History of the family
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The history of the
Definition of family
Co-residence and organization by kinship are both important in the development of the concept of the family. A co-residential group that makes up a meant both "family" and "household".)
Historiography
The history of the family emerged as a separate field of history in the 1970s, with close ties to anthropology and sociology.
History of childhood
The history of childhood is a growing subfield.[11][12]
Family history methods
History of the family
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Historical perspectives of family studies
These are some approaches through which family history can be viewed:
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Early scholars of family history applied
The book,
Research methodology
Since the early 20th century, scholars have begun to unify methods of gathering data.[13] One notable book by W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki, Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918), was influential in establishing the precedence of systematic longitudinal data analysis.[13] Gathering church files, court records, letters, architectural and archeological evidence, art and iconography, and food and material culture increased the objectivity and reproducibility of family reconstruction studies.[17] Studies of current family systems additionally employ qualitative observations, interviews, focus groups, and quantitative surveys.[18][19]
Family of origin
In most cultures of the world, the beginning of family history is set in creation myths.[20] In Works and Days, the ancient Greek poet Hesiod describes the epic destruction of four previous Ages of Man.[21] The utopia that was the Golden Age was eventually replaced by the current Iron Age; a time when gods made man live in "hopeless misery and toil."[21] Hesiod's second poem Theogony, described the Greek gods' relationships and family ties.[22] Ancient Greeks believed that among them, were descendants of gods who qualified for priesthood or other privileged social status.[23]
The Judeo-Christian tradition originates in the Bible's Book of Genesis. The first man and woman created by God gave rise to all of the humanity. The Bible reflects the patriarchal worldview and often refers to the practice of polygamy. In biblical times, men sought to prove their descent from the family of the prophet Moses in order to be accepted into the priesthood.[23]
Roman families would include everyone within a household under the authoritarian role of the father, the pater familias; this included grown children and the slaves of the household.[24] Children born outside of marriage, from common and legal concubinage, could not inherit the father's property or name; instead, they belong to the social group and family of their mothers'.[25]
Most ancient cultures like those of
Many cultures used other symbols to document their history of descent.
European
In 1632, Virginia was the first state in the New World mandating a civil law that christenings, marriages, and burials were to be recorded.[23] Historians of the family have made extensive use of genealogical data of the sort collected by organizations of descendants such as the National Society of Old Plymouth Colony Descendants, The Society of Mayflower Descendants, Daughters of the American Revolution, National Society Sons of the American Revolution, and Society of the Descendants of the Founding Fathers of New England.[30][31] The Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, a major scholarly organization in England founded in 1964, regularly consulted genealogists in developing their database for the history of the English family and statistical analysis of long-term demographic trends.[32]
Evolution of household
The organization of the pre-industrial family is now believed to be similar to modern types of family.
Family types of pre-industrial Europe belonged into two basic groups, the "simple household system" (the
The pre-industrial family had many functions including food production,
Additionally, in the absence of government institutions, the family was the only resource to cope with sickness and aging.[35] Because of the industrial revolution and new work and living conditions, families changed, transferring to public institutions responsibility for food production and the education and welfare of its aging and sick members.[37] Post-industrial families became more private, nuclear, domestic and based on the emotional bonding between husband and wife, and between parents and children.[37]
Historian Lawrence Stone identifies three major types of family structure in England: in about 1450–1630, the open lineage family dominated. The Renaissance era, 1550–1700, brought the restricted patriarchal nuclear family. The early modern world 1640-1800 emphasized the closed domesticated nuclear family.[38] Stone's conclusions have been disputed by other historians;[39] Peter Laslett and Alan MacFarlane believe the nuclear family became common in England beginning in the thirteenth century.[40]
Post-materialist and postmodern values have become research topics related to the family.[41] According to Judith Stacy in 1990, "We are living, I believe, through a transitional and contested period of family history, a period 'after' the modern family order."[42] As of 2019, there are more than 110 million single people in the United States. More than 50% of the American adult population is single compared to 22% in 1950. Jeremy Greenwood, Professor of economics at the University of Pennsylvania has explored how technological progress has affected the family. In particular, he discusses how technological advance has led to more married women working, a decline in fertility, an increase in the number of single households, social change, longer lifespans, and a rise in the fraction of life spent in retirement.[43] Sociologist Elyakim Kislev lists some of the major drivers for the decline in the family institution: women’s growing independence, risk aversion in an age of divorce, demanding careers, rising levels of education, individualism, secularization, popular media, growing transnational mobility, and urbanization processes.[44]
See also
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Notes
- ^ a b c d Hareven 1991, p. 95.
- ^ van den Berghe 1979, p. 16.
- ^ van den Berghe 1979, p. 50.
- ^ "family". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Tamara K. Hareven, "The history of the family and the complexity of social change," American Historical Review, Feb 1991, Vol. 96 Issue 1, pp. 95–124
- ^ Cynthia Comacchio, "'The History of Us': Social Science, History, and the Relations of Family in Canada," Labour / Le Travail, Fall 2000, Vol. 46, pp. 167–220, with very thorough coverage.
- ^ see Journal of Family History, quarterly since 1976
- ^ Thomas Dublin, "Women, Work, and Family: The View from the United States," Journal of Women's History, Autumn 99, Vol. 11 Issue 3, pp. 17–21.
