoned the "
Subsequent expeditions
After Magellan's expedition, four more expeditions were made to the islands, led by
In 1543, Villalobos named the islands of Leyte and Samar Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain, at the time Prince of Asturias.[42]
Conquest of the islands
Philip II became
On November 19 or 20, 1564, a Spanish expedition of a mere 500 men led by
See also
- Anito
- Antonio de Morga
- Antonio Pigafetta
- Barangay (pre-colonial)
- Baybayin
- Boxer Codex
- Butuan (historical polity)
- Cainta (historical polity)
- Caboloan
- Dambana
- Datu
- Enrique of Malacca
- Ferdinand Magellan
- First Mass in the Philippines
- Tondo (historical polity)
- Lacandola Documents
- Lakan
- Lapulapu
- List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines
- Luzones
- Ma-i
- Madja-as
- Maginoo
- Maharlika
- Maynila (historical polity)
- Philippine shamans
- Pintados
- Pulilu
- Rajah
- Rajah Humabon
- Rajahnate of Butuan
- Rajahnate of Cebu
- Sandao
- Sanmalan
- Sultanate of Maguindanao
- Sultanate of Sulu
- Sultanate of Buayan
- Sultanate of Lanao
- Suyat
- Thimuay
- Timawa
- Warfare in pre-colonial Philippines
- Tawalisi
- Use of gold in early Philippine history
- History of the Philippines
- Prehistory of the Philippines
- History of the Philippines (Spanish Era 1521–1898)
- History of the Philippines (American Era 1898–1946)
- History of the Philippines (Third Republic 1946–65)
- History of the Philippines (Marcos Era 1965–86)
- History of the Philippines (Contemporary Era 1986–present)
References
- ^ ISBN 971-550-135-4.
- ^ "Philippines | The Ancient Web". theancientweb.com. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
- ISBN 9711005247.
- ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6.
- ^ JSTOR 42632474– via Jstor.
- ^ Postma, Antoon (1992). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary". Philippine Studies. 40 (2): 182–203.
- ISBN 978-0-8248-6197-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-971-622-006-3.[page needed]
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8248-2035-0. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
- ISBN 978-981-4260-13-8.[page needed]
- ^ Sals, Florent Joseph (2005). The history of Agoo : 1578–2005. La Union: Limbagan Printhouse. p. 80.
- ^ ]
- ^ "Timeline of history". Archived from the original on November 23, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
- ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ISBN 978-971-95551-6-2.
- ^ Legarda, Benito Jr. (2001). "Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines". Kinaadman (Wisdom) A Journal of the Southern Philippines. 23: 40.
- ISBN 9781134200504. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
Each boat carried a large family group, and the master of the boat retained power as leader, or datu, of the village established by his family. This form of village social organization can be found as early as the 13th century in Panay, Bohol, Cebu, Samar and Leyte in the Visayas, and in Batangas, Pampanga and Tondo in Luzon. Evidence suggests a considerable degree of independence as small city-states with their heads known as datu, rajah or sultan.
- ISBN 978-971-542-568-1. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
- ^ Mallari, Perry Gil S. (April 5, 2014). "War and peace in precolonial Philippines". Manila Times. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ISBN 9780824832728. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
Given the significance of the size and distribution of the population to the spread of diseases and their ability to become endemic, it is worth commenting briefly on the physical and human geography of the Philippines. The hot and humid tropical climate would have generally favored the propagation of many diseases, especially water-borne infections, though there might be regional or seasonal variations in climate that might affect the incidence of some diseases. In general, however, the fact that the Philippines comprise some seven thousand islands, some of which are uninhabited even today, would have discouraged the spread of infections, as would the low population density.
- ^ "Chapter 30 : What is the Oldest Kingdom in the Philippines? The Lakanate of Lawan or Tondo, or the Muslim Sultanate or the Spanish Kingdom?". sites.google.com/site/truelakandula. The United Royal Houses of the Philippines. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
- ^ Scott, William Henry (1992). Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino.. p. 2.
- ^ Woods, Damon L. (1992). "Tomas Pinpin and the Literate Indio: Tagalog Writing in the Early Spanish Philippines" (PDF). UCLA Historical Journal. 12.
- ^ "The Islands of Leyte and Samar – National Commission for Culture and the Arts".
- ^ "ILONGOT – National Commission for Culture and the Arts".
- ^ "GLIMPSES: Peoples of the Philippines".
- ISBN 978-0-415-29777-6. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
- ^ Scott 1994.
- ISBN 978-1-74114-448-2.[page needed]
- ^ Baybayin, the Ancient Philippine script Archived August 21, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed September 4, 2008.
- ^ Morrow, Paul. "Baybayin Styles & Their Sources". Retrieved April 25, 2020.
- ^ de San Agustin, Caspar (1646). Conquista de las Islas Filipinas 1565–1615.
'Tienen sus letras y caracteres como los malayos, de quien los aprendieron; con ellos escriben con unos punzones en cortezas de caña y hojas de palmas, pero nunca se les halló escritura antinua alguna ni luz de su orgen y venida a estas islas, conservando sus costumbres y ritos por tradición de padres a hijos din otra noticia alguna.'
- ^ Go, Bon Juan (2005). "Ma'l in Chinese Records – Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle". Philippine Studies. 53 (1). Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University: 119–138. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
- ^ ISBN 971-91666-0-6.
- ISBN 971-10-0226-4.
- ISBN 0-8028-4945-8. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ del Mundo, Clodualdo (September 20, 1999). "Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam)". Diwang Kayumanggi. Archived from the original on October 18, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
- ISBN 971-642-222-9.
- ^ Zaide 2006, p. 78
- ^ Zaide 2006, pp. 80–81
- ^ Zaide 2006, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Scott 1985, p. 51.
- ^ Williams 2008, p. 14
- ISBN 978-971-550-556-7.
- ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
- ^ Zaide 1939, p. 113
Further reading
- Scott, William Henry. (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History (Revised Edition). New Day Publishers, Quezon City. ISBN 9711002264.
- Scott, William Henry (1985), Cracks in the parchment curtain and other essays in Philippine history, New Day Publishers, ISBN 978-971-10-0074-5.
- Zaide, Gregorio F. (1939), Philippine History and Civilization, Philippine Education Co..
- Zaide, Sonia M (2006), The Philippines: A Unique Nation, All-Nations Publishing Co Inc, Quezon City, ISBN 971-642-071-4.
External links
- Media related to History of the Philippines (900–1565) at Wikimedia Commons
- Pre-colonial Manila