- ^ D'Ann Campbell, Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era (1984) online
- ^ Mary Jo Maynes and Ann Beth Waltner, The Family: A World History (Oxford University Press, 2012) online review
- Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood(2006).
- ^ Joseph M. Hawes and N. Ray Hiner, "Hidden in Plain View: The History of Children (and Childhood) in the Twenty-First Century," Journal of the History of Childhood & Youth, Jan 2008, Vol. 1 Issue 1, pp. 43–49.
- ^ a b c d "Sociology/Founding the discipline". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
- ^ Morgan 1877
- ^ Encyclopedia, Britannica. "Cultural Anthropology". Retrieved 2009-07-22.
- ^ "The Marxists Internet Archive". Retrieved 2009-07-17.
- ^ Wrigley 1977, p. 74.
- ^ Daly 2007.
- ^ Bengston 2006.
- ^ Rosenberg 1986
- ^ a b Hesiod 1985.
- ^ Hesiod 1997
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Potter-Phillips, Donna. "History of Genealogy". Family Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
- ^ "The Illustrated History of the Roman Empire". Archived from the original on 2015-11-01. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
- ^ Letourneau 1904.
- ^ Phillip, Walter Alison. "King § Divine Right of Kings". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 806.
- ISBN 9781444390759.
Christianity placed great emphasis on the family and on all members from children to the aged
- ^ Wiesner, Merry E. “The Family.” Gender in History: Global Perspectives, Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, p. 38.
- ISBN 9781134365449.
in cultures with stronger 'extended family traditions', such as Asian and Catholic countries
- ^ John W. Adams and Alice Bee Kasakoff, "Migration and the family in colonial New England: The view from genealogies." Journal of Family History 9.1 (1984): 24-43.
- ^ Lloyd DeWitt Bockstruck, "Four Centuries of Genealogy: A Historical Overview." RQ 23#2 (1983): 162-70. online.
- ISBN 9780865541689.
- ^ a b Hareven 1991.
- ^ a b c d Kretzer 2002.
- ^ a b Hareven 1991, p. 96.
- ^ Wrigley 1977, p. 72.
- ^ a b Hareven 1991, p. 120.
- ^ Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England 1500-1800 (1977)
- ^ Review by of Stone's book by Alan Macfarlane, 2002
- ^ The Real Roots of the Nuclear Family
- S2CID 148812711.
- ISBN 9781475753677.
- ISBN 9780262039239.
- ^ Kislev, Elyakim (2019). Happy Singlehood: The Rising Acceptance and Celebration of Solo Living. University of California Press.
Further reading
- Bengtson, Vern L.; Alan C. Acock; David M. Klein; Katherine R. Allen; Peggye Dilworth-Anderson (2006). Sourcebook of family theory & research. SAGE. ISBN 1-4129-4085-0.
- Coleman, Marilyn and Lawrence Ganong, eds. The Social History of the American Family: An Encyclopedia (4 vol, 2014). 600 articles by scholars; 2144pp; excerpt
- Daly, Kerry (2007). Qualitative methods for family studies & human development. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-1402-4.
- Ellens, J. Harold (2006). Sex in the Bible: a new consideration. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-98767-1.
- Field, Corinne T., and Nicholas L. Syrett, eds. Age in America: The Colonial Era to the Present (New York University Press, 2015). viii, 338 pp.
- Greenwood, Jeremy (2019). Evolving Households: The Imprint of Technology on Life. The MIT Press. ISBN 9780262039239.
- Hanson, K. C.; Douglas E. Oakman (2002). Palestine in the Time of Jesus: Social Structures and Social Conflicts. Fortress Press. ISBN 0-8006-3470-5.
- Hareven, Tamara K. (February 1991). "The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change". The American Historical Review. 96 (1). American Historical Association: 95–124. JSTOR 2164019.
- Hesiod; Thomas Alan Sinclair (1985). Works and days. Georg Olms Verlag. ISBN 3-487-05414-0.
- Hesiod; M. L. West (1997). Theogony. NetLibrary, Incorporated. ISBN 0-585-34339-X.
- Kertzer, David I. (1991). "Household History and Sociological Theory". Annual Review of Sociology. 17 (1). Annual Reviews: 155–179. JSTOR 2083339.
- Kertzer, David I.; Marzio Barbagli (2002). The History of the European Family: Family life in the long nineteenth century (1789-1913). Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09090-0.
- Letourneau, Charles (1904). The Evolution of Marriage and of the Family. Scott Pub. Co.
- Mousourakis, George (2003). The historical and institutional context of Roman law. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-2114-6.
- Rosenberg, Donna (2001). World mythology: an anthology of the great myths and epics. NTC Pub. Group. ISBN 0-8442-5966-7.
- Thomas, William; Florian Znaniecki (1996). The Polish Peasant in Europe and America: A Classic Work in Immigration History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06484-4.
- van den Berghe, Pierre (1979). Human family systems: an evolutionary view. Elsevier North Holland, Inc. ISBN 0-444-99061-5.
- Wrigley, E. Anthony (Spring 1997). "Reflections on the History of the Family". The Family. 106 (2). The MIT Press.: 71–85. JSTOR 20024477